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Dunk MM, Rapp SR, Hayden KM, Espeland MA, Casanova R, Manson JE, Shadyab AH, Wild R, Driscoll I. Plasma oxysterols are associated with serum lipids and dementia risk in older women. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:3696-3704. [PMID: 38574442 PMCID: PMC11095475 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) carriers' tendency toward hypercholesterolemia may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk through oxysterols, which traverse the blood-brain barrier. METHODS Relationships between baseline plasma oxysterols, APOE status, serum lipids, and cognitive impairment risk were examined in 328 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. Women were followed for 25 years or until incident dementia or cognitive impairment. RESULTS Levels of 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC), 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC), and 24-OHC/27-OHC ratio did not differ by APOE status (p's > 0.05). Higher 24-OHC and 27-OHC were associated with higher total, low density lipoprotein (LDL), non-high density lipoprotein (HDL), remnant, LDL/HDL, and total/HDL cholesterol and triglycerides (p's < 0.05). Higher 24-OHC/27-OHC was associated with greater dementia risk (hazard ratio = 1.51, 95% confidence interval:1.02-2.22), which interaction analyses revealed as significant for APOE3 and APOE4+, but not APOE2+ carriers. DISCUSSION Less favorable lipid profiles were associated with higher oxysterol levels. A higher ratio of 24-OHC/27-OHC may contribute to dementia risk in APOE3 and APOE4+ carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Dunk
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin – MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Aging Research CenterDepartment of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Stephen R. Rapp
- Department of Social Sciences and Health PolicyDivision of Public Health SciencesWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral MedicineWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kathleen M. Hayden
- Department of Social Sciences and Health PolicyDivision of Public Health SciencesWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Mark A. Espeland
- Department of Social Sciences and Health PolicyDivision of Public Health SciencesWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Biostatistics and Data ScienceWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's PreventionWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ramon Casanova
- Department of Biostatistics and Data ScienceWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - JoAnn E. Manson
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Aladdin H. Shadyab
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity ScienceUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert Wild
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biostatistics and EpidemiologyOklahoma University Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Ira Driscoll
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Wisconsin – MilwaukeeMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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Sharp FR, DeCarli CS, Jin LW, Zhan X. White matter injury, cholesterol dysmetabolism, and APP/Abeta dysmetabolism interact to produce Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology: A hypothesis and review. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1096206. [PMID: 36845656 PMCID: PMC9950279 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1096206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We postulate that myelin injury contributes to cholesterol release from myelin and cholesterol dysmetabolism which contributes to Abeta dysmetabolism, and combined with genetic and AD risk factors, leads to increased Abeta and amyloid plaques. Increased Abeta damages myelin to form a vicious injury cycle. Thus, white matter injury, cholesterol dysmetabolism and Abeta dysmetabolism interact to produce or worsen AD neuropathology. The amyloid cascade is the leading hypothesis for the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The failure of clinical trials based on this hypothesis has raised other possibilities. Even with a possible new success (Lecanemab), it is not clear whether this is a cause or a result of the disease. With the discovery in 1993 that the apolipoprotein E type 4 allele (APOE4) was the major risk factor for sporadic, late-onset AD (LOAD), there has been increasing interest in cholesterol in AD since APOE is a major cholesterol transporter. Recent studies show that cholesterol metabolism is intricately involved with Abeta (Aβ)/amyloid transport and metabolism, with cholesterol down-regulating the Aβ LRP1 transporter and upregulating the Aβ RAGE receptor, both of which would increase brain Aβ. Moreover, manipulating cholesterol transport and metabolism in rodent AD models can ameliorate pathology and cognitive deficits, or worsen them depending upon the manipulation. Though white matter (WM) injury has been noted in AD brain since Alzheimer's initial observations, recent studies have shown abnormal white matter in every AD brain. Moreover, there is age-related WM injury in normal individuals that occurs earlier and is worse with the APOE4 genotype. Moreover, WM injury precedes formation of plaques and tangles in human Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) and precedes plaque formation in rodent AD models. Restoring WM in rodent AD models improves cognition without affecting AD pathology. Thus, we postulate that the amyloid cascade, cholesterol dysmetabolism and white matter injury interact to produce and/or worsen AD pathology. We further postulate that the primary initiating event could be related to any of the three, with age a major factor for WM injury, diet and APOE4 and other genes a factor for cholesterol dysmetabolism, and FAD and other genes for Abeta dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles S. DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Neurology, The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Zhao J, Wang J, Zhao D, Wang L, Luo X. Association Between ABCA1 R219K Variant and Alzheimer's Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 19:734-741. [PMID: 36380407 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221114112838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over a dozen studies have investigated the effect of the R219K variant in the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) gene on the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the results are conflicting. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively assess the association between the ABCA1 R219K variant and the risk of AD. METHODS Studies included in the meta-analysis were obtained by searching PubMed, Web of Science and AlzGene. Review Manager 5.4 was used for meta-analysis. Both the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the effect of ABCA1 R219K polymorphism on AD susceptibility. Heterogeneity between the included studies was assessed using I2 statistics and Cochran Qtest. Funnel plots were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS A total of 14 eligible studies involving 10084 subjects were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science and AlzGene. Meta-analysis results showed that R219K polymorphism was significantly associated with a decreased risk of AD in Chinese under a recessive model (OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.51- 0.88; P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis indicated that the KK genotype of R219K polymorphism may act as a protective factor for AD in the Chinese population. Additional studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Zhao
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Jinpei Wang
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Xiaoe Luo
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
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Wu M, Zhai Y, Liang X, Chen W, Lin R, Ma L, Huang Y, Zhao D, Liang Y, Zhao W, Fang J, Fang S, Chen Y, Wang Q, Li W. Connecting the Dots Between Hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Potential Mechanism Based on 27-Hydroxycholesterol. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:842814. [PMID: 35464321 PMCID: PMC9021879 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.842814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a complex and multifactorial disease involving genetic and environmental factors, with hypercholesterolemia considered as one of the risk factors. Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between AD and serum cholesterol levels, and experimental studies also provide evidence that elevated cholesterol levels accelerate AD pathology. However, the underlying mechanism of hypercholesterolemia accelerating AD pathogenesis is not clear. Here, we review the metabolism of cholesterol in the brain and focus on the role of oxysterols, aiming to reveal the link between hypercholesterolemia and AD. 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is the major peripheral oxysterol that flows into the brain, and it affects β-amyloid (Aβ) production and elimination as well as influencing other pathogenic mechanisms of AD. Although the potential link between hypercholesterolemia and AD is well established, cholesterol-lowering drugs show mixed results in improving cognitive function. Nevertheless, drugs that target cholesterol exocytosis and conversion show benefits in improving AD pathology. Herbs and natural compounds with cholesterol-lowering properties also have a potential role in ameliorating cognition. Collectively, hypercholesterolemia is a causative risk factor for AD, and 27-OHC is likely a potential mechanism for hypercholesterolemia to promote AD pathology. Drugs that regulate cholesterol metabolism are probably beneficial for AD, but more research is needed to unravel the mechanisms involved in 27-OHC, which may lead to new therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingan Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weichun Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyi Lin
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhuan Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Wang,
| | - Weirong Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Weirong Li,
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Zhang X, Xi Y, Yu H, An Y, Wang Y, Tao L, Wang Y, Liu W, Wang T, Xiao R. 27-hydroxycholesterol promotes Aβ accumulation via altering Aβ metabolism in mild cognitive impairment patients and APP/PS1 mice. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:558-573. [PMID: 30582229 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) has been considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) is the pathological hallmark of AD, the aim of this study is to verify whether 27-OHC could lead to cognitive impairment through modulating Aβ accumulation and deposition. Regulation of Aβ metabolism was explored as the pathogenic mechanism of 27-OHC. Furthermore, microRNAs (miRNAs) and their relations with 27-OHC were also detected. In present study, matched case-control study and APP/PS1 transgenic mice research were conducted. The results showed that the 27-OHC and Aβ in plasma were increased in mild cognitive impairment patients, and a slight correlation was found between 27-OHC and Aβ1-40. This relationship was also proved by the research of APP/PS1 mice. More severe learning and memory impairment and higher Aβ1-40 expression in brain and plasma were detected in the APP/PS1 mice of 27-OHC treatment group. In addition, increased amyloid plaques were also found in the hippocampus of 27-OHC-treated mice. In order to find out the mechanism of 27-OHC on regulating Aβ metabolism, the factors of Aβ production (APP, BACE1 and ADAM10), transport (LRP1 and RAGE) and elimination (NEP and IDE) were tested respectively. The gene and protein expressions of APP, BACE1 and RAGE were increased while LRP1 and IDE were decreased in the brain of 27-OHC-treated mice. At last, down-regulated expression of miRNA let-7g-5p was found after 27-OHC treatment. In conclusion, these findings suggested that excessive 27-OHC could enhance the accumulation and deposition of Aβ both in brain and blood, resulting in a severe impairment of cognition, especially in the modulation of Aβ1-40. The mechanism might be associated with the regulation of Aβ metabolism, and miRNA let-7g-5p was likely to play a vital role in this pathological process induced by 27-OHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zhang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuandi Xi
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyan Yu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu An
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingwei Tao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Wang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Liu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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