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Jurič A, Lovaković BT, Zandona A, Rašić D, Češi M, Pizent A, Neuberg M, Canjuga I, Katalinić M, Vrdoljak AL, Rešić A, Karačonji IB. The effects of ketamine on viability, primary DNA damage, and oxidative stress parameters in HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cells. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2023; 74:106-114. [PMID: 37357882 PMCID: PMC10291499 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2023-74-3727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a dissociative anaesthetic used to induce general anaesthesia in humans and laboratory animals. Due to its hallucinogenic and dissociative effects, it is also used as a recreational drug. Anaesthetic agents can cause toxic effects at the cellular level and affect cell survival, induce DNA damage, and cause oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. The aim of this study was to explore these possible adverse effects of ketamine on hepatocellular HepG2 and neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells after 24-hour exposure to a concentration range covering concentrations used in analgesia, drug abuse, and anaesthesia (0.39, 1.56, and 6.25 µmol/L, respectively). At these concentrations ketamine had relatively low toxic outcomes, as it lowered HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cell viability up to 30 %, and low, potentially repairable DNA damage. Interestingly, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) remained unchanged in both cell lines. On the other hand, oxidative stress markers [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT)] pointed to ketamine-induced oxidant/antioxidant imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Jurič
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Rašić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martin Češi
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alica Pizent
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Irena Canjuga
- University North, University Centre Varaždin, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Arnes Rešić
- Children’s Hospital Zagreb Department of Paediatrics, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Brčić Karačonji
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Rijeka Faculty of Health Studies, Rijeka, Croatia
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Arpacı AH, Çalıskan H, Güneş E, Işık B. Effects of the Recurrent and Different Doses of Ketamine Exposure on Anxiety-like Behaviors and Locomotor Activity in Juvenile Rats. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 19:CAR-EPUB-130057. [PMID: 36892030 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230308123718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine is a widely used anesthetic agent. Although the potential adverse effects of ketamine use in juvenile age are uncertain, certain studies reported that children exposed to recurrent anesthesia could face an increased risk of neurodevelopmental deficits in motor function and behavioral risks. We aimed to investigate the long-term effects of repeated exposure to various ketamine doses on anxious behavior and locomotor activity in juvenile rats. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the long-term effects of repeated exposure to various ketamine doses on anxious behavior and locomotor activity in juvenile rats. METHODS Thirty-two Wistar Albino juvenile male rats were randomized into 5 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 50 mg/kg ketamine (KET) and saline (Group C) Groups and KET was administered for 3 consecutive days at 3-hour intervals in 3 doses. Ten days after the last KET dose, behavioral parameters were analyzed with an open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and light-dark box (LDB). Satistical analysis was conducted with Kruskall-Wallis test followed by Dunn's Multiple Comparison Test. RESULTS Unsupported rearing behavior decreased in 50 mg/kg KET Groups when compared to Group C. Incorrect transition time, total grooming time, and transfer latency time increased significantly in the 50 mg/kg KET Group when compared to Group C. CONCLUSION These results suggested that 50 mg/kg KET led to anxiety-like behavior and destroyed memory and spatial navigation. Ketamine doses were associated with late effects of ketamine on anxiety- like behavior in juvenile rats. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms that play a role in the different effects of ketamine doses on anxiety and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Hande Arpacı
- Anesthesiology and Reanimation Specialist, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Çalıskan
- Department of Physiology, Balıkesir University, Faculty of Medicine, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Emel Güneş
- Physiology Department, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berrin Işık
- Anesthesiology and Reanimation Specialist, Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Zhang X, Cui Y, Song X, Jin X, Sheng X, Xu X, Li T, Chen H, Gao L. Curcumin alleviates ketamine-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via Nrf2 signaling pathway in rats' cerebral cortex and hippocampus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:300-311. [PMID: 36305173 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate curcumin's protective effect on nerve damage caused by ketamine anesthesia via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Rats and PC12 cells were used in this experiment to investigate the mechanism of nerve injury caused by ketamine anesthesia. Furthermore, our findings suggest that curcumin may affect oxidative stress and apoptosis by targeting the Nrf2 pathway, thereby alleviating the nerve injury caused by ketamine. METHODS The rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus were stained with Nissl and immunohistochemistry to determine the number of neurons and the expression of Caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax. CCK-8 assay was used to determine the optimal concentration of ketamine, curcumin, and H2 O2 in PC12 cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect changes in reactive oxygen species and the rate of apoptosis in each group. To determine whether Nrf2 entered the nucleus, immunofluorescence was used. Both tissues and cells were subjected to RT-PCR and Western blotting detection at the same time. The levels of oxidative stress were determined using a malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay kit. RESULTS Ketamine reduced the number of neurons in the cortex and hippocampus of rats. The proteins Bax and Caspase-3 were upregulated, while Bcl-2 was down-regulated in the cortex and hippocampus. The viability of PC12 cells has decreased. MDA content increased while SOD activity decreased in cortex, hippocampus, and PC12 cells. Ketamine had an effect on the expression of some genes in the Nrf2 signaling pathway as well as apoptosis. Curcumin pretreatment may be able to prevent ketamine-induced damage. CONCLUSIONS The oxidative stress and apoptosis caused by ketamine during growth of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and PC12 cells may be decreased by curcumin's activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Our research provides a potential strategy for the secure administration of anesthetics in medical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuanbo Sheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Mechanism for Animal Disease and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
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Ren W, Lou H, Ren X, Wen G, Wu X, Xia X, Wang S, Yu X, Yan L, Zhang G, Yao J, Lu Y, Wu X. Ketamine promotes the amyloidogenic pathway by regulating endosomal pH. Toxicology 2022; 471:153163. [PMID: 35378374 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is an anesthetic and addictive drug that can cause cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Studies have shown that carboxy-terminal fragment derived from β-secretase (CTF-β) and amyloid beta (Aβ), the amyloidogenic products of amyloid precursor protein (APP), can also induce neuroinflammation and impair cognitive function. However, it remains unclear whether ketamine regulates the amyloidogenic pathway. In the endosome, APP is cleaved by beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), whose activity is influenced by pH. Endosomal acidification is mainly regulated by sodium hydrogen exchanger 6 (NHE6), which leaks protons out of endosomes, and vacuolar proton translocating ATPases (V-ATPase), which pump protons into endosomes. Therefore, we hypothesized that ketamine lowers the endosomal pH by reducing the endosomal NHE6 protein level, and this hyperacidification promotes the amyloidogenic pathway. We set up C57BL/6 J mouse models using 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 mg/kg ketamine administration and SH-SY5Y cell models using 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μM ketamine administration to investigate its effects on the amyloidogenic pathway at different doses. Western blotting results showed that 100 mg/kg ketamine treatment in vivo and 1000 μM ketamine treatment in vitro increased endosomal BACE1 and CTF-β protein levels and reduced endosomal NHE6 and APP protein levels. The endosomal accumulation of BACE1 caused by ketamine administration was also observed using confocal imaging. Moreover, flow cytometry indicated that ketamine treatment lowered the endosomal pH value of SH-SY5Y cells. Later, cells were pretreated with monensin to restore the endosomal pH. Monensin did not affect amyloidogenic-related proteins or NHE6 directly; therefore, ketamine-promoted endosomal amyloidogenic processing and BACE1 accumulation were depleted by restoring endosomal acidity through monensin pretreatment. Finally, knockdown of NHE6 promoted the amyloidogenic pathway similarly and prevented further enhancement by ketamine. These results indicated that the effects of ketamine on the amyloidogenic pathway were dependent on the reduction of NHE6 and endosomal pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishu Ren
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haoyang Lou
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinghua Ren
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gehua Wen
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Xia
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaojin Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Yan
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry in Congenital Malformation, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xu Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Moshref M, Questa M, Lopez-Cervantes V, Sears TK, Greathouse RL, Crawford CK, Kol A. Panobinostat Effectively Increases Histone Acetylation and Alters Chromatin Accessibility Landscape in Canine Embryonic Fibroblasts but Does Not Enhance Cellular Reprogramming. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:716570. [PMID: 34660761 PMCID: PMC8511502 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.716570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust and reproducible protocols to efficiently reprogram adult canine cells to induced pluripotent stem cells are still elusive. Somatic cell reprogramming requires global chromatin remodeling that is finely orchestrated spatially and temporally. Histone acetylation and deacetylation are key regulators of chromatin condensation, mediated by histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively. HDAC inhibitors have been used to increase histone acetylation, chromatin accessibility, and somatic cell reprogramming in human and mice cells. We hypothesized that inhibition of HDACs in canine fibroblasts would increase their reprogramming efficiency by altering the epigenomic landscape and enabling greater chromatin accessibility. We report that a combined treatment of panobinostat (LBH589) and vitamin C effectively inhibits HDAC function and increases histone acetylation in canine embryonic fibroblasts in vitro, with no significant cytotoxic effects. We further determined the effect of this treatment on global chromatin accessibility via Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing. Finally, the treatment did not induce any significant increase in cellular reprogramming efficiency. Although our data demonstrate that the unique epigenetic landscape of canine cells does not make them amenable to cellular reprogramming through the proposed treatment, it provides a rationale for a targeted, canine-specific, reprogramming approach by enhancing the expression of transcription factors such as CEBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moshref
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Maria Questa
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Veronica Lopez-Cervantes
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Thomas K Sears
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rachel L Greathouse
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Charles K Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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