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Garza-Miyazato D, Hanashima S, Umegawa Y, Murata M, Kinoshita M, Matsumori N, Greimel P. Mode of molecular interaction of triterpenoid saponin ginsenoside Rh2 with membrane lipids in liquid-disordered phases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184366. [PMID: 38960300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is a ginseng saponin comprising a triterpene core and one unit of glucose and has attracted much attention due to its diverse biological activities. In the present study, we used small-angle X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR, fluorescence microscopy, and MD simulations to investigate the molecular interaction of Rh2 with membrane lipids in the liquid-disordered (Ld) phase mainly composed of palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine compared with those in liquid-ordered (Lo) phase mainly composed of sphingomyelin and cholesterol. The electron density profiles determined by X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that Rh2 tends to be present in the shallow interior of the bilayer in the Ld phase, while Rh2 accumulation was significantly smaller in the Lo phase. Order parameters at intermediate depths in the bilayer leaflet obtained from 2H NMR spectra and MD simulations indicated that Rh2 reduces the order of the acyl chains of lipids in the Ld phase. The dihydroxy group and glucose moiety at both ends of the hydrophobic triterpene core of Rh2 cause tilting of the molecular axis relative to the membrane normal, which may enhance membrane permeability by loosening the packing of lipid acyl chains. These features of Rh2 are distinct from steroidal saponins such as digitonin and dioscin, which exert strong membrane-disrupting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Garza-Miyazato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Umegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Forefront Research Centre for Fundamental Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Masanao Kinoshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Peter Greimel
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Yang C, Qu L, Wang R, Wang F, Yang Z, Xiao F. Multi-layered effects of Panax notoginseng on immune system. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107203. [PMID: 38719196 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated the immunomodulatory potential of Panax notoginseng in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and cerebral hemorrhage, suggesting its significance in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the complex immune activity of various components has hindered a comprehensive understanding of the immune-regulating properties of Panax notoginseng, impeding its broader utilization. This review evaluates the effect of Panax notoginseng to various types of white blood cells, elucidates the underlying mechanisms, and compares the immunomodulatory effects of different Panax notoginseng active fractions, aiming to provide the theory basis for future immunomodulatory investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Yang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Liping Qu
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Yang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Fengkun Xiao
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China.
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Dana SMMA, Meghdadi M, Kakhki SK, Khademi R. Anti-leukemia effects of ginsenoside monomer: A narrative review of pharmacodynamics study. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2024; 100:100739. [PMID: 38706463 PMCID: PMC11066596 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2024.100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Leukemia is a prevalent disease with high mortality and morbidity rates. Current therapeutic approaches are expensive and have side effects. Objective In this investigation, we reviewed studies that investigated the anticancer effects of ginsenoside derivatives against leukemia and also explained the three main Ginsenoside derivatives (ginsenoside Rg3, Rh2, and Rg1) separately. Methods An extensive search was conducted in Pubmed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and relevant studies that investigated anticancer effects of ginsenoside derivatives against leukemia cancer were extracted and reviewed. Results Preclinical studies reported that ginsenoside derivatives can induce apoptosis, suppress the proliferation of cancer cells, and induce differentiation and cell cycle arrest in leukemia cells. in addition, it can suppress the chemokine activity and extramedullary infiltration of leukemia cells from bone marrow. using herbal medicine and its derivatives is a promising approach to current health problems. Conclusion This review shows that ginsenoside derivatives can potentially suppress the growth of leukemia cells via various pathways and can be applied as a new natural medicine for future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammadreza Meghdadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Khayat Kakhki
- Department of Gerontological Nursing, School of Nursing, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Reza Khademi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Shah MA, Abuzar SM, Ilyas K, Qadees I, Bilal M, Yousaf R, Kassim RMT, Rasul A, Saleem U, Alves MS, Khan H, Blundell R, Jeandet P. Ginsenosides in cancer: Targeting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110634. [PMID: 37451663 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the existence of extensive clinical research and novel therapeutic treatments, cancer remains undefeated and the significant cause of death worldwide. Cancer is a disease in which growth of cells goes out of control, being also able to invade other parts of the body. Cellular division is strictly controlled by multiple checkpoints like G1/S and G2/M which, when dysregulated, lead to uncontrollable cell division. The current remedies which are being utilized to combat cancer are monoclonal antibodies, chemotherapy, cryoablation, and bone marrow transplant etc. and these have also been greatly disheartening because of their serious adverse effects like hypotension, neuropathy, necrosis, leukemia relapse and many more. Bioactive compounds derived from natural products have marked the history of the development of novel drug therapies against cancer among which ginsenosides have no peer as they target several signaling pathways, which when abnormally regulated, lead to cancer. Substantial research has reported that ginsenosides like Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Rg3, Rh2 etc. can prevent and treat cancer by targeting different pathways and molecules by induction of autophagy, neutralizing ROS, induction of cancerous cell death by controlling the p53 pathway, modulation of miRNAs by decreasing Smad2 expression, regulating Bcl-2 expression by normalizing the NF-Kb pathway, inhibition of inflammatory pathways by decreasing the production of cytokines like IL-8, causing cell cycle arrest by restricting cyclin E1 and CDC2, and induction of apoptosis during malignancy by decreasing β-catenin levels etc. In this review, we have analyzed the anti-cancer therapeutic potential of various ginsenoside compounds in order to consider their possible use in new strategies in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed Muhammad Abuzar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kainat Ilyas
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Irtaza Qadees
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Momna Bilal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Yousaf
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Silvana Alves
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Bioactivity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Renald Blundell
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080, Malta; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, MSD2080 Imsida, Malta
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- University of Reims, Research Unit Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection USC INRAe 1488 Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 51100, Reims, France.
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Li X, Cao D, Sun S, Wang Y. Anticancer therapeutic effect of ginsenosides through mediating reactive oxygen species. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1215020. [PMID: 37564184 PMCID: PMC10411515 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1215020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ROS-regulated pathways in cancer cells leads to abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species, displaying a double-edged role in cancer progression, either supporting transformation/proliferation and stimulating tumorigenesis or inducing cell death. Cancer cells can accommodate reactive oxygen species by regulating them at levels that allow the activation of pro-cancer signaling pathways without inducing cell death via modulation of the antioxidant defense system. Therefore, targeting reactive oxygen species is a promising approach for cancer treatment. Ginsenosides, their derivatives, and related drug carriers are well-positioned to modulate multiple signaling pathways by regulating oxidative stress-mediated cellular and molecular targets to induce apoptosis; regulate cell cycle arrest and autophagy, invasion, and metastasis; and enhance the sensitivity of drug-resistant cells to chemotherapeutic agents of different cancers depending on the type, level, and source of reactive oxygen species, and the type and stage of the cancer. Our review focuses on the pro- and anticancer effects of reactive oxygen species, and summarizes the mechanisms and recent advances in different ginsenosides that bring about anticancer effects by targeting reactive oxygen species, providing new ideas for designing further anticancer studies or conducting more preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Donghui Cao
- Department of Clinical Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siming Sun
- Department of Clinical Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuehui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Ondevilla JC, Hanashima S, Mukogawa A, Miyazato DG, Umegawa Y, Murata M. Effect of the number of sugar units on the interaction between diosgenyl saponin and membrane lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184145. [PMID: 36914020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Saponin is the main bioactive component of the Dioscorea species, which are traditionally used for treating chronic diseases. An understanding of the interaction process of bioactive saponins with biomembranes provides insights into their development as therapeutic agents. The biological effects of saponins have been thought to be associated with membrane cholesterol (Chol). To shed light on the exact mechanisms of their interactions, we investigated the effects of diosgenyl saponins trillin (TRL) and dioscin (DSN) on the dynamic behavior of lipids and membrane properties in palmitoyloleolylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) bilayers using solid-state NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. The membrane effects of diosgenin, a sapogenin of TRL and DSN, are similar to those of Chol, suggesting that diosgenin plays a major role in membrane binding and POPC chain ordering. The amphiphilicity of TRL and DSN enabled them to interact with POPC bilayers, regardless of Chol. In the presence of Chol, the sugar residues more prominently influenced the membrane-disrupting effects of saponins. The activity of DSN, which bears three sugar units, led to perturbation and further disruption of the membrane in the presence of Chol. However, TRL, which bears one sugar residue, increased the ordering of POPC chains while maintaining the integrity of the bilayer. This effect on the phospholipid bilayers is similar to that of cholesteryl glucoside. The influence of the number of sugars in saponin is discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Candice Ondevilla
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Department of Chemistry, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan.
| | - Akane Mukogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Darcy Garza Miyazato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichi Umegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Forefront Research Centre for Fundamental Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Forefront Research Centre for Fundamental Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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The ways for ginsenoside Rh2 to fight against cancer: the molecular evidences in vitro and in vivo. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:173-182. [PMID: 36926617 PMCID: PMC10014223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global public health issue that becomes the second primary cause of death globally. Considering the side effects of radio- or chemo-therapy, natural phytochemicals are promising alternatives for therapeutic interventions to alleviate the side effects and complications. Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) is the main phytochemical extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer with anticancer activity. GRh2 could induce apoptosis and autophagy of cancer cells and inhibit proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In addition, GRh2 could be used as an adjuvant to chemotherapeutics to enhance the anticancer effect and reverse the adverse effects. Here we summarized the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of GRh2 and proposed future directions to promote the development and application of GRh2.
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Wu J, Wang S, Zhao W, Li M, Li S. Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits CBP/p300-mediated FOXO3a acetylation and epilepsy-induced oxidative damage via the FOXO3a-KEAP1-NRF2 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 940:175391. [PMID: 36400161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disease that affects a wide range of people. Furthermore, a third of patients suffering from epileptic seizures do not respond to antiepileptic drugs. In recent years, increasing attention has focused on the role of oxidative stress in acquired epilepsy, and adjuvant antiepileptic drugs to reduce oxidative stress may be a new therapeutic strategy. In this study ginsenoside Rh2 was resistant to oxidative stress induced by epileptic activity in vivo and in vitro. Using online databases, we identified forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) overexpression in epilepsy tissue and validated this in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical tissues of patients with epilepsy. An in vitro epilepsy model revealed that the overexpression of FOXO3a led to more severe oxidative stress, while the knockdown of FOXO3a had a protective effect on SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, our results showed that the positive effect of FOXO3a on oxidative stress was caused by the transcriptional activation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), a negative regulator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). We also found that ginsenoside Rh2 can directly inhibit the activation of FOXO3a by selectively blocking CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300-mediated FOXO3a acetylation and play a role in regulating the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway to resist oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingheng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Wujun Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaoyi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China.
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Microorganisms for Ginsenosides Biosynthesis: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031437. [PMID: 36771109 PMCID: PMC9921939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are major bioactive compounds present in the Panax species. Ginsenosides exhibit various pharmaceutical properties, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, hypertension, and neurodegenerative disorder activities. Although several commercial products have been presented on the market, most of the current chemical processes have an unfriendly environment and a high cost of downstream processing. Compared to plant extraction, microbial production exhibits high efficiency, high selectivity, and saves time for the manufacturing of industrial products. To reach the full potential of the pharmaceutical resource of ginsenoside, a suitable microorganism has been developed as a novel approach. In this review, cell biological mechanisms in anticancer activities and the present state of research on the production of ginsenosides are summarized. Microbial hosts, including native endophytes and engineered microbes, have been used as novel and promising approaches. Furthermore, the present challenges and perspectives of using microbial hosts to produce ginsenosides have been discussed.
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Potential of ginsenoside Rh 2and its derivatives as anti-cancer agents. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:881-901. [PMID: 36549803 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As a steroid skeleton-based saponin, ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) is one of the major bioactive ginsenosides from the plants of genus Panax L. Many studies have reported the notable pharmacological activities of G-Rh2 such as anticancer, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antiallergic, antidiabetic, and anti-Alzheimer's activities. Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated the great potential of G-Rh2 in the treatment of a wide range of carcinomatous diseases in vitro and in vivo. G-Rh2 is able to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, retard metastasis, promote differentiation, enhance chemotherapy and reverse multi-drug resistance against multiple tumor cells. The present review mainly summarizes the anticancer effects and related mechanisms of G-Rh2 in various models as well as the recent advances in G-Rh2 delivery systems and structural modification to ameliorate its anticancer activity and pharmacokinetics characteristics.
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Rg3 and Rh2 ginsenosides suppress embryoid body formation by inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:494-505. [PMID: 35759089 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Numerous active compounds derived from ginseng exhibit various pharmacological and therapeutic effects in humans. Despite the benefits of ginsenosides, little is known about their influence on embryonic development, especially in human embryonic models. In this study, we evaluated the effect of two ginsenosides (Rg3 and Rh2) on human embryonic development, using embryoid bodies and three-dimensional (3D) aggregates of pluripotent stem cells. We exposed embryoid bodies to varying concentrations of Rg3 and Rh2 (5, 10, and 25 μg/mL), and their embryotoxicity was evaluated by measuring the size of the embryoid body and the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. The growth rates of embryoid bodies were reduced upon treatment with a high concentration (25 μg/mL) of Rg3 and Rh2. In addition, Rg3 induced E-cadherin expression while inhibiting N-cadherin and vimentin expression, which implies the inhibition of EMT. Such a change in E-cadherin expression was not observed after Rh2 treatment, but the inhibition of N-cadherin and vimentin expression was observed to be consistent with that observed on treatment with Rg3. Taken together, using the human embryoid model, we found that the two active ginsenosides, Rg3 and Rh2, induce aberrant embryoid body formation and ablate normal EMT.
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Yin J, Zhuang J, Zhang X, Xu C, Lv S. Ginseng of different ages is affected by the accumulation of heavy metals in ginseng soil. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269238. [PMID: 35696360 PMCID: PMC9191705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy-metal pollution has been established to affect ginseng quality. However, this effect is still unknown in ginseng of different ages, emphasizing the need to investigate the effects of heavy metals in soils on ginseng growth. Herein, we determined the content of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, and As) in ginseng of different ages (2 to 6-year-old) and the corresponding soil samples. Then, the total ginsenosides content of ginseng and rate-limiting enzyme (HMGR, SQE, CYP450) activity in the synthesis of ginsenosides were assessed. Results from 200 differently-aged Chinese ginseng showed that increased ginsenoside content in 3 to 5-year-old ginseng was paralleled by increased heavy metal element content in ginseng and its soil. The activity of rate-limiting enzymes increased in the first four years of ginseng growth and then exhibited a steady or downward trend. Further analysis suggested that heavy metal elements in soils could directly affect ginsenoside content. Moreover, we found that Cu significantly affected the rate-limiting enzyme CYP450 activity. Further principal component analysis and correlation analysis found that heavy metals could obviously inhibit ginseng growth during the 5th and 6th years. Heavy metal content in soils has huge prospects for predicting ginsenoside, Cu and As content in ginseng. This study provided support for ginseng cultivation, quality research and quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxin Yin
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjian Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (SL)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chaojian Xu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaowu Lv
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (SL)
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Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits breast cancer cell growth via ERβ-TNFα pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:647-656. [PMID: 35593465 PMCID: PMC9828196 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 is one of rare panaxidiols extracted from Panax ginseng and a potential estrogen receptor ligand that exhibits moderate estrogenic activity. However, the effect of Rh2 on growth inhibition and its underlying molecular mechanism in human breast cells are not fully understood. In this study, we tested cell viability by MTT and colony formation assays. Cell growth and cell cycle were determined to investigate the effect of ginsenoside Rh2 by flow cytometry. The expressions of estrogen receptors (ERs), TNFα, and apoptosis-related proteins were detected by qPCR and western blot analysis. The mechanisms of ERα and ERβ action were determined using transfection and inhibitors. Antitumor effect of ginsenoside Rh2 against MCF-7 cells was investigated in xenograft mice. Our results showed that ginsenoside Rh2 induced apoptosis and G1/S phase arrest in MCF-7 cells. Treatment of cells with ginsenoside Rh2 down-regulated protein levels of ERα, and up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of ERβ and TNFα. We also found that ginsenoside Rh2-induced TNFα over-expression is through up-regulation of ERβ initiated by ginsenoside Rh2. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rh2 induced MCF-7 cell apoptosis via estrogen receptor β-TNFα pathway in vivo. These results demonstrate that ginsenoside Rh2 promotes TNFα-induced apoptosis and G1/S phase arrest via regulation of ERβ.
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Shandilya UK, Lamers K, Zheng Y, Moran N, Karrow NA. Ginsenoside Rb1 selectively improved keratinocyte functions in vitro without affecting tissue regeneration in zebrafish larvae tail regrowth. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:269-277. [PMID: 35501555 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh K Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kristen Lamers
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yashi Zheng
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nicole Moran
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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15
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Sekar P, Ravitchandirane R, Khanam S, Muniraj N, Cassinadane AV. Novel molecules as the emerging trends in cancer treatment: an update. Med Oncol 2022; 39:20. [PMID: 34982273 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As per World Health Organization cancer remains as a leading killer disease causing nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. Since the burden of cancer increases worldwide, warranting an urgent search for anti-cancer compounds from natural sources. Secondary metabolites from plants, marine organisms exhibit a novel chemical and structural diversity holding a great promise as therapeutics in cancer treatment. These natural metabolites target only the cancer cells and the normal healthy cells are left unharmed. In the emerging trends of cancer treatment, the natural bioactive compounds have long become a part of cancer chemotherapy. In this review, we have tried to compile about eight bioactive compounds from plant origin viz. combretastatin, ginsenoside, lycopene, quercetin, resveratrol, silymarin, sulforaphane and withaferin A, four marine-derived compounds viz. bryostatins, dolastatins, eribulin, plitidepsin and three microorganisms viz. Clostridium, Mycobacterium bovis and Streptococcus pyogenes with their well-established anticancer potential, mechanism of action and clinical establishments are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sekar
- Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Pondicherry, 605102, India
| | | | - Sofia Khanam
- Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Allied Health Sciences, Howrah, WB, 711316, India
| | - Nethaji Muniraj
- Centre for Cancer Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Children's National Research Institute, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, D.C, 20010, USA.
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16
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Arafa ESA, Refaey MS, Abd El-Ghafar OAM, Hassanein EHM, Sayed AM. The promising therapeutic potentials of ginsenosides mediated through p38 MAPK signaling inhibition. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08354. [PMID: 34825082 PMCID: PMC8605069 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) is a 38kD polypeptide recognized as the target for many potential anti-inflammatory agents. Accumulating evidence indicates that p38 MAPK could perform many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Ginseng is an exceptionally valued medicinal plant of the family Araliaceae (Panax genus). Recently, several studies targeted the therapeutic effects of purified individual ginsenoside, the most significant active ingredient of ginseng, and studied its particular molecular mechanism(s) of action rather than whole-plant extracts. Interestingly, several ginsenosides: ginsenosides compound K, F1, Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, Rh2, Ro, notoginsenoside R1, and protopanaxadiol have shown to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by their ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling in different cell lines and experimental animal models. Our review compiles the research findings of various ginsenosides as potent anti-inflammatory agents, highlighting the crucial role of p38 MAPK suppression in their pharmacological actions. In addition, in silico studies were conducted to explore the probable binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK. The results obtained proposed p38 MAPK involvement in the beneficial pharmacological activities of ginsenosides in different ailments. p38 MAPK plays many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Several ginsenosides showed to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by its ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling. in silico studies were conducted to explore the binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK and evidenced the promising their inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Shaimaa A Arafa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Refaey
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufiya, 32958, Egypt
| | - Omnia A M Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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17
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Sun X, Hong Y, Shu Y, Wu C, Ye G, Chen H, Zhou H, Gao R, Zhang J. The involvement of Parkin-dependent mitophagy in the anti-cancer activity of Ginsenoside. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:266-274. [PMID: 35509820 PMCID: PMC9058836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer, the third most frequent occurred cancer, has high mortality and extremely poor prognosis. Ginsenoside, the active components of traditional Chinese herbal medicine Panax ginseng, exerts antitumor effect in various cancers, including colon cancer. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of Ginsenoside in the tumor suppression have not been fully elucidated. Here, we chose the representative ginsenoside Rg3 and reported for the first time that Rg3 induces mitophagy in human colon cancer cells, which is responsible for its anticancer effect. Rg3 treatment leads to mitochondria damage and the formation of mitophagosome; when autophagy is inhibited, the clearance of damaged mitochondria can be reversed. Next, our results showed that Rg3 treatment activates the PINK1-Parkin signaling pathway and recruits Parkin and ubiquitin proteins to mitochondria to induce mitophagy. GO analysis of Parkin targets showed that Parkin interacts with a large number of mitochondrial proteins and regulates the molecular function of mitochondria. The cellular energy metabolism enzyme GAPDH is validated as a novel substrate of Parkin, which is ubiquitinated by Parkin. Moreover, GAPDH participates in the Rg3-induced mitophagy and regulates the translocation of Parkin to mitochondria. Functionally, Rg3 exerts the inhibitory effect through regulating the nonglycolytic activity of GAPDH, which could be associated with the cellular oxidative stress. Thus, our results revealed GAPDH ubiquitination by Parkin as a crucial mechanism for mitophagy induction that contributes to the tumor-suppressive function of ginsenoside, which could be a novel treatment strategy for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Yuhan Shu
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caixia Wu
- Clinical Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiqin Ye
- Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Hongying Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Center of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruilan Gao
- Institution of Hematology Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Corresponding author. Institution of Hematology Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Clinical Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Corresponding author. Clinical Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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18
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Huang Q, Gao S, Zhao D, Li X. Review of ginsenosides targeting mitochondrial function to treat multiple disorders: Current status and perspectives. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:371-379. [PMID: 34025130 PMCID: PMC8134842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis and prognosis of many common disorders, including neurodegeneration, stroke, myocardial infarction, tumor, and metabolic diseases. Ginsenosides, the major bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng (P. ginseng), have been reported to play beneficial roles in the molecular pathophysiology of these diseases by targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we first introduce the types of ginsenosides and basic mitochondrial functions. Then, recent findings are summarized on different ginsenosides targeting mitochondria and their key signaling pathways for the treatment of multiple diseases, including neurological disorders, cancer, heart disease, hyperglycemia, and inflammation are summarized. This review may explain the common targets of ginsenosides against multiple diseases and provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms, facilitating research on the clinical application of P. ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Song Gao
- Jilin Xiuzheng Pharmaceutical New Drug Development Co., Ltd, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Corresponding author. Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 130117, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Corresponding author. Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 130117, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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19
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Verstraeten SL, Lorent JH, Mingeot-Leclercq MP. Lipid Membranes as Key Targets for the Pharmacological Actions of Ginsenosides. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:576887. [PMID: 33041822 PMCID: PMC7518029 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.576887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will focus on the activity of ginsenosides on membranes and their related effects, from physicochemical, biophysical, and pharmacological viewpoints. Ginsenosides are a class of saponins with a large structural diversity and a wide range of pharmacological effects. These effects can at least partly be related to their activity on membranes which results from their amphiphilic character. Some ginsenosides are able to interact with membrane lipids and associate into nanostructures, making them possible adjuvants for vaccines. They are able to modulate membrane biophysical properties such as membrane fluidity, permeability or the formation of lateral domains with some degree of specificity towards certain cell types such as bacteria, fungi, or cancer cells. In addition, they have shown antioxidant properties which protect membranes from lipid oxidation. They further displayed some activity on membrane proteins either through direct or indirect interaction. We investigate the structure activity relationship of ginsenosides on membranes and discuss the implications and potential use as anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine L Verstraeten
- Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology Unit (FACM), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joseph H Lorent
- Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology Unit (FACM), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.,Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq
- Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology Unit (FACM), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Ren G, Hao X, Yang S, Chen J, Qiu G, Ang KP, Mohd Tamrin MI. 10H-3,6-Diazaphenothiazines triggered the mitochondrial-dependent and cell death receptor-dependent apoptosis pathways and further increased the chemosensitivity of MCF-7 breast cancer cells via inhibition of AKT1 pathways. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22544. [PMID: 32619082 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in cancer categories, followed by lung, colorectal, and ovarian among the female gender across the world. 10H-3,6-diazaphenothiazine (PTZ) is a thiazine derivative compound that exhibits many pharmacological activities. Herein, we proceed to investigate the pharmacological activities of PTZ toward breast cancer MCF-7 cells as a representative in vitro breast cancer cell model. The PTZ exhibited a proliferation inhibition (IC50 = 0.895 µM) toward MCF-7 cells. Further, cell cycle analysis illustrated that the S-phase checkpoint was activated to achieve proliferation inhibition. In vitro cytotoxicity test on three normal cell lines (HEK293 normal kidney cells, MCF-10A normal breast cells, and H9C2 normal heart cells) demonstrated that PTZ was more potent toward cancer cells. Increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species results in polarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), together with suppression of mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase enzymatic activity suggested that PTZ induced oxidative damages toward mitochondria and contributed to improved drug efficacy toward treatment. The RT2 PCR Profiler Array (human apoptosis pathways) proved that PTZ induced cell death via mitochondria-dependent and cell death receptor-dependent pathways, through a series of modulation of caspases, and the respective morphology of apoptosis was observed. Mechanistic studies of apoptosis suggested that PTZ inhibited AKT1 pathways resulting in enhanced drug efficacy despite it preventing invasion of cancer cells. These results showed the effectiveness of PTZ in initiation of apoptosis, programmed cell death, toward highly chemoresistant MCF-7 cells, thus suggesting its potential as a chemotherapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Longgang Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuyi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guobin Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kok Pian Ang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Islahuddin Mohd Tamrin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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21
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Li X, Chu S, Lin M, Gao Y, Liu Y, Yang S, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Wang H, Chen N. Anticancer property of ginsenoside Rh2 from ginseng. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112627. [PMID: 32702586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng has been used as a well-known traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times. Ginsenosides as its main active constituents possess a broad scope of pharmacological properties including stimulating immune function, enhancing cardiovascular health, increasing resistance to stress, improving memory and learning, developing social functioning and mental health in normal persons, and chemotherapy. Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is one of the major bioactive ginsenosides from Panax ginseng. When applied to cancer treatment, Rh2 not only exhibits the anti-proliferation, anti-invasion, anti-metastasis, induction of cell cycle arrest, promotion of differentiation, and reversal of multi-drug resistance activities against multiple tumor cells, but also alleviates the side effects after chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In the past decades, nearly 200 studies on Rh2 in the treatment of cancer have been published, however no specific reviews have been conducted by now. So the purpose of this review is to provide a systematic summary and analysis of the anticancer effects and the potential mechanisms of Rh2 extracted from Ginseng then give a future prospects about it. In the end of this paper the metabolism and derivatives of Rh2 also have been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China; Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, PR China; Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Shifeng Chu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Meiyu Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Yingjiao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Songwei Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China
| | - Yaomei Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Naihong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China; Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, PR China; Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China; Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, PR China.
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22
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Han Q, Han L, Tie F, Wang Z, Ma C, Li J, Wang H, Li G. (20S)-Protopanaxadiol Ginsenosides Induced Cytotoxicity via Blockade of Autophagic Flux in HGC-27 Cells. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000187. [PMID: 32384197 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
(20S)-Protopanaxadiol ginsenosides Rg3, Rh2 and PPD have been demonstrated for their anticancer activity. However, the underlying mechanism of their antitumor activity remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of these three ginsenosides on cell proliferation and death of human gastric cancer cells (HGC-27 cells). The sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, Western blot analysis, fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. The results showed that both Rh2 and PPD were more effective than Rg3 in inhibiting HGC-27 cell proliferation and inducing cytoplasmic vacuolation, while no significant changes in apoptosis were observed. Interestingly, cytoplasmic vacuolation and blockade of autophagy flux were observed after treatment with Rh2 and PPD. Rh2 obviously up-regulated the expression of the LC3II and p62. Furthermore, the increase in lysosomal pH and membrane rupture was observed in Rh2-treated and PPD-treated cells. When HGC-27 cells were pretreated with bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of endosomal acidification, cellular vacuolization was increased, and the cell viability was significantly decreased, which indicated that Rh2-induced lysosome-damage accelerated cell death. Furthermore, data derived from mitochondrial analysis showed that excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dysregulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism were caused by Rh2 and PPD treatment in HGC-27 cells. Taken together, these phenomena indicated that Rh2 and PPD inhibited HCG-27 cells proliferation by inducing mitochondria damage, dysfunction of lysosomes, and blockade of autophagy flux. The number of glycosyl groups at C-3 position could have an important effect on the cytotoxicity of Rg3, Rh2 and PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Han
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Tie
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Chengjun Ma
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Ji Li
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
| | - Honglun Wang
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, P. R. China
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23
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Zhuang J, Yin J, Xu C, Jiang M, Lv S. Diverse autophagy and apoptosis in myeloid leukemia cells induced by 20(s)-GRh2 and blue LED irradiation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39124-39132. [PMID: 35540666 PMCID: PMC9075934 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08049j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important mechanism for cell death regulation. To improve the anticancer effect during the treatment of leukemia and promote the apoptosis of leukemic cells, it is important to define the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis. A key bioactive compound in traditional Chinese medicine, 20(s)-Ginsenoside (GRh2), demonstrated an advancement in leukemia treatment. Blue LED therapy (BL) is a physical treatment method that can induce leukemic cell death. In this study, we tested the effect of 20(s)-GRh2, BL, and their combination (BL-GRh2) on the activation of leukemic cell apoptosis and autophagy. Both treatments, whether used individually or simultaneously, induce apoptosis through the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and regulated the expression of apoptosis-related genes and proteins. Furthermore, using western blotting to analyze the autophagy markers LC3B and P62, we detected the activation of autophagy. In cells treated with autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, both autophagy and apoptosis were inhibited, either by BL alone or by BL-GRh2. However, apoptosis in 20(s)-GRh2-treated cells was enhanced. In cells treated with apoptosis suppressor Z-VAD-FMK, autophagy was inhibited in the BL and BL-GRh2-treated cells, although it was enhanced in cells treated with 20(s)-GRh2 alone. Moreover, we observed a stronger induction of apoptosis by BL-GRh2 in myeloid leukemia cells. Our data indicate that autophagy induced by different factors can play diverse roles on the same cells. Our results also indicate that the combination of traditional Chinese medicine with physical therapy may be a new strategy for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University Changchun 130000 China
| | - Juxin Yin
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University Changchun 130000 China
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310058 P. R. China
| | - Chaojian Xu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University Changchun 130000 China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University Changchun 130000 China
| | - Shaowu Lv
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University Changchun 130000 China
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Luo H, Vong CT, Chen H, Gao Y, Lyu P, Qiu L, Zhao M, Liu Q, Cheng Z, Zou J, Yao P, Gao C, Wei J, Ung COL, Wang S, Zhong Z, Wang Y. Naturally occurring anti-cancer compounds: shining from Chinese herbal medicine. Chin Med 2019; 14:48. [PMID: 31719837 PMCID: PMC6836491 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous natural products originated from Chinese herbal medicine exhibit anti-cancer activities, including anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic effects, as well as regulate autophagy, reverse multidrug resistance, balance immunity, and enhance chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. To provide new insights into the critical path ahead, we systemically reviewed the most recent advances (reported since 2011) on the key compounds with anti-cancer effects derived from Chinese herbal medicine (curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, berberine, artemisinin, ginsenoside Rg3, ursolic acid, silibinin, emodin, triptolide, cucurbitacin B, tanshinone I, oridonin, shikonin, gambogic acid, artesunate, wogonin, β-elemene, and cepharanthine) in scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, and Clinical Trials). With a broader perspective, we focused on their recently discovered and/or investigated pharmacological effects, novel mechanism of action, relevant clinical studies, and their innovative applications in combined therapy and immunomodulation. In addition, the present review has extended to describe other promising compounds including dihydroartemisinin, ginsenoside Rh2, compound K, cucurbitacins D, E, I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone in view of their potentials in cancer therapy. Up to now, the evidence about the immunomodulatory effects and clinical trials of natural anti-cancer compounds from Chinese herbal medicine is very limited, and further research is needed to monitor their immunoregulatory effects and explore their mechanisms of action as modulators of immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Luo
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Chi Teng Vong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hanbin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Peng Lyu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zehua Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Peifen Yao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Caifang Gao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jinchao Wei
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
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25
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Xia T, Zhang J, Zhou C, Li Y, Duan W, Zhang B, Wang M, Fang J. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 displays efficacy against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:725-737. [PMID: 32913402 PMCID: PMC7471214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a kind of aggressive hematological cancer, and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is activated in most patients with T-ALL and responsible for poor prognosis. 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (20(S)-GRh2) is a major active compound extracted from ginseng, which exhibits anti-cancer effects. However, the underlying anticancer mechanisms of 20(S)-GRh2 targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in T-ALL have not been explored. Methods Cell growth and cell cycle were determined to investigate the effect of 20(S)-GRh2 on ALL cells. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway–related proteins were detected in 20(S)-GRh2–treated Jurkat cells by immunoblotting. Antitumor effect of 20(S)-GRh2 against T-ALL was investigated in xenograft mice. The mechanisms of 20(S)-GRh2 against T-ALL were examined by cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Results In the present study, the results showed that 20(S)-GRh2 decreased cell growth and arrested cell cycle at the G1 phase in ALL cells. 20(S)-GRh2 induced apoptosis through enhancing reactive oxygen species generation and upregulating apoptosis-related proteins. 20(S)-GRh2 significantly elevated the levels of pEGFP-LC3 and autophagy-related proteins in Jurkat cells. Furthermore, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was effectively blocked by 20(S)-GRh2. 20(S)-GRh2 suppressed cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis and autophagy by suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in Jurkat cells. Finally, 20(S)-GRh2 alleviated symptoms of leukemia and reduced the number of white blood cells and CD3 staining in the spleen of xenograft mice, indicating antitumor effects against T-ALL invivo. Conclusion These findings indicate that 20(S)-GRh2 exhibits beneficial effects against T-ALL through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and could be a natural product of novel target for T-ALL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuanxin Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Hospital of Sun Yat Sen University, Sun Yat sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianpei Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, China
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The Role of Herbal Bioactive Components in Mitochondria Function and Cancer Therapy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:3868354. [PMID: 31308852 PMCID: PMC6594309 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3868354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic double-membrane organelles which play a well-recognized role in ATP production, calcium homeostasis, oxidation-reduction (redox) status, apoptotic cell death, and inflammation. Dysfunction of mitochondria has long been observed in a number of human diseases, including cancer. Targeting mitochondria metabolism in tumors as a cancer therapeutic strategy has attracted much attention for researchers in recent years due to the essential role of mitochondria in cancer cell growth, apoptosis, and progression. On the other hand, a series of studies have indicated that traditional medicinal herbs, including traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), exert their potential anticancer effects as an effective adjunct treatment for alleviating the systemic side effects of conventional cancer therapies, for reducing the risk of recurrence and cancer mortality and for improving the quality of patients' life. An amazing feature of these structurally diverse bioactive components is that majority of them target mitochondria to provoke cancer cell-specific death program. The aim of this review is to summarize the in vitro and in vivo studies about the role of these herbs, especially their bioactive compounds in the modulation of the disturbed mitochondrial function for cancer therapy.
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Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits proliferation but promotes apoptosis and autophagy by down-regulating microRNA-638 in human retinoblastoma cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 108:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Cheng Z, Xing D. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human oral squamous carcinoma cells by down-regulating miR-221. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:353-363. [PMID: 30928631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg3, isolated from the roots of Panax ginseng, has been found to exert anti-cancer activity on multiple human cancers. However, there is no any literature available about the effect of Rg3 on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study investigated the possible anti-cancer effects of Rg3 on OSCC, as well as the possible molecular mechanisms. In vitro, cell viability and proliferation were respectively detected by CCK-8 assay and BrdU assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI assay. Cell transfection was used to change the expression of miR-221 and TIMP3. qRT-PCR and western blotting were performed to measure the expression of molecules involving in cell apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, PI3K/AKT pathway and MAPK/ERK pathway. In vivo, OSCC orthotopic murine model was established and tumor volumes were measured. We found that Rg3 treatment inhibited viability, proliferation and EMT process of human OSCC SCC-9 and HSC-5 cells, but promoted cell apoptosis. miR-221 was highly expressed in OSCC tissues and cells. Rg3 reduced the expression of miR-221 in OSCC cells. Up-regulation of miR-221 abrogated the effects of Rg3 on SCC-9 and HSC-5 cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis and EMT process. TIMP3 was lowly expressed in OSCC tissues and cells, which was a direct target gene of miR-221. Rg3 inactivated PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways in SCC-9 cells by up-regulating TIMP3. In vivo, Rg3 reduced the tumor volume of OSCC orthotopic murine model. In conclusion, Rg3 exerted anti-cancer effects on OSCC might be via down-regulating miR-221, up-regulating TIMP3, and then inactivating PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Cheng
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China.
| | - Dayuan Xing
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
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Ma Z, Fan Y, Wu Y, Kebebe D, Zhang B, Lu P, Pi J, Liu Z. Traditional Chinese medicine-combination therapies utilizing nanotechnology-based targeted delivery systems: a new strategy for antitumor treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2029-2053. [PMID: 30962686 PMCID: PMC6435121 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s197889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem, and is now the world’s leading cause of death. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)-combination therapy is a new treatment approach and a vital therapeutic strategy for cancer, as it exhibits promising antitumor potential. Nano-targeted drug-delivery systems have remarkable advantages and allow the development of TCM-combination therapies by systematically controlling drug release and delivering drugs to solid tumors. In this review, the anticancer activity of TCM compounds is introduced. The combined use of TCM for antitumor treatment is analyzed and summarized. These combination therapies, using a single nanocarrier system, namely codelivery, are analyzed, issues that require attention are determined, and future perspectives are identified. We carried out a systematic review of >280 studies published in PubMed since 1985 (no patents involved), in order to provide a few basic considerations in terms of the design principles and management of targeted nanotechnology-based TCM-combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ; .,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ;
| | - Yuqi Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ; .,School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yumei Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ; .,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ;
| | - Dereje Kebebe
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ; .,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ; .,School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Bing Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ; .,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ;
| | - Peng Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ; .,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ;
| | - Jiaxin Pi
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ; .,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ;
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ; .,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China, ;
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Peng Y, Zhang R, Yang X, Zhang Z, Kang N, Bao L, Shen Y, Yan H, Zheng F. Ginsenoside Rg3 suppresses the proliferation of prostate cancer cell line PC3 through ROS-induced cell cycle arrest. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:1139-1145. [PMID: 30655875 PMCID: PMC6312957 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the potential antitumor effects of ginsenoside Rg3 in prostate cancer cells, the androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell line PC3 was cultured and incubated with ginsenoside Rg3 in vitro. Cell number counts, cell proliferation assays and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining were performed to evaluate cell proliferation. The results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg3 led to cell proliferation arrest; ginsenoside Rg3 decreased the number of cells and increased the positive SA-β-gal staining rate in PC3 cells. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry revealed that ginsenoside Rg3 interfered with the G1/S transition in PC3 cells. The mechanism involved in ginsenoside Rg3-induced cell proliferation arrest was then further investigated. This indicated that the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PC3 cells was upregulated by ginsenoside Rg3 treatment. Furthermore, pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a scavenger of ROS, was able to reverse the effects on cell number and cell cycle arrest induced by ginsenoside Rg3 in PC3 cells. These results indicate that ginsenoside Rg3 exhibits anticancer effects on prostate cancer cells through ROS-mediated arrest of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Peng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Zhaiyi Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Ning Kang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Liying Bao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Yongmei Shen
- Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Union Medicine Center, Tianjin 300000, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zheng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
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Proteomic analyses reveal that ginsenoside Rg3( S) partially reverses cellular senescence in human dermal fibroblasts by inducing peroxiredoxin. J Ginseng Res 2018; 44:50-57. [PMID: 32148389 PMCID: PMC7033328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cellular senescence of primary cultured cells is an irreversible process characterized by growth arrest. Restoration of senescence by ginsenosides has not been explored so far. Rg3(S) treatment markedly decreased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in senescent human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). However, the underlying mechanism of this effect of Rg3(S) on the senescent HDFs remains unknown. Methods We performed a label-free quantitative proteomics to identify the altered proteins in Rg3(S)-treated senescent HDFs. Upregulated proteins induced by Rg3(S) were validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses. Results Finally, 157 human proteins were identified, and variable peroxiredoxin (PRDX) isotypes were highly implicated by network analyses. Among them, the mitochondrial PRDX3 was transcriptionally and translationally increased in response to Rg3(S) treatment in senescent HDFs in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion Our proteomic approach provides insights into the partial reversing effect of Rg3 on senescent HDFs through induction of antioxidant enzymes, particularly PRDX3.
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Chen W, Chu S, Li H, Qiu Y. MicroRNA-146a-5p enhances ginsenoside Rh2-induced anti-proliferation and the apoptosis of the human liver cancer cell line HepG2. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5367-5374. [PMID: 30197683 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of malignancy-associated mortality worldwide and its clinical therapy remains very challenging. Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) has been reported to have antitumor effects on some types of cancer, including liver cancer. However, its regulatory mechanism has not been extensively evaluated. In the present study, Rh2 increased the expression of microRNA (miR)-200b-5p, miR-224-3p and miR-146a-5p, and decreased the expression of miR-26b-3p and miR-29a-5p. Of the three upregulated miRs, miR-146a-5p exhibited the highest fold elevation. In accordance with a previous study, Rh2 effectively inhibited the survival of liver cancer cells in vitro and in a mouse model. In addition, it was observed that Rh2 markedly promoted liver cancer apoptosis and inhibited colony formation. Cell apoptosis and the inhibition of cell survival as well as colony formation induced by Rh2 were enhanced and weakened by miR-146a-5p overexpression and inhibition, respectively. The results of the present study provide further evidence of the antitumor effect of Rh2 in liver cancer and also demonstrate that this effect may be mediated via the regulation of miR-146a-5p expression in the liver cancer cell line HepG2. The results indicated that miR-146a-5p may be a promising regulatory factor in Rh2-mediated effects in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Chen
- Medical Laboratories, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Medical Laboratories, Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510620, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Chu
- Medical Laboratories, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Li
- Medical Laboratories, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yurong Qiu
- Medical Laboratories, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) are common leukemia in adults. 20(S)-GRh2 is an important bioactive substance that is present in Panax ginseng. However, there are no investigations that deal with the comparison of apoptosis, the occurrence of autophagy, and the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy after being treated with 20(S)-GRh2 in AML and CML. In this study, we explored the effect of 20(S)-GRh2 on the AML and CML (U937 and K562). Fluorescence microscopy, CCK-8, Quantitative realtime PCR, Western blot, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and flow cytometric analysis were used to detect the occurrence of cell proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, and autophagy. By using the above methods, it was determined that apoptosis induced by 20(S)-GRh2 was more obvious in K562 than U937 cells and 20(S)-GRh2 could generate autophagy in K562 and U937 cells. When pretreated by a specific inhibitor of autophagy, (3-methyladenine), the 20(S)-GRh2-induced apoptosis was enhanced, which indicated that 20(S)-GRh2-induced autophagy may protect U937 and K562 cells from undergoing apoptotic cell death. On the other hand, pretreated by an apoptosis suppressor (Z-VAD-FMK), it greatly induced the autophagy and partially prevented 20(S)-GRh2 induced apoptosis. This phenomenon indicated that 20(S)-GRh2-induced autophagy may serve as a survival mechanism and apoptosis and autophagy could act as partners to induce cell death in a cooperative manner. These findings may provide a rationale for future clinical application by using 20(S)-GRh2 combined autophagy inhibitors for AML and CML.
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34
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Tong-Lin Wu T, Tong YC, Chen IH, Niu HS, Li Y, Cheng JT. Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer by ginsenoside Rh2. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 29541400 PMCID: PMC5834249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic action of ginsenoside Rh2 on several cancer models has been reported. This study aimed to evaluate its apoptotic effect on prostate cancer and the underlying mechanism. Cultured DU145 cells were treated with Rh2 (5 × 10-5 to 1 × 10-4 M), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPAR-delta) antagonist GSK0660 (1 × 10-6 to 5 × 10-6 M); or small interfering RNA (siRNA) of PPAR-delta. The treatment effects were evaluated with cell viability assay, life/death staining and flow cytometry for apoptosis. Immunostaining was used for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide detection. Western blot analysis for PPAR-delta and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein expression were performed. The results showed that Rh2 significantly decreased DU145 cell survival and increased cell apoptosis. ROS and superoxide induction, PPAR-delta up-regulation and phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) down-regulation by Rh2 were demonstrated. GSK0660 partially but significantly inhibited the Rh2-induced apoptosis and restored cell viability. Treatment with siRNA reversed the Rh2-induced apoptosis as well as changes in PPAR-delta and p-STAT3 expression. In conclusion, our findings have demonstrated that ginsenoside Rh2 induces prostate cancer DU145 cells apoptosis through up-regulation of PPAR-delta expression which is associated with p-STAT3 up-regulation and ROS/superoxide induction. Rh2 may be potentially useful in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Tong-Lin Wu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yat-Ching Tong
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Hung Chen
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Shan Niu
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yingxiao Li
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Juei-Tang Cheng
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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35
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Role of ginsenosides in reactive oxygen species-mediated anticancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 9:2931-2950. [PMID: 29416826 PMCID: PMC5788694 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still a global public health problem, which is the leading cause of death in most countries. Ginseng has been used for centuries all over the world as a panacea that promotes longevity. As the king of herb plants, ginseng holds great promise as a new treatment option which is used either by itself or in combination with other medicinal ingredients that is widely accepted as complementary and alternative medicine in cancer therapy. Ginsenosides, the major pharmacologically active ingredients of ginseng, have been shown to have multiple medicinal effects including prominent anticancer activity. The purpose of this review is to give our perspective about the roles of ginsenosides in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated anticancer therapy. Additionally, to provide new sheds light for further improvement and carry out pre-clinical and clinical trials to develop it successfully into a potential anticancer agent. Panax herbs and their derivate/metabolites ginsenosides exert beneficial effects for treating various types of cancers. The mechanism of ROS-mediated anticancer activities of ginsenosides varies depending on the specific type of cancer cells involved. Ginsenosides may suppress cancer cell proliferation through anti-oxidation on tumor initiation and induce apoptosis, paraptosis or autophagy via generation of ROS on tumor progression, promotion, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis by various signaling pathways e.g., activation of AMPK, MEK, ASK-1/JNK, ESR2-NCF1-ROS, ER-dependent PI3K/Akt/Nrf2, P53-CHOP, ROS-JNK-autophagy, and/or inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. These multiple effects rather than a single may play a crucial role in emerging ginsenosides as a successful anticancer drug.
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Yan B, Chen Z, Zhai X, Yin G, Ai Y, Chen G. Microbial carbonylation and hydroxylation of 20(R)-panaxadiol by Aspergillus niger. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:782-787. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1360887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jiangsu College of Engineering and Technology, Nantong, PR China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jiangsu College of Engineering and Technology, Nantong, PR China
| | - Xuguang Zhai
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, PR China
| | - Guibo Yin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jiangsu College of Engineering and Technology, Nantong, PR China
| | - Yafei Ai
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jiangsu College of Engineering and Technology, Nantong, PR China
| | - Guangtong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, PR China
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