Mannose shows antitumour properties against lung cancer via inhibiting proliferation, promoting cisplatin‑mediated apoptosis and reducing metastasis

Dietary approaches for controlling cancer by limiting the Warburg effect: a review

Cancer is a mysterious disease. Among other alterations, tumor cells, importantly, have metabolic modifications. A well-known metabolic modification commonly observed in cancer cells has been termed the Warburg effect. This phenomenon is defined as a high preference for glucose uptake, and increased lactate production from that glucose, even when oxygen is readily available. Some anti-cancer drugs target the proposed Warburg effect, and some dietary regimens can function similarly. However, the most suitable dietary strategies for treating particular cancers are not yet well understood. The aim of this review was to describe findings regarding the impact of various proposed dietary regimens targeting the Warburg effect. The evidence suggests that combining routine cancer therapies with diet-based strategies may improve the outcome in treating cancer. However, designing individualized therapies must be our ultimate goal.

Establishing the link between D-mannose and juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): Improved growth and intestinal structure associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitophagy, and apical junctional complexes

D-mannose, essential for protein glycosylation, has been reported to have immunomodulatory effects and to maintain intestinal flora homeostasis. In addition to evaluating growth performance, we examined the impact of D-mannose on the structure of epithelial cells and apical junction complexes in the animal intestine. All 1800 grass carp (16.20 ± 0.01 g) were randomly divided into six treatments with six replicates of 50 fish each and fed with six different levels of D-mannose (0.52, 1.75, 3.02, 4.28, 5.50 and 6.78 g/kg diet) for 70 d. The study revealed that D-mannose increased feed intake (P < 0.001) but did not affect the percent weight gain (PWG), special growth rate, and feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). D-mannose supplementation at 1.75 g/kg increased crude protein content in fish and lipid production value (P < 0.05). D-mannose supplementation at 4.28 g/kg increased intestinal length, intestinal weight and fold height of grass carp compared to the control group (P < 0.05). This improvement may be attributed to the phosphomannose isomerase (PMI)-mediated enhancement of glycolysis. This study found that D-mannose supplementation at 4.28 or 3.02 g/kg reduced serum diamine oxidase activity or D-lactate content (P < 0.05) and improved cellular and intercellular structures for the first time. The improvement of cellular redox homeostasis involves alleviating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) signaling pathways. The alleviation of ER stress may be linked to the phosphomannomutase (PMM)-mediated enhancement of protein glycosylation. In addition, ubiquitin-dependent [PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin] and ubiquitin-independent [BCL2-interacting protein 3-like (BNIP3L), BCL2-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), and FUN14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1)] mitophagy may play a role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. The enhancement of intercellular structures includes enhancing tight junction and adherent junction structures, which may be closely associated with the small Rho GTPase protein (RhoA)/the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway. In conclusion, D-mannose improved intestinal cellular redox homeostasis associated with ER stress and mitophagy pathways, and enhanced intercellular structures related to tight junctions and adherent junctions. Furthermore, quadratic regression analysis of the PWG and intestinal reactive oxygen species content indicated that the optimal addition level of D-mannose for juvenile grass carp was 4.61 and 4.59 g/kg, respectively.

Biochemical changes in lipid and protein metabolism caused by mannose-Raman spectroscopy studies

Biochemical analysis of human normal bronchial cells (BEpiC) and human cancer lung cells (A549) has been performed by using Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging. Our approach provides a biochemical compositional mapping of the main cell components: nucleus, mitochondria, lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm and cell membrane. We proved that Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging can distinguish successfully BEpiC and A549 cells. In this study, we have focused on the role of mannose in cancer development. It has been shown that changes in the concentration of mannose can regulate some metabolic processes in cells. Presented results suggest lipids and proteins can be considered as Raman biomarkers during lung cancer progression. Analysis obtained for bands 1444 cm-1, and 2854 cm-1 characteristic for lipids and derivatives proved that the addition of mannose reduced levels of these compounds. Results obtained for protein compounds based on bands 858 cm-1, 1004 cm-1 and 1584 cm-1 proved that the addition of mannose increases the values of protein in BEpiC cells and blocks protein glycolisation in A549 cells. Noticing Raman spectral changes in BEpiC and A549 cells supplemented with mannose can help to understand the mechanism of sugar metabolism during cancer development and could play in the future an important role in clinical treatment.

Mannose: A Promising Player in Clinical and Biomedical Applications

Mannose, an isomer of glucose, exhibits a distinct molecular structure with the same formula but a different atom arrangement, contributing to its specific biological functions. Widely distributed in body fluids and tissues, particularly in the nervous system, skin, testes, and retinas, mannose plays a crucial role as a direct precursor for glycoprotein synthesis. Glycoproteins, essential for immune regulation and glycosylation processes, underscore the significance of mannose in these physiological activities. The clinical and biomedical applications of mannose are diverse, encompassing its anti-inflammatory properties, potential to inhibit bacterial infections, role in metabolism regulation, and suggested involvement in alleviating diabetes and obesity. Additionally, mannose shows promise in antitumor effects, immune modulation, and the construction of drug carriers, indicating a broad spectrum of therapeutic potential. The article aims to present a comprehensive review of mannose, focusing on its molecular structure, metabolic pathways, and clinical and biomedical applications, and also to emphasize its status as a promising therapeutic agent.

D-mannose induces TFE3-dependent lysosomal degradation of EGFR and inhibits the progression of NSCLC

In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the overexpression or abnormal activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is associated with tumor progression and drug resistance. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are currently the first-line treatment of NSCLC. However, patients inevitably acquired EGFR TKIs resistance mutations, which led to disease progression, so it is urgent to find new treatment. Here, we report that D-mannose up-regulates lysosomal activity by enhancing TFE3-mediated lysosomal biogenesis, thereby increasing the degradation of EGFR and significantly down-regulating its protein level. Therefore, D-mannose significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of wild-type EGFR (WT-EGFR) and EGFR mutant cells (E746-A750 deletion, L858R and T790M mutations) in vitro. Oral administration of D-mannose strongly inhibited tumor growth in mice, showing similar effects with osimertinib. Taken together, these data suggest that D-mannose may represent a new strategy for clinical treatment of NSCLC.

Mannose: A Sweet Option in the Treatment of Cancer and Inflammation

As a natural sugar, mannose is a type of hexose that is abundant in many different types of fruits. Since mannose is rarely used for glycolysis in mammals, studies on the role of mannose have not attracted much attention. Glycosylation of specific proteins was thought to be the major function of mannose. Surprisingly, during the past few years, mannose was found to be effective in promoting immune tolerance and suppressing inflammatory diseases related to autoimmunity and allergy. Moreover importantly, mannose was also found to be efficient in suppressing tumors by suppressing glycolysis and enhancing chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize the recent studies of mannose on antitumor properties and anti-inflammatory characteristics. We emphasize that mannose could play a beneficial role in the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancers and inflammatory diseases, and could be a novel therapeutic strategy that deserves continued evaluation.

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Cancer: Regulation and Therapeutic Opportunities

BACKGROUND

Tumorigenesis is associated with deregulation of nutritional requirements, intermediary metabolites production, and microenvironment interactions. Unlike their normal cell counterparts, tumor cells rely on aerobic glycolysis, through the Warburg effect.

SUMMARY

The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a major glucose metabolic shunt that is upregulated in cancer cells. The PPP comprises an oxidative and a nonoxidative phase and is essential for nucleotide synthesis of rapidly dividing cells. The PPP also generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, which is required for reductive metabolism and to counteract oxidative stress in tumor cells. This article reviews the regulation of the PPP and discusses inhibitors that target its main pathways. Key Message: Exploiting the metabolic vulnerability of the PPP offers potential novel therapeutic opportunities and improves patients' response to cancer therapy.

MPI-based bioinformatic analysis and co-inhibitory therapy with mannose for oral squamous cell carcinoma

Mannose induces tumor cell apoptosis and inhibits glucose metabolism by accumulating intracellularly as mannose 6-phosphate while the drug sensitivity of tumors is negatively correlated with mannose phosphate isomerase gene (MPI) expression. In this study, we performed a first attempt to explore the relationship between the targeted gene MPI and immune infiltration and genetic and clinical characteristics of head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) using computational algorithms and bioinformatic analysis, and further to verify the co-inhibition effects of mannose with genotoxicity, immune responses, and microbes dysbiosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in vitro and in vivo. Our results found that patients with lower MPI expression had higher survival rate. The enhancement of MPI expression was in response to DNA damage gene, and ATM inhibitor was verified as a potential drug with a synergistic effect with mannose on HSC-3. In the HNSC, infiltrated immunocytes CD8⁺ T cell and B cell were the significantly reduced risk cells, while IL-22 and IFN-γ showed negative correlation with MPI. Finally, mannose could reverse immunophenotyping caused by antibiotics in mice, resulting in the decrease of CD8⁺ T cells and increase of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In conclusion, the MPI gene showed a significant correlation with immune infiltration and genetic and clinical characteristics of HNSC. The treatment of ATM inhibitor, immune regulating cells of CD8⁺ T cells and MDSCs, and oral microbiomes in combination with mannose could exhibit co-inhibitory therapeutic effect for OSCC.

Fructose and Mannose in Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Cancer

History suggests that tasteful properties of sugar have been domesticated as far back as 8000 BCE. With origins in New Guinea, the cultivation of sugar quickly spread over centuries of conquest and trade. The product, which quickly integrated into common foods and onto kitchen tables, is sucrose, which is made up of glucose and fructose dimers. While sugar is commonly associated with flavor, there is a myriad of biochemical properties that explain how sugars as biological molecules function in physiological contexts. Substantial research and reviews have been done on the role of glucose in disease. This review aims to describe the role of its isomers, fructose and mannose, in the context of inborn errors of metabolism and other metabolic diseases, such as cancer. While structurally similar, fructose and mannose give rise to very differing biochemical properties and understanding these differences will guide the development of more effective therapies for metabolic disease. We will discuss pathophysiology linked to perturbations in fructose and mannose metabolism, diagnostic tools, and treatment options of the diseases.