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Sahebi K, Foroozand H, Amirsoleymani M, Eslamzadeh S, Negahdaripour M, Tajbakhsh A, Rahimi Jaberi A, Savardashtaki A. Advancing stroke recovery: unlocking the potential of cellular dynamics in stroke recovery. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:321. [PMID: 38992073 PMCID: PMC11239950 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke stands as a predominant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and there is a pressing need for effective therapies to improve outcomes and enhance the quality of life for stroke survivors. In this line, effective efferocytosis, the clearance of apoptotic cells, plays a crucial role in neuroprotection and immunoregulation. This process involves specialized phagocytes known as "professional phagocytes" and consists of four steps: "Find-Me," "Eat-Me," engulfment/digestion, and anti-inflammatory responses. Impaired efferocytosis can lead to secondary necrosis and inflammation, resulting in adverse outcomes following brain pathologies. Enhancing efferocytosis presents a potential avenue for improving post-stroke recovery. Several therapeutic targets have been identified, including osteopontin, cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor, the µ opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine, and PPARγ and RXR agonists. Ferroptosis, defined as iron-dependent cell death, is now emerging as a novel target to attenuate post-stroke tissue damage and neuronal loss. Additionally, several biomarkers, most importantly CD163, may serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for acute ischemic stroke, aiding in stroke diagnosis and prognosis. Non-pharmacological approaches involve physical rehabilitation, hypoxia, and hypothermia. Mitochondrial dysfunction is now recognized as a major contributor to the poor outcomes of brain stroke, and medications targeting mitochondria may exhibit beneficial effects. These strategies aim to polarize efferocytes toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, limit the ingestion of distressed but viable neurons, and stimulate efferocytosis in the late phase of stroke to enhance post-stroke recovery. These findings highlight promising directions for future research and development of effective stroke recovery therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Sahebi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Foroozand
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Saghi Eslamzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Rahimi Jaberi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Wu Y, Yang H, Chen F, Li B, Meng X. RNA sequencing reveals the potential mechanism of exercise preconditioning for cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3608. [PMID: 38956886 PMCID: PMC11219470 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) often leads to deleterious complications after stroke patients receive reperfusion therapy. Exercise preconditioning (EP) has been reported to facilitate brain function recovery. We aim to explore the specific mechanism of EP in CIRI. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into Sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and EP groups (n = 11). The rats in the EP group received adaptive training for 3 days (10 m/min, 20 min/day, with a 0° incline) and formal training for 3 weeks (6 days/week, 25 m/min, 30 min/day, with a 0° incline). Then, rats underwent MCAO surgery to establish CIRI models. After 48 h, neurological deficits and cerebral infarction of the rats were measured. Neuronal death and apoptosis in the cerebral cortices were detected. Furthermore, RNA sequencing was conducted to investigate the specific mechanism of EP on CIRI, and qPCR and Western blotting were further applied to confirm RNA sequencing results. RESULTS EP improved neurological deficit scores and reduced cerebral infarction in MCAO rats. Additionally, pre-ischemic exercise also alleviated neuronal death and apoptosis of the cerebral cortices in MCAO rats. Importantly, 17 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through RNA sequencing, and these DEGs were mainly enriched in the HIF-1 pathway, cellular senescence, proteoglycans in cancer, and so on. qPCR and Western blotting further confirmed that EP could suppress TIMP1, SOCS3, ANGPTL4, CDO1, and SERPINE1 expressions in MCAO rats. CONCLUSION EP can improve CIRI in vivo, the mechanism may relate to TIMP1 expression and HIF-1 pathway, which provided novel targets for CIRI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineHangzhou First People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of NeurologyHangzhou First People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Feifeng Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineHangzhou First People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Baohua Li
- Department of NeurologyHangzhou First People's HospitalHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiangbo Meng
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
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Ren R, Wang X, Xu Z, Jiang W. Paritaprevir ameliorates experimental acute lung injury in vitro and in vivo. Arch Pharm Res 2023:10.1007/s12272-023-01451-4. [PMID: 37306915 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Paritaprevir is a potent inhibitor of the NS3/4A protease used to treat chronic hepatitis C virus infection. However, its therapeutic effect on acute lung injury (ALI) remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of paritaprevir on a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced two-hit rat ALI model. The anti-ALI mechanism of paritaprevir was also studied in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial (HM) cells following LPS-induced injury in vitro. Administration of 30 mg/kg paritaprevir for 3 days protected rats from LPS-induced ALI, as reflected by the changes in the lung coefficient (from 0.75 to 0.64) and lung pathology scores (from 5.17 to 5.20). Furthermore, the levels of the protective adhesion protein VE-cadherin and tight junction protein claudin-5 increased, and the cytoplasmic p-FOX-O1 and nuclear β-catenin and FOX-O1 levels decreased. Similar effects were observed in vitro with LPS-treated HM cells, including decreased nuclear β-catenin and FOX-O1 levels and higher VE-cadherin and claudin-5 levels. Moreover, β-catenin inhibition resulted in higher p-FOX-O1 levels in the cytoplasm. These results suggested that paritaprevir could alleviate experimental ALI via the β-catenin/p-Akt/ FOX-O1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehui Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanglin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
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Liu C, Wang Q, Niu L. Sufentanil inhibits Pin1 to attenuate renal tubular epithelial cell ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway. Int Urol Nephrol 2023:10.1007/s11255-023-03651-9. [PMID: 37300758 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) has become a great concern in clinical practice with high morbidity and mortality rates. Sufentanil has protective effects on IRI-induced organ injury. Herein, the effects of sufentanil on RIRI were investigated. METHODS RIRI cell model was established by hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R) stimulation. The mRNA and protein expressions were assessed using qRT-PCR and western blot. TMCK-1 cell viability and apoptosis were assessed using MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS level were detected by JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential fluorescent probe and DCFH-DA fluorescent probe, respectively. LDH, SOD, CAT, GSH and MDA levels were determined by the kits. The interaction between FOXO1 and Pin1 promoter was analyzed using dual luciferase reporter gene and ChIP assays. RESULTS Our results revealed that sufentanil treatment attenuated H/R-induced cell apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation and activated PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 associated proteins, while these effects were reversed by PI3K inhibitor, suggesting that sufentanil attenuated RIRI via activating the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway. We subsequently found that FOXO1 transcriptionally activated Pin1 in TCMK-1 cells. Pin1 inhibition ameliorated H/R-induced TCMK-1 cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, as expected, the biological effects of sufentanil on H/R-treated TMCK-1 cells were abrogated by Pin1 overexpression. CONCLUSION Sufentanil reduced Pin1 expression through activation of the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 signaling to suppress cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation in renal tubular epithelial cells during RIRI development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Liu
- Jiamusi University, Harbin, 154000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qingdong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, Harbin, 154002, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Niu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heilongjiang Sengong General Hospital, No.32 Hexing Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
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Li F, Geng X, Ilagan R, Bai S, Chen Y, Ding Y. Exercise postconditioning reduces ischemic injury via suppression of cerebral gluconeogenesis in rats. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2805. [PMID: 36448290 PMCID: PMC9847623 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-stroke exercise conditioning reduces neurovascular injury and improves functional outcomes after stroke. The goal of this study was to explore if post-stroke exercise conditioning (PostE) reduced brain injury and whether it was associated with the regulation of gluconeogenesis. Adult rats received 2 h of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Treadmill activity was then initiated 24 h after reperfusion for PostE. The severity of the brain damage was determined by infarct volume, apoptotic cell death, and neurological deficit at one and three days after reperfusion. We measured gluconeogenesis including oxaloacetate (OAA), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), pyruvic acid, lactate, ROS, and glucose via ELISA, as well as the location and expression of the key enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK)-1/2 via immunofluorescence. We also determined upstream pathways including forkhead transcription factor (FoxO1), p-FoxO1, 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and p-PI3K/Akt via Western blot. Additionally, the cytoplasmic expression of p-FoxO1 was detected by immunofluorescence. Compared to non-exercise control, PostE (*p < .05) decreased brain infarct volumes, neurological deficits, and cell death at one and three days. PostE groups (*p < .05) saw increases in OAA and decreases in PEP, pyruvic acid, lactate, ROS, glucose levels, and tissue PCKs expression on both days. PCK-1/2 expressions were also significantly (*p < .05) suppressed by the exercise setting. Additionally, phosphorylated PI3K, AKT, and FoxO1 protein expression were significantly induced by PostE at one and three days (*p < .05). In this study, PostE reduced brain injury after stroke, in association with activated PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 signaling, and inhibited gluconeogenesis. These results suggest the involvement of FoxO1 regulation of gluconeogenesis underlying post-stroke neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roxanne Ilagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shangying Bai
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Wang J, Liu Z. Research progress on molecular mechanisms of general anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment in the developing brain. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1065976. [PMID: 36504660 PMCID: PMC9729288 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1065976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthetics-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment in developing brains have become one of the current research hotspots in the medical science community. The underlying mechanisms are complex and involve various related molecular signaling pathways, cell mediators, autophagy, and other pathological processes. However, few drugs can be directly used to treat neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment caused by general anesthetics in clinical practice. This article reviews the molecular mechanism of general anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment in the neonatal brain after surgery in the hope of providing critical references for the treatments of clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, China,Baotou Clinical Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, China,*Correspondence: Zhihui Liu
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Kaya-Tilki E, Dikmen M. Neuroprotective effects of some epigenetic modifying drugs' on Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced neuroinflammation: A novel model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260633. [PMID: 34847172 PMCID: PMC8631675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) is a gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes a variety of pulmonary diseases, and there is growing evidence that it may play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Cpn can interact functionally with host histones, altering the host's epigenetic regulatory system by introducing bacterial products into the host tissue and inducing a persistent inflammatory response. Because Cpn is difficult to propagate, isolate, and detect, a modified LPS-like neuroinflammation model was established using lyophilized cell free supernatant (CFS) obtained from infected cell cultures, and the effects of CFS were compared to LPS. The neuroprotective effects of Trichostatin A (TSA), givinostat, and RG108, which are effective on epigenetic mechanisms, and the antibiotic rifampin, were studied in this newly introduced model and in the presence of amyloid beta (Aβ) 1-42. The neuroprotective effects of the drugs, as well as the effects of CFS and LPS, were evaluated in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity using a real-time cell analysis system, total ROS, and apoptotic impact. TSA, RG108, givinostat, and rifampin all demonstrated neuroprotective effects in both this novel model and Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. The findings are expected to provide early evidence on neuroprotective actions against Cpn-induced neuroinflammation and Aβ-induced neurotoxicity, which could represent a new treatment option for AD, for which there are currently few treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Kaya-Tilki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Miriş Dikmen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Mizobuchi H, Soma GI. Low-dose lipopolysaccharide as an immune regulator for homeostasis maintenance in the central nervous system through transformation to neuroprotective microglia. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1928-1934. [PMID: 33642362 PMCID: PMC8343302 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.308067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, which are tissue-resident macrophages in the brain, play a central role in the brain innate immunity and contribute to the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Lipopolysaccharide is a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, and activates immune cells including microglia via Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Lipopolysaccharide is generally known as an endotoxin, as administration of high-dose lipopolysaccharide induces potent systemic inflammation. Also, it has long been recognized that lipopolysaccharide exacerbates neuroinflammation. In contrast, our study revealed that oral administration of lipopolysaccharide ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology and suggested that neuroprotective microglia are involved in this phenomenon. Additionally, other recent studies have accumulated evidence demonstrating that controlled immune training with low-dose lipopolysaccharide prevents neuronal damage by transforming the microglia into a neuroprotective phenotype. Therefore, lipopolysaccharide may not a mere inflammatory inducer, but an immunomodulator that can lead to neuroprotective effects in the brain. In this review, we summarized current studies regarding neuroprotective microglia transformed by immune training with lipopolysaccharide. We state that microglia transformed by lipopolysaccharide preconditioning cannot simply be characterized by their general suppression of proinflammatory mediators and general promotion of anti-inflammatory mediators, but instead must be described by their complex profile comprising various molecules related to inflammatory regulation, phagocytosis, neuroprotection, anti-apoptosis, and antioxidation. In addition, microglial transformation seems to depend on the dose of lipopolysaccharide used during immune training. Immune training of neuroprotective microglia using low-dose lipopolysaccharide, especially through oral lipopolysaccharide administration, may represent an innovative prevention or treatment for neurological diseases; however more vigorous studies are still required to properly modulate these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Mizobuchi
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Soma
- Control of Innate Immunity, Technology Research Association, Kagawa, Japan
- Macrophi Inc., Kagawa, Japan
- Research Institute for Healthy Living, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Chen T, Ye B, Tan J, Yang H, He F, Khalil RA. CD146+Mesenchymal stem cells treatment improves vascularization, muscle contraction and VEGF expression, and reduces apoptosis in rat ischemic hind limb. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114530. [PMID: 33891966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an increasingly common narrowing of the peripheral arteries that can lead to lower limb ischemia, muscle weakness and gangrene. Surgical vein or arterial grafts could improve PAD, but may not be suitable in elderly patients, prompting research into less invasive approaches. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed as potential therapy, but their effectiveness and underlying mechanisms in limb ischemia are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that treatment with naive MSCs (nMSCs) or MSCs expressing CD146 (CD146+MSCs) could improve vascularity and muscle function in rat model of hind-limb ischemia. Sixteen month old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: sham-operated control, ischemia, ischemia + nMSCs and ischemia+CD146+MSCs. After 4 weeks of respective treatment, rat groups were assessed for ischemic clinical score, Tarlov score, muscle capillary density, TUNEL apoptosis assay, contractile force, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression. CD146+MSCs showed greater CD146 mRNA expression than nMSCs. Treatment with nMSCs or CD146+MSCs improved clinical and Tarlov scores, muscle capillary density, contractile force and VEGF mRNA expression in ischemic limbs as compared to non-treated ischemia group. The improvements in muscle vascularity and function were particularly greater in ischemia+CD146+MSCs than ischemia + nMSCs group. TUNEL positive apoptotic cells were least abundant in ischemia+CD146+MSCs compared with ischemia + nMSCs and non-treated ischemia groups. Thus, MSCs particularly those expressing CD146 improve vascularity, muscle function and VEGF expression and reduce apoptosis in rat ischemic limb, and could represent a promising approach to improve angiogenesis and muscle function in PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, the Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China; Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, the Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Faming He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, the Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Chen Y, Zhang L, Gong X, Gong H, Cheng R, Qiu F, Zhong X, Huang Z. Iridoid glycosides from Radix Scrophulariae attenuates focal cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress‑mediated neuronal apoptosis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:131-140. [PMID: 31746404 PMCID: PMC6896402 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridoid glycosides of Radix Scrophulariae (IGRS) are a group of the major bioactive components from Radix Scrophulariae with extensive pharmacological activities. The present study investigated the effects of IGRS on cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury (CIRI) and explored its potential mechanisms of action. A CIRI model in rats was established by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery for 90 min, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Prior to surgery, 30, 60 or 120 mg/kg IGRS was administered to the rats once a day for 7 days. Then, the neurological scores, brain edema and volume of the cerebral infarction were measured. The apoptosis index was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling. The effects of IGRS on the histopathology of the cortex in brain tissues and the endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructure in the hippocampus were analyzed. Finally, the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)‑regulating mediators, endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP (GRP78), DNA damage‑inducible transcript 3 protein (CHOP) and caspase‑12, were detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and western blot analysis. The volume of cerebral infarction and brain water content in the IGRS‑treated groups treated at doses of 60 and 120 mg/kg were decreased significantly compared with the Model group. The neurological scores were also significantly decreased in the IGRS‑treated groups. IGRS treatment effectively decreased neuronal apoptosis resulting from CIRI‑induced neuron injury. In addition, the histopathological damage and the endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructure injury were partially improved in CIRI rats following IGRS treatment. RT‑qPCR and western blot analysis data indicated that IGRS significantly decreased the expression levels of GRP78, CHOP and caspase‑12 at both mRNA and protein levels. The results of the present study demonstrated that IGRS exerted a protective effect against CIRI in brain tissue via the inhibition of apoptosis and ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyue Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
| | - Xueyuan Gong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
| | - Hengpei Gong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
| | - Rubin Cheng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
| | - Fengmei Qiu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Zhong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
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