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Kumar P, Banik SP, Goel A, Chakraborty S, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Revisiting the Multifaceted Therapeutic Potential of Withaferin A (WA), a Novel Steroidal Lactone, W-ferinAmax Ashwagandha, from Withania Somnifera (L) Dunal. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024; 43:115-130. [PMID: 37410676 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2228863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, abundant in the Indian subcontinent as Ashwagandha or winter cherry, is a herb of unprecedented therapeutic value. The number of ailments for which crude Ashwagandha extract can be used as a preventive or curative is practically limitless; and this explains why its use has been in vogue in ancient Ayurveda since at-least about four thousand years. The therapeutic potential of Ashwagandha mainly owes from its reservoir of alkaloids (isopelletierine, anaferine), steroidal lactones (withanolides) and saponins with an extra acyl group (sitoindoside VII and VIII). Withaferin A is an exceptionally potent withanolide which is found in high concentrations in W. somnifera plant extracts. The high reactivity of Withaferin A owes to the presence of a C-28 ergostane network with multiple sites of unsaturation and differential oxygenation. It interacts with the effectors of multiple signaling pathways involved in inflammatory response, oxidative stress response, cell cycle regulation and synaptic transmission and has been found to be significantly effective in inducing programmed cell death in cancer cells, restoring cognitive health, managing diabetes, alleviating metabolic disorders, and rejuvenating the overall body homeostasis. Additionally, recent studies suggest that Withaferin A (WA) has the potential to prevent viral endocytosis by sequestering TMPRSS2, the host transmembrane protease, without altering ACE-2 expression. The scope of performing subtle structural modifications in this multi-ring compound is believed to further expand its pharmacotherapeutic horizon. Very recently, a novel, heavy metal and pesticide free formulation of Ashwagandha whole herb extract, with a significant amount of WA, termed W-ferinAmax Ashwagandha, has been developed. The present review attempts to fathom the present and future of this wonder molecule with comprehensive discussion on its therapeutic potential, safety and toxicity.Key teaching pointsWithania somnifera (L.) Dunal is a medicinal plant with versatile therapeutic values.The therapeutic potential of the plant owes to the presence of withanolides such as Withaferin A.Withaferin A is a C-28 ergostane based triterpenoid with multiple reactive sites of therapeutic potential.It is effective against a broad spectrum of ailments including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders and it also promotes cardiovascular and sexual health.W-ferinAmax Ashwagandha, is a heavy metal and pesticide free Ashwagandha whole herb extract based formulation with significant amount of Withaferin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Research and Development Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Samudra P Banik
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, India
| | - Apurva Goel
- Regulatory Department, Chemical Resources (CHERESO), Panchkula, India
| | - Sanjoy Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology/CUNY, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Manashi Bagchi
- Research & Development Department, Dr. Herbs LLC, Concord, California, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Singh M, Jayant K, Singh D, Bhutani S, Poddar NK, Chaudhary AA, Khan SUD, Adnan M, Siddiqui AJ, Hassan MI, Khan FI, Lai D, Khan S. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha) for the possible therapeutics and clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Plant-based drug discovery and targeted therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:933824. [PMID: 36046742 PMCID: PMC9421373 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.933824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has killed huge populations throughout the world and acts as a high-risk factor for elderly and young immune-suppressed patients. There is a critical need to build up secure, reliable, and efficient drugs against to the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Bioactive compounds of Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] may implicate as herbal medicine for the management and treatment of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of the current work is to update the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection and information about the implication of various compounds of medicinal plant Withania somnifera with minimum side effects on the patients' organs. The herbal medicine Withania somnifera has an excellent antiviral activity that could be implicated in the management and treatment of flu and flu-like diseases connected with SARS-CoV-2. The analysis was performed by systematically re-evaluating the published articles related to the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and the herbal medicine Withania somnifera. In the current review, we have provided the important information and data of various bioactive compounds of Withania somnifera such as Withanoside V, Withanone, Somniferine, and some other compounds, which can possibly help in the management and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Withania somnifera has proved its potential for maintaining immune homeostasis of the body, inflammation regulation, pro-inflammatory cytokines suppression, protection of multiple organs, anti-viral, anti-stress, and anti-hypertensive properties. Withanoside V has the potential to inhibit the main proteases (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. At present, synthetic adjuvant vaccines are used against COVID-19. Available information showed the antiviral activity in Withanoside V of Withania somnifera, which may explore as herbal medicine against to SARS-CoV-2 infection after standardization of parameters of drug development and formulation in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Kuldeep Jayant
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, West Bengal, Kharagpur, India
| | - Dipti Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, C.B.S.H, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Shivani Bhutani
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Poddar
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah-Ud-Din Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Faez Iqbal Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dakun Lai
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Indian Institute of Health and Technology (IIHT), Deoband, Saharanpur, UP, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bayless RL, Sheats MK, Jones SL. Withaferin A Inhibits Neutrophil Adhesion, Migration, and Respiratory Burst and Promotes Timely Neutrophil Apoptosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:900453. [PMID: 35782542 PMCID: PMC9247543 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.900453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a major role in many equine conditions, including equine asthma, laminitis, and intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury, and therefore represent an attractive target for innovative therapeutic approaches. Novel strategies for reducing neutrophilic inflammation include modulation of neutrophil functions and lifespan. Withaferin A (WFA) is a phytochemical with well-established in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties, but its direct effects on neutrophils are largely unknown. We hypothesized that WFA would inhibit adhesion, migration, and respiratory burst by equine neutrophils and promote timely apoptosis of primed equine neutrophils. Consistent with this hypothesis, our data show that WFA causes a significant, concentration-dependent inhibition of equine neutrophil adhesion, migration, and respiratory burst in response to diverse stimuli. Further, WFA treatment increased apoptosis of equine neutrophils exposed to GM-CSF for 24 h. This pro-apoptotic effect of WFA was not observed in unprimed neutrophils, nor at the 2-h time point relevant to our functional neutrophil experiments. Our data demonstrate that WFA may reduce neutrophil-mediated inflammation through multiple mechanisms, including suppression of inflammatory responses and promotion of apoptosis. Additional research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms for these effects and evaluate the potential clinical use of WFA in veterinary and human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary L Bayless
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - M Katie Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Samuel L Jones
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Saggam A, Limgaokar K, Borse S, Chavan-Gautam P, Dixit S, Tillu G, Patwardhan B. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: Opportunity for Clinical Repurposing in COVID-19 Management. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:623795. [PMID: 34012390 PMCID: PMC8126694 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.623795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic is progressing, the therapeutic gaps in conventional management have highlighted the need for the integration of traditional knowledge systems with modern medicine. Ayurvedic medicines, especially Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, WS), may be beneficial in the management of COVID-19. WS is a widely prescribed Ayurvedic botanical known as an immunomodulatory, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and adaptogenic agent. The chemical profile and pharmacological activities of WS have been extensively reported. Several clinical studies have reported its safety for use in humans. This review presents a research synthesis of in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (WS) and discusses its potential for prophylaxis and management of COVID-19. We have collated the data from studies on WS that focused on viral infections (HIV, HSV, H1N1 influenza, etc.) and noncommunicable diseases (hypertension, diabetes, cancer, etc.). The experimental literature indicates that WS has the potential for 1) maintaining immune homeostasis, 2) regulating inflammation, 3) suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, 4) organ protection (nervous system, heart, lung, liver, and kidney), and 5) anti-stress, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic activities. Using these trends, the review presents a triangulation of Ayurveda wisdom, pharmacological properties, and COVID-19 pathophysiology ranging from viral entry to end-stage acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The review proposes WS as a potential therapeutic adjuvant for various stages of COVID-19 management. WS may also have beneficial effects on comorbidities associated with the COVID-19. However, systematic studies are needed to realize the potential of WS for improving clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Saggam
- AYUSH Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Kirti Limgaokar
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Fergusson College (Autonomous), Pune, India
| | - Swapnil Borse
- AYUSH Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Preeti Chavan-Gautam
- AYUSH Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | | | - Girish Tillu
- AYUSH Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Bhushan Patwardhan
- AYUSH Center of Excellence, Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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Park JY, Lee TS, Noh EJ, Jang AR, Ahn JH, Kim DY, Jung DH, Song EJ, Lee YJ, Lee YJ, Lee SK, Park JH. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 contributes to host innate immune responses against Fusobacterium nucleatum in macrophages and decidual stromal cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13403. [PMID: 33580557 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Chorioamnionitis is caused by a bacterial infection that ascends from the vagina and can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) is a periodontal pathogen associated with the occurrence of APOs. In this study, we evaluated whether receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (Ripk2), an adaptor protein of the cytosolic receptors nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)1 and NOD2, in macrophages and human decidual stromal cells (hDSCs) contributes to immune responses against F. nucleatum. METHOD OF STUDY Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) isolated from wild-type (WT) and Ripk2-deficient mice and hDSCs were cultured with F. nucleatum (MOI 1, 10, 100). BMDMs and hDSCs were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot analysis, real-time PCR, and nitrite assay. RESULTS Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced production of IL-6, but not of TNF-α and IL-10, was lower in Ripk2-deficient BMDMs than in WT cells. Western blotting revealed a decrease in F. nucleatum-induced p65 phosphorylation in Ripk2-deficient macrophages, whereas mitogen-activated protein kinases activation was comparable between WT and Ripk2-deficient cells. The production of nitric oxide (NO) in response to F. nucleatum and the gene and protein expression of inducible NO synthase was impaired in Ripk2-deficient BMDMs. In hDSCs, F. nucleatum upregulated the gene and protein expression of NOD1, NOD2, and Ripk2 in a time-dependent manner. F. nucleatum also increased the production of IL-6, CXCL8, and CCL2, whereas this production was decreased by the Ripk2 inhibitors SB203580 and PP2. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, Ripk2 signaling appears to contribute to the F. nucleatum-induced immune response and can be a preventive and therapeutic target against APOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Lee
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Jeong Noh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Jang
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hun Ahn
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyeon Jung
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Song
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Lee
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ji Lee
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ki Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Tetali SD, Acharya S, Ankari AB, Nanakram V, Raghavendra AS. Metabolomics of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: Advances and applications. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113469. [PMID: 33075439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withania somnifera L. (Solanaceae), commonly known as Ashwagandha or Indian ginseng, is used in Ayurveda (Indian system of traditional medicine) for vitality, cardio-protection and treating other ailments, such as neurological disorders, gout, and skin diseases. AIM OF THE REVIEW We present a critical overview of the information on the metabolomics of W. somnifera and highlight the significance of the technique for use in quality control of medicinal products. We have also pointed out the use of metabolomics to distinguish varieties and to identify best methods of cultivation, collection, as well as extraction. MATERIAL AND METHODS The relevant information on medicinal value, phytochemical studies, metabolomics of W. somnifera, and their applications were collected from a rigorous electronic search through scientific databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Structures of selected metabolites were from the PubChem. RESULTS The pharmacological activities of W. somnifera were well documented. Roots are the most important parts of the plant used in Ayurvedic preparations. Stem and leaves also have a rich content of bioactive phytochemicals like steroidal lactones, alkaloids, and phenolic acids. Metabolomic studies revealed that metabolite profiles of W. somnifera depended on plant parts collected and the developmental stage of the plant, besides the season of sample collection and geographical location. The levels of withanolides were variable, depending on the morpho/chemotypes within the species of W. somnifera. Although studies on W. somnifera were initiated several years ago, the complexity of secondary metabolites was not realized due to the lack of adequate and fool-proof technology for phytochemical fingerprinting. Sophistications in chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry facilitated the discovery of several new metabolites. Mutually complementary techniques like LC-MS, GC-MS, HPTLC, and NMR were employed to obtain a comprehensive metabolomic profile. Subsequent data analyses and searches against spectral databases enabled the annotation of signals and dereplication of metabolites in several numbers without isolating them individually. CONCLUSIONS The present review provides a critical update of metabolomic data and the diverse application of the technique. The identification of parameters for standardization and quality control of herbal products is essential to facilitate mandatory checks for the purity of formulation. Such studies would enable us to identify the best geographical location of plants and the time of collection. We recommend the use of metabolomic analysis of herbal products based on W. somnifera for quality control as well as the discovery of novel bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarada D Tetali
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana State, India.
| | - Satyabrata Acharya
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana State, India
| | - Aditya B Ankari
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana State, India
| | - Vadthyavath Nanakram
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana State, India
| | - Agepati S Raghavendra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, Telangana State, India.
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Tackling Chronic Inflammation with Withanolide Phytochemicals-A Withaferin a Perspective. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111107. [PMID: 33182809 PMCID: PMC7696210 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are considered to be one of the biggest threats to human health. Most prescribed pharmaceutical drugs aiming to treat these diseases are characterized by side-effects and negatively affect therapy adherence. Finding alternative treatment strategies to tackle chronic inflammation has therefore been gaining interest over the last few decades. In this context, Withaferin A (WA), a natural bioactive compound isolated from Withania somnifera, has been identified as a promising anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory compound. Although the majority of studies focus on the molecular mechanisms of WA in cancer models, recent evidence demonstrates that WA also holds promise as a new phytotherapeutic agent against chronic inflammatory diseases. By targeting crucial inflammatory pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, WA suppresses the inflammatory disease state in several in vitro and preclinical in vivo models of diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, cystic fibrosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a concise overview of the molecular mechanisms by which WA orchestrates its anti-inflammatory effects to restore immune homeostasis.
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Santos TA, Scorzoni L, Correia R, Junqueira JC, Anbinder AL. Interaction between Lactobacillus reuteri and periodontopathogenic bacteria using in vitro and in vivo (G. mellonella) approaches. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:5897357. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease, and the major cause of tooth loss in adults. New therapies have been proposed for its treatment, including the use of probiotics such as Lactobacillus reuteri. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of L. reuteri: live, heat-killed and culture filtrate (cell-free supernatant), on periodontopathogenic bacteria (Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) in vitro, as well as the in vivo survival curve, hemocyte density and microbial recovery using Galleria mellonella. For in vitro assays, all preparations reduced colony forming units of F. nucleatum, while only live L. reuteri reduced the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans. All treatments reduced periodontopathogenic bacteria growth in vivo. The treatment with the supernatant increased the survival of larvae infected with F. nucleatum more than the treatment with live L. reuteri, and none of the treatments altered the survival of A. actinomycetemcomitans-infected larvae. In addition, the treatment with L. reuteri preparations did not alter the hemocyte count of F. nucleatum- and A. actinomycetemcomitans-infected larvae. This study demonstrated that L. reuteri preparations exerted antimicrobial effects and increased the survival of G. mellonella infected by F. nucleatum, although only live L. reuteri was able to reduce the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Aguiar Santos
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, SP. Address: Av Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, Jardim São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil. CEP: 12245-000
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, SP. Address: Av Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, Jardim São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil. CEP: 12245-000
| | - Raquel Correia
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, SP. Address: Av Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, Jardim São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil. CEP: 12245-000
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, SP. Address: Av Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, Jardim São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil. CEP: 12245-000
| | - Ana Lia Anbinder
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology, São José dos Campos, SP. Address: Av Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, Jardim São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil. CEP: 12245-000
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Noh EJ, Kim DJ, Lee JY, Park JH, Kim JS, Han JW, Kim BC, Kim CJ, Lee SK. Ureaplasma Urealyticum Infection Contributes to the Development of Pelvic Endometriosis Through Toll-Like Receptor 2. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2373. [PMID: 31636643 PMCID: PMC6788432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disorder, characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Among several hypotheses, Sampson's theory of retrograde menstruation is still applicable. Recent studies have reported the importance of inflammation among endometrial tissue, the peritoneum, and immune cells. However, less is known regarding the role of bacterial infection in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. We hypothesized that Ureaplasma urealyticum infection might contribute to the development of endometriosis by inducing the production of inflammatory mediators by peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs), possibly through TLR2. Hence, our objective was to reveal whether PMC infection by U. urealyticum is associated with endometriosis. Moreover, we aimed to demonstrate the molecular mechanism involved in this relationship. We developed a new infection-induced mouse model of endometriosis with wild type and Tlr2-deficient mice. Based on the in vivo mouse model, U. urealyticum-infected mice showed significantly increased numbers and sizes of ectopic endometriotic lesions. U. urealyticum upregulated not only the production of IL-6, CXCL1, and CCL2, but also the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MMP2 in murine PMCs. Similarly, endometrial stromal cells dose-dependently produced IL-6, CXCL1, and CCL2 in response to U. urealyticum infection. The series of inflammatory responses in PMCs was mediated mainly through TLR2. The phosphorylation of ERK and JNK was observed when U. urealyticum was added to PMCs and knock out of Tlr2 inhibited these MAPKs phosphorylation. Based on our co-culture study, U. urealyticum-infected PMCs exhibited significantly increased attachment to ESCs compared with uninfected PMCs. Collectively, U. urealyticum infection promotes the development of endometriosis by increasing inflammatory mediators, adhesion molecules, and MMP-2 expression in PMCs through TLR2 signaling. Through our results, we present a theory that infection-induced pelvic inflammation contributes to the initiation and progression of endometriosis. Appropriate treatment of reproductive tract infection may decrease the prevalence of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Jeong Noh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dong Jae Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Centre, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Kim
- Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae Won Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Byoung Chan Kim
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chul Jung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sung Ki Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea.,Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Wu J, Li Q, Fu X. Fusobacterium nucleatum Contributes to the Carcinogenesis of Colorectal Cancer by Inducing Inflammation and Suppressing Host Immunity. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:846-851. [PMID: 30986689 PMCID: PMC6462820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) in the gut is associated with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). F. nucleatum promotes tumor development by inducing inflammation and host immune response in the CRC microenvironment. Adhesion to the intestinal epithelium by the cell surface proteins FadA, Fap2 and RadD expressed by F. nucleatum can cause the host to produce inflammatory factors and recruit inflammatory cells, creating an environment which favors tumor growth. Furthermore, F. nucleatum can induce immune suppression of gut mucosa by suppressing the function of immune cells such as macrophages, T cells and natural killer cells, contributing the progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China, 646000
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China, 646000
| | - Xiangsheng Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong City, China, 637000.
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