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Shan X, Tao W, Li J, Tao W, Li D, Zhou L, Yang X, Dong C, Huang S, Chu X, Zhang C. Kai-Xin-San ameliorates Alzheimer's disease-related neuropathology and cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice via the mitochondrial autophagy-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 329:118145. [PMID: 38582153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Kai-Xin-San (KXS) is a classic famous prescription that has been utilized for centuries to address dementia. New investigations have shown that the anti-dementia effect of KXS is connected with improved neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism is not well elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY We propose to discover the ameliorative impact of KXS on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its regulatory role on the mitochondrial autophagy-nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Y maze, Morris water maze, and new objection recognition tests were applied to ascertain the spatial learning and memory capacities of amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) mice after KXS-treatment. Meanwhile, the biochemical indexes of the hippocampus were detected by reagent kits. The pathological alterations and mitochondrial autophagy in the mice' hippocampus were detected utilizing hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Besides, the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways protein expressions were determined employing the immunoblot analysis. RESULTS The results of behavioral tests showed that KXS significantly enhanced the AD mice' spatial learning and memory capacities. Furthermore, KXS reversed the biochemical index levels and reduced amyloid-β protein deposition in AD mice brains. Besides, H&E staining showed that KXS remarkably ameliorated the neuronal damage in AD mice. Concurrently, the results of transmission electron microscopy suggest that KXS ameliorated the mitochondrial damage in microglia and promoted mitochondrial autophagy. Moreover, the immunofluorescence outcomes exhibited that KXS promoted the expression of protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B) associated with microtubule and the generation of autophagic flux. Notably, the immunofluorescence co-localization results confirmed the presence of mitochondrial autophagy in microglia. Finally, KXS promoted the protein expressions of the PINK1/Parkin pathway and reduced the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Most importantly, these beneficial effects of KXS were attenuated by the mitochondrial autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. CONCLUSION KXS ameliorates AD-related neuropathology and cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice by enhancing the mitochondrial autophagy and suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Shan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Wenwen Tao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Junying Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Wenkang Tao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, China; Hefei Innovation Pharmaceutical Technology Co.ltd., Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Dawei Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, China; Hefei Innovation Pharmaceutical Technology Co.ltd., Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Lele Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, China; Hefei Innovation Pharmaceutical Technology Co.ltd., Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Xuan Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, China; Hefei Innovation Pharmaceutical Technology Co.ltd., Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Chong Dong
- Hefei Innovation Pharmaceutical Technology Co.ltd., Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Shunwang Huang
- Hefei Innovation Pharmaceutical Technology Co.ltd., Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Chu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Grand Health Research Institute of Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei, 230012, Anhui, China; Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials Quality Improvement Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, China.
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Ito H, Ito M. Recent trends in ginseng research. J Nat Med 2024; 78:455-466. [PMID: 38512649 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-024-01792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Ginseng, the dried root of Panax ginseng, contains ginsenosides and has long been used in Korea, China, and Japan to treat various symptoms. Many studies on the utility of ginseng have been conducted and in this paper we investigate recent trends in ginseng research. P. ginseng studies were collected from scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and SciFindern) using the keywords "Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer", "ginsenosides", "genetic diversity", "biosynthesis", "cultivation", and "pharmacology". We identified 1208 studies up to and including September 2023: 549 studies on pharmacology, 262 studies on chemical components, 131 studies on molecular biology, 58 studies on cultivation, 71 studies on tissue culture, 28 studies on clinical trials, 123 reviews, and 49 studies in other fields. Many researchers focused on the characteristic ginseng component ginsenoside to elucidate the mechanism of ginseng's pharmacological action, the relationship between component patterns and cultivation areas and conditions, and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honoka Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michiho Ito
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
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Shin MS, Lee Y, Cho IH, Yang HJ. Brain plasticity and ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:286-297. [PMID: 38707640 PMCID: PMC11069001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity refers to the brain's ability to modify its structure, accompanied by its functional changes. It is influenced by learning, experiences, and dietary factors, even in later life. Accumulated researches have indicated that ginseng may protect the brain and enhance its function in pathological conditions. There is a compelling need for a more comprehensive understanding of ginseng's role in the physiological condition because many individuals without specific diseases seek to improve their health by incorporating ginseng into their routines. This review aims to deepen our understanding of how ginseng affects brain plasticity of people undergoing normal aging process. We provided a summary of studies that reported the impact of ginseng on brain plasticity and related factors in human clinical studies. Furthermore, we explored researches focused on the molecular mechanisms underpinning the influence of ginseng on brain plasticity and factors contributing to brain plasticity. Evidences indicate that ginseng has the potential to enhance brain plasticity in the context of normal aging by mediating both central and peripheral systems, thereby expecting to improve age-related declines in brain function. Moreover, given modern western diet can damage neuroplasticity in the long term, ginseng can be a beneficial supplement for better brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Sook Shin
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungJoo Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Integrative Bioscience, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Healthcare, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kim J, Lee S, Hong DG, Yang S, Tran CS, Kwak J, Kim MJ, Rajarathinam T, Chung KW, Jung YS, Ishigami A, Chang SC, Lee H, Yun H, Lee J. Amelioration of Astrocyte-Mediated Neuroinflammation by EI-16004 Confers Neuroprotection in an MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease Model. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:1. [PMID: 38294608 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in motor impairment due to dopaminergic neuronal loss. The pathology of PD is closely associated with neuroinflammation, which can be characterized by astrocyte activation. Thus, targeting the inflammatory response in astrocytes might provide a novel therapeutic approach. We conducted a luciferase assay on an in-house chemical library to identify compounds with anti-inflammatory effects capable of reducing MPP+-induced NF-κB activity in astrocytes. Among the compounds identified, EI-16004, a novel 3-benzyl-N-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamides, exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory effect by significantly reducing MPP+-induced astrocyte activation. Biochemical analysis and docking simulation indicated that EI-16004 inhibited the MPP+-induced phosphorylation of p65 by attenuating ERK phosphorylation, and EI-16004 reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels in astrocytes. In vivo studies on the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD model in male C57BL/6 mice showed that EI-16004 ameliorated motor impairment and protected against dopaminergic neuronal loss, and EI-16004 effectively mitigated the MPTP-induced astrocyte activation in striatum (STR) and substantia nigra (SN). These results indicate EI-16004 is a potential neuroprotective agent for the prevention and treatment of astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammatory conditions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulah Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Geun Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonguk Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Cong So Tran
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsook Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Thenmozhi Rajarathinam
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeseung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwayoung Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Yang G, Gao Y, Gao L, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Wang C, Li S. Increasing minor ginsenosides contents and enhancing neuroprotective effects of total ginsenosides fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Fitoterapia 2024; 172:105769. [PMID: 38065234 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Minor ginsenosides have been proven to have higher pharmacological activity than the major ginsenosides. The transformation of major ginsenosides to minor ginsenosides by lactic acid bacteria was considered to be a promising method. Therefore, this study focuses on utilizing glycosidase-producing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GLP40 to transform total ginsenosides (TG) and increase the content of minor ginsenosides, as well as investigate the neuroprotective effects of fermented total ginsenosides (FTG). After 21d fermentation, the transformation products were purified using D101 macroporous resin column chromatography, and identified by HPLC and LC-MS analyses. The neuroprotective effect of FTG was evaluated using MPTP-induced neural injury mice model. Lact. plantarum GLP40 fermentation increased the contents of minor ginsenosides in TG, such as Rg3, Rh2, CK, and Rk3. FTG showed stronger alleviation of 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Hydrochloride (MPTP) induced memory loss and dyskinesia in mice, and inhibited tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) depletion and ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) production than TG. Further, FTG significantly increased serum IL-10 levels and inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to TG. Moreover, FTG treatment activated the anti-apoptotic PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and inhibited the expression of the inflammatory NF-κB/COX-2/iNOS pathway. In conclusion, Lact. plantarum GLP40 fermentation enhances the neuroprotective effects of total ginsenosides by increasing minor ginsenosides. FTG protected MPTP induced neural injury in mice by regulating inflammation and cell apoptosis signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Yansong Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Lei Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Zijian Zhao
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Yujuan Zhao
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Shengyu Li
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, PR China.
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Chang J, Wang Y, Xu J, Du X, Cui J, Zhang T, Chen Y. Ginsenoside Re Mitigates Photooxidative Stress-Mediated Photoreceptor Degeneration and Retinal Inflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:397-412. [PMID: 37326907 PMCID: PMC10577105 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Loss of photoreceptors is the central pathology accountable for irreversible vision impairment in patients with photoreceptor degenerative disorders. Currently, mechanisms-based pharmacological therapies protecting photoreceptors from degenerative progression remain clinically unavailable. Photooxidative stress plays a pivotal role in initiating the degenerative cascade in photoreceptors. Meanwhile, photoreceptor degeneration interacts closely with neurotoxic inflammatory responses primarily mediated by aberrantly activated microglia in the retina. Thus, therapies with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been actively investigated for their pharmacological value in controlling photoreceptor degeneration. In the current study, we examined the pharmacological potentials of ginsenoside Re (Re), a naturally occurring antioxidant with anti-inflammatory activities, in photooxidative stress-mediated photoreceptor degeneration. Our results demonstrate that Re attenuates photooxidative stress and associated lipid peroxidation in the retina. Furthermore, Re treatment preserves the morphological and functional integrity of the retina, counteracts photooxidative stress-induced perturbation of the retinal gene expression profiles and mitigates photoreceptor degeneration-associated neuroinflammatory responses and microglia activation in the retina. Lastly, Re partially antagonizes the deleterious effects of photooxidative stress on müller cells, verifying its beneficial impact on retina homeostasis. In conclusion, the work here provides experimental evidence supporting novel pharmacological implications of Re in attenuating photooxidative stress-mediated photoreceptor degeneration and ensuing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Xiaoye Du
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Jingang Cui
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
- Clinical Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
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Hong L, Shi X, Zhao Y, Zhao G, Jiang H, Liu M, Zhang H, Wu H, Wang L, He L, Chen W. Network pharmacology-guided and TCM theory-supported in vitro and in vivo component identification of Naoluoxintong. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19369. [PMID: 37681188 PMCID: PMC10480607 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Naoluoxintong (NLXT) has been used to treat ischemic stroke (IS) in China for more than two hundred years. However, the pharmacodynamic material basis of NLXT has not been fully studied. Under the guidance of the former network pharmacological analysis, a rapid and reliable method combining UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE with the novel informatics UNIFI™ platform was established which was used to study the composition of NLXT and its prototype components and metabolites in vivo. A total of 102 compounds were identified. 13 compounds were sourced from "Monarch herb", mainly involving flavonoids and their glycosides. 54 compounds were sourced from "Minister herb", mainly involving triterpenoid saponins, organic acids and lactones. 11 compounds were from the "Assistant herb", mostly containing citric acid and esters of citric acid. 24 compounds were from the "Guide herb", mostly including flavonoids and their glycosides, organic acids and lactones. Moreover, 24 prototype components and 30 metabolites were detected, and in vivo transformation pathways for different types of chemical components were provided. This is a comprehensive report on the identification of major chemical components in NLXT and metabolic components in rats by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with UNIFI platform under the guidance of network pharmacology, which is helpful for the quality control of NLXT and the study of quality markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Huaibei People's Hospital, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, China
| | - Yutong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Guodong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Huihui Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Hanzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Ling He
- Key Laboratory of Xin’ an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine) Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, Anhui, 230038, China
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Hwang SJ, Bang HJ, Lee HJ. Ginsenoside Re inhibits melanogenesis and melanoma growth by downregulating microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115037. [PMID: 37393867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng, is a traditional remedy widely used in Asian countries. Its major active compounds are ginsenosides, specifically triterpenoid saponins. Among them, one notable ginsenoside called Re has shown various biological effects, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the potential beneficial effects of Re on melanogenesis and skin cancer remain poorly understood. To investigate this, we conducted a comprehensive study using biochemical assays, cell-based models, a zebrafish pigment formation model, and a tumor xenograft model. Our results revealed that Re effectively inhibited melanin biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner by competitively inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin production. Moreover, Re significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a key regulator of melanin biosynthesis and melanoma growth. Furthermore, Re decreased the protein expression of MITF and its target genes, including tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2, through a partially ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation mechanism, mediated by the AKT and ERK signaling pathways. These findings indicate that Re exerts its hypopigmentary effects by directly inhibiting tyrosinase activity and suppressing its expression via MITF. Additionally, Re demonstrated inhibitory effects on skin melanoma growth and induced tumor vascular normalization in our in vivo experiments. This study represents the first evidence of Re-mediated inhibition of melanogenesis and skin melanoma, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms. These promising preclinical findings warrant further investigation to determine the suitability of Re as a natural agent for treating hyperpigmentation disorders and skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Hye Jung Bang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea.
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Li Y, Ma Y, Gao L, Wang T, Zhuang Y, Zhang Y, Zheng L, Liu X. Upregulation of Microglial Sirt6 and Inhibition of Microglial Activation by Vitamin D3 in Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Mice and BV-2 Cells. Neuroscience 2023; 526:85-96. [PMID: 37352968 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 may suppress microglial activation and neuroinflammation, which play a central role in the pathophysiology of many neurological disorders. Sirt6 can remove histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) to repress expression of pathological genes and produce anti-inflammatory effects. However, whether vitamin D3 upregulates microglial Sirt6 to exert its protective effects against microglial activation and neuroinflammation is unclear. The effects of lower, normal, and higher dosages (1, 10 and 100 μg/kg/day) of vitamin D3 on behavioral and neuromorphological changes, brain inflammatory factors, Sirt6 and H3K9ac levels, and microglial Sirt6 distribution in hippocampus were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mice. In addition, the effects of vitamin D3 on inflammatory factors, reactive oxygen species, Sirt6, and H3K9ac were confirmed in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. We verified that vitamin D3 ameliorated the impaired sociability of LPS-stimulated mice by three-chamber test. In addition, vitamin D3 upregulated brain Sirt6 generation, reduced H3K9ac levels and inhibited generation of brain inflammatory factors. Moreover, vitamin D3 promoted microglial Sirt6 distribution and attenuated microglia displaying an activated morphology in the hippocampus of LPS-stimulated mice. Similarly, vitamin D3 upregulated Sirt6 generation and intensity, reduced H3K9ac levels, and inhibited the inflammatory activation of LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. In conclusion, vitamin D3 may upregulate microglial Sirt6 to reduce H3K9ac and inhibit microglial activation, thereby antagonizing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Li
- Center for Drug Discovery Innovation, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China; Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yujie Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Gao
- Center for Drug Discovery Innovation, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifu Liu
- Center for Drug Discovery Innovation, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Shan M, Bai Y, Fang X, Lan X, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Zhu D, Luo H. American Ginseng for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5716. [PMID: 37570686 PMCID: PMC10420665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent degenerative condition that is increasingly affecting populations globally. American ginseng (AG) has anti-AD bioactivity, and ginsenosides, as the main active components of AG, have shown strong anti-AD effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies. It has been reported that ginsenosides can inhibit amyloid β-protein (Aβ) production and deposition, tau phosphorylation, apoptosis and cytotoxicity, as well as possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, thus suppressing the progression of AD. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis of AD, the potential anti-AD effects of ginsenosides found in AG, and the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with these effects. Additionally, we will discuss the potential use of AG in the treatment of AD, and how ginsenosides in AG may exert more potent anti-AD effects in vivo may be a direction for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Shan
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yunfan Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiaoxue Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xintian Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yegang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yiming Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Difu Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Biopharmaceutical and Health Food, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Haoming Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.S.); (Y.B.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
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11
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Paik S, Song GY, Jo EK. Ginsenosides for therapeutically targeting inflammation through modulation of oxidative stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110461. [PMID: 37331298 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are steroid glycosides derived from ginseng plants such as Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoginseng. Advances in recent studies have identified numerous physiological functions of each type of ginsenoside, i.e., immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory functions, in the context of inflammatory diseases. Accumulating evidence has revealed the molecular mechanisms by which the single or combined ginsenoside(s) exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, although it remains largely unclear. It is well known that excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with pathological inflammation and cell death in a variety of cells, and that inhibition of ROS generation ameliorates the local and systemic inflammatory responses. The mechanisms by which ginsenosides attenuate inflammation are largely unknown; however, targeting ROS is suggested as one of the crucial mechanisms for the ginsenosides to control the pathological inflammation in the immune and non-immune cells. This review will summarize the latest progress in ginsenoside studies, particularly in the context of antioxidant mechanisms for its anti-inflammatory effects. A better understanding of the distinct types and the combined action of ginsenosides will pave the way for developing potential preventive and therapeutic modalities in treating various inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwha Paik
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea.
| | - Gyu Yong Song
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea.
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12
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Jang WY, Hwang JY, Cho JY. Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng as Key Modulators of NF-κB Signaling Are Powerful Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076119. [PMID: 37047092 PMCID: PMC10093821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways progress inflammation and immune cell differentiation in the host immune response; however, the uncontrollable stimulation of NF-κB signaling is responsible for several inflammatory illnesses regardless of whether the conditions are acute or chronic. Innate immune cells, such as macrophages, microglia, and Kupffer cells, secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, via the activation of NF-κB subunits, which may lead to the damage of normal cells, including neurons, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and alveolar cells. This results in the occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders, cardiac infarction, or liver injury, which may eventually lead to systemic inflammation or cancer. Recently, ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, a historical herbal plant used in East Asia, have been used as possible options for curing inflammatory diseases. All of the ginsenosides tested target different steps of the NF-κB signaling pathway, ameliorating the symptoms of severe illnesses. Moreover, ginsenosides inhibit the NF-κB-mediated activation of cancer metastasis and immune resistance, significantly attenuating the expression of MMPs, Snail, Slug, TWIST1, and PD-L1. This review introduces current studies on the therapeutic efficacy of ginsenosides in alleviating NF-κB responses and emphasizes the critical role of ginsenosides in severe inflammatory diseases as well as cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Young Jang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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13
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Use of invertebrates to model chemically induced parkinsonism-symptoms. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:435-445. [PMID: 36645005 PMCID: PMC9987996 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of neurological diseases is currently growing due to the combination of several factor, including poor lifestyle and environmental imbalance which enhance the contribution of genetic factors. Parkinson's disease (PD), a chronic and progressive neurological condition, is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative human diseases. Development of models may help to understand its pathophysiology. This review focuses on studies using invertebrate models to investigate certain chemicals that generate parkinsonian-like symptoms models. Additionally, we report some preliminary results of our own research on a crustacean (the crab Ucides cordatus) and a solitary ascidian (Styela plicata), used after induction of parkinsonism with 6-hydroxydopamine and the pesticide rotenone, respectively. We also discuss the advantages, limits, and drawbacks of using invertebrate models to study PD. We suggest prospects and directions for future investigations of PD, based on invertebrate models.
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14
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Ginsenoside Rg1 Delays Chronological Aging in a Yeast Model via CDC19- and SDH2-Mediated Cellular Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020296. [PMID: 36829855 PMCID: PMC9952469 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, active substances in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng), extend lifespan in multiple species, ameliorate age-associated damage, and limit functional decline in multiple tissues. However, their active components and their molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) promoted longevity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Treatment with Rg1 decreased aging-mediated surface wrinkling, enhanced stress resistance, decreased reactive oxygen species' production and apoptosis, improved antioxidant enzyme activity, and decreased the aging rate. Proteomic analysis indicated that Rg1 delays S. cerevisiae senescence by regulating metabolic homeostasis. Protein-protein interaction networks based on differential protein expression indicated that CDC19, a homologue of pyruvate kinase, and SDH2, the succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein subunit, might be the effector proteins involved in the regulation by Rg1. Further experiments confirmed that Rg1 improved specific parameters of mitochondrial bioenergetics and core enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. Mutant strains were constructed that demonstrated the relationships between metabolic homeostasis and the predicted target proteins of Rg1. Rg1 could be used in new treatments for slowing the aging process. Our results also provide a useful dataset for further investigations of the mechanisms of ginseng in aging.
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15
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Wang Z, Sun X, Zhao Y, Ga L, Li Q, Li Q, Wang X, Yang C. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the bioactive components of "ginseng-polygala" drug pair against PC12 cell injury based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS and HPLC. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:949757. [PMID: 36569314 PMCID: PMC9780267 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.949757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aβ25-35-induced PC12 cells were used as the in vitro injury model to evaluate the effects on PC12 cells after intervention with the "ginseng-polygala" drug pair. The results showed that the drug pair could significantly increase cell activity and reduce the level of reactive oxygen species and the concentration of inflammatory factors to improve the Alzheimer's disease treatment process. Furthermore, to rapidly identify and classify complicated bioactive components of the drug pair, a liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method combined with a molecular network strategy was established. With this strategy, 40 constituents were preliminarily identified and a database of the compounds was successfully established. Among them, 12 compounds of different categories were accurately identified by comparison with reference substances. The content of the aforementioned active components was simultaneously determined by HPLC to control the quality of compatible medicinal materials, and the verification results of the analytical method met the content determination requirements. The results revealed that after compatibility, the content change of the components is not the simple addition of quantity but the comprehensive effect of the two medicines. In conclusion, this study could provide a generally applicable strategy for pharmacological activity, structural identification, and content determination in traditional Chinese medicine and its compatibility.
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16
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Swaroop RS, Pradhan SS, Darshan VMD, Phalguna KS, Sivaramakrishnan V. Integrated network pharmacology approach shows a potential role of Ginseng catechins and ginsenosides in modulating protein aggregation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:333. [PMID: 36330377 PMCID: PMC9622974 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis is an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative motor neuron disease. The disease is characterized by protein aggregates. The symptoms include weakness, denervation of muscles, atrophy and progressive paralysis of bulbar and respiratory muscles and dysphagia. Various secondary metabolites are evaluated for their ability to improve symptoms in ALS. Ginseng has been traditionally used for treating several neurodegenerative diseases. Several studies using model systems have shown a potential role of Ginseng catechins and Ginsenosides in clearing protein aggregation associated with ALS. We focus on Network pharmacology approach to understand the effect of Ginseng catechins or ginsenosides on protein aggregation associated with ALS. A catechin/ginsenoside-protein interaction network was generated and the pathways obtained were compared with those obtained from transcriptomic datasets of ALS from GEO database. Knock out of MAPK14, AKT and GSK from Catechin and BACE 1 from ginsenoside modulated pathways inhibited protein aggregation. Catechins and ginsenosides have potential as therapeutic agents in the management of ALS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03401-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Sai Swaroop
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Sai Sanwid Pradhan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - V. M. Datta Darshan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Kanikaram Sai Phalguna
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
| | - Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan
- Disease Biology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134 India
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β-carotene alleviates LPS-induced inflammation through regulating STIM1/ORAI1 expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Yin J, Gong G, Wan W, Liu X. Pyroptosis in spinal cord injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:949939. [PMID: 36467606 PMCID: PMC9715394 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.949939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often brings devastating consequences to patients and their families. Pathophysiologically, the primary insult causes irreversible damage to neurons and glial cells and initiates the secondary damage cascade, further leading to inflammation, ischemia, and cells death. In SCI, the release of various inflammatory mediators aggravates nerve injury. Pyroptosis is a new pro-inflammatory pattern of regulated cell death (RCD), mainly mediated by caspase-1 or caspase-11/4/5. Gasdermins family are pore-forming proteins known as the executor of pyroptosis and the gasdermin D (GSDMD) is best characterized. Pyroptosis occurs in multiple central nervous system (CNS) cell types, especially plays a vital role in the development of SCI. We review here the evidence for pyroptosis in SCI, and focus on the pyroptosis of different cells and the crosstalk between them. In addition, we discuss the interaction between pyroptosis and other forms of RCD in SCI. We also summarize the therapeutic strategies for pyroptosis inhibition, so as to provide novel ideas for improving outcomes following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhui Wan
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital With Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Panossian A, Abdelfatah S, Efferth T. Network Pharmacology of Ginseng (Part III): Antitumor Potential of a Fixed Combination of Red Ginseng and Red Sage as Determined by Transcriptomics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111345. [PMID: 36355517 PMCID: PMC9696821 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to assess the effect of a fixed combination of Red Ginseng and Red Sage (RG–RS) on the gene expression of neuronal cells to evaluate the potential impacts on cellular functions and predict its relevance in the treatment of stress and aging-related diseases and disorders. Methods: Gene expression profiling was conducted by transcriptome-wide mRNA microarray analyses of murine HT22 hippocampal cell culture after treatment with RG–RS preparation. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was performed with datasets of significantly upregulated or downregulated genes and the expected effects on the physiological and cellular function and the diseases were identified. Results: RG–RS deregulates 1028 genes associated with cancer and 139 with metastasis, suggesting a predicted decrease in tumorigenesis, the proliferation of tumor cells, tumor growth, metastasis, and an increase in apoptosis and autophagy by their effects on the various signaling and metabolic pathways, including the inhibition of Warburg’s aerobic glycolysis, estrogen-mediated S-phase entry signaling, osteoarthritis signaling, and the super-pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. Conclusion: The results of this study provide evidence of the potential efficacy of the fixed combination of Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) and Red Sage/Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) in cancer. Further clinical and experimental studies are required to assess the efficacy and safety of RG–RS in preventing the progression of cancer, osteoarthritis, and other aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Panossian
- EuroPharma USA Inc., Green Bay, WI 54311, USA
- Phytomed AB, 58344 Vastervick, Sweden
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (T.E.)
| | - Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (T.E.)
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20
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The Untapped Potential of Ginsenosides and American Ginseng Berry in Promoting Mental Health via the Gut-Brain Axis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122523. [PMID: 35745252 PMCID: PMC9227060 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the popularity of the ginseng (Panax) root in health research and on the market, the ginseng berry’s potential remains relatively unexplored. Implementing ginseng berry cultivations and designing berry-derived products could improve the accessibility to mental health-promoting nutraceuticals. Indeed, the berry could have a higher concentration of neuroprotective and antidepressant compounds than the root, which has already been the subject of research demonstrating its efficacy in the context of neuroprotection and mental health. In this review, data on the berry’s application in supporting mental health via the gut–brain axis is compiled and discussed.
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Qiao J, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhao W, Liu S, Liu M. Neuroprotective effect of Ginsenoside Re against neurotoxin‑induced Parkinson's disease models via induction of Nrf2. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:215. [PMID: 35543148 PMCID: PMC9133950 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the neuroprotective effects of a panel of active components of ginseng and to explore their molecular mechanisms of action in two rotenone (Rot)-induced models of Parkinson's disease: An in vitro model using the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y and an in vivo model using Drosophila. Ginsenoside Re (Re) was identified as the most potent inhibitor of Rot-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells by Cell Counting kit-8 assay and lactate dehydrogenase release assay. Flow cytometry, Hoechst staining, Rhodamine 123 staining, ATP and cytochrome c release revealed that Re rescue of Rot-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Re alleviated Rot-induced oxidative stress by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) anti-oxidant pathway, and these effects were abolished by RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Nrf2. Re enhanced phosphorylation of components of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathways, and pharmacological inhibition of these pathways reduced Re-mediated Nrf2 activation and neuroprotection. In the Drosophila model, Immunofluorescence microscopy, reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide and knockdown analysis revealed that Re reversed Rot-induced motor deficits and dopaminergic neuron loss while concomitantly alleviating Rot-induced oxidative damage. The findings of the present study suggest that Re protects neurons against Rot-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage, at least in part, by inducing Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 expression and activation of the dual PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhui Qiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Yuchu Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Wenxue Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Shichao Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
| | - Meichen Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130117, P.R. China
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蒋 文, 吴 俊, 曽 佳, 景 光, 汤 礼, 孙 红. [Role of CaMK II in pancreatic injury in mice with severe acute pancreatitis]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:286-292. [PMID: 35365455 PMCID: PMC8983368 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.02.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK Ⅱ) in pancreatic tissues of mice with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and explore the protective effect of KN93, a CaMK Ⅱ inhibitor, against pancreatic injury in SAP and the possible mechanism. METHODS Thirty-six healthy male C57 mice were randomly divided into sham operation group, SAP group, KN93 group and SAP + KN93 group (n=9). Serum and pancreatic tissue samples were collected 24 h after modeling. The pathological changes in the pancreatic tissues were observed using HE staining. Serum lipase and amylase activities and the levels of inflammatory factors were detected using ELISA. Western blotting was used to detect the expressions of CaMK Ⅱ, p-CaMK Ⅱ, p-NF-κB, MAPK and p-MAPK in mouse pancreas. RESULTS Compared with those in sham operation group, the expressions of p-CaMK Ⅱ, p-NF-κB and p-MAPK were significantly increased in SAP group (P < 0.05). KN93 treatment obviously alleviated pathological injuries of the pancreas in SAP mice, and significantly lowered serum levels of lipase, amylase and inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6) and phosphorylation levels of NF-κB, ERK and MAPK proteins (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The activity of CaMK Ⅱ is significantly increased in the pancreatic tissue of SAP mice. KN93 can alleviate pancreatic injury and inflammation in SAP mice possibly through the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- 文 蒋
- 西南交通大学医学院,四川 成都 610063College of Medicine Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610063, China
- 西部战区总医院全军普通外科中心//四川省胰腺损伤与修复重点实验室,四川 成都 610083PLA Center of General Surgery, Pancreatic Injury and Repair Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - 俊 吴
- 西南交通大学医学院,四川 成都 610063College of Medicine Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610063, China
- 西部战区总医院全军普通外科中心//四川省胰腺损伤与修复重点实验室,四川 成都 610083PLA Center of General Surgery, Pancreatic Injury and Repair Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - 佳容 曽
- 西南交通大学医学院,四川 成都 610063College of Medicine Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610063, China
- 西部战区总医院全军普通外科中心//四川省胰腺损伤与修复重点实验室,四川 成都 610083PLA Center of General Surgery, Pancreatic Injury and Repair Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - 光旭 景
- 西南交通大学医学院,四川 成都 610063College of Medicine Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610063, China
- 西部战区总医院全军普通外科中心//四川省胰腺损伤与修复重点实验室,四川 成都 610083PLA Center of General Surgery, Pancreatic Injury and Repair Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - 礼军 汤
- 西南交通大学医学院,四川 成都 610063College of Medicine Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610063, China
- 西部战区总医院全军普通外科中心//四川省胰腺损伤与修复重点实验室,四川 成都 610083PLA Center of General Surgery, Pancreatic Injury and Repair Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - 红玉 孙
- 西南交通大学医学院,四川 成都 610063College of Medicine Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610063, China
- 西部战区总医院全军普通外科中心//四川省胰腺损伤与修复重点实验室,四川 成都 610083PLA Center of General Surgery, Pancreatic Injury and Repair Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China
- 西部战区总医院基础医学实验室,四川 成都 610083Basic Medical Laboratory, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China
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