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Liu Y, Meng Y, Zhang J, Gu L, Shen S, Zhu Y, Wang J. Pharmacology Progresses and Applications of Chloroquine in Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:6777-6809. [PMID: 38983131 PMCID: PMC11232884 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s458910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine is a common antimalarial drug and is listed in the World Health Organization Standard List of Essential Medicines because of its safety, low cost and ease of use. Besides its antimalarial property, chloroquine also was used in anti-inflammatory and antivirus, especially in antitumor therapy. A mount of data showed that chloroquine mainly relied on autophagy inhibition to exert its antitumor effects. However, recently, more and more researches have revealed that chloroquine acts through other mechanisms that are autophagy-independent. Nevertheless, the current reviews lacked a comprehensive summary of the antitumor mechanism and combined pharmacotherapy of chloroquine. So here we focused on the antitumor properties of chloroquine, summarized the pharmacological mechanisms of antitumor progression of chloroquine dependent or independent of autophagy inhibition. Moreover, we also discussed the side effects and possible application developments of chloroquine. This review provided a more systematic and cutting-edge knowledge involved in the anti-tumor mechanisms and combined pharmacotherapy of chloroquine in hope of carrying out more in-depth exploration of chloroquine and obtaining more clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Junzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Jigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
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Ajiboye BO, Fatoki TH, Akinola OG, Ajeigbe KO, Bamisaye AF, Domínguez-Martín EM, Rijo P, Oyinloye BE. In silico exploration of anti-prostate cancer compounds from differential expressed genes. BMC Urol 2024; 24:138. [PMID: 38956591 PMCID: PMC11221101 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-024-01521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a complex and biologically diverse disease with no curative treatment options at present. This study aims to utilize computational methods to explore potential anti-PCa compounds based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with the goal of identifying novel therapeutic indications or repurposing existing drugs. The methods employed in this study include DEGs-to-drug prediction, pharmacokinetics prediction, target prediction, network analysis, and molecular docking. The findings revealed a total of 79 upregulated DEGs and 110 downregulated DEGs in PCa, which were used to identify drug compounds capable of reversing the dysregulated conditions (dexverapamil, emetine, parthenolide, dobutamine, terfenadine, pimozide, mefloquine, ellipticine, and trifluoperazine) at a threshold probability of 20% on several molecular targets, such as serotonin receptors 2a/2b/2c, HERG protein, adrenergic receptors alpha-1a/2a, dopamine D3 receptor, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), epidermal growth factor receptor erbB1 (EGFR), tyrosine-protein kinases, and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5). Molecular docking analysis revealed that terfenadine binding to inducible nitric oxide synthase (-7.833 kcal.mol-1) and pimozide binding to HERG (-7.636 kcal.mol-1). Overall, binding energy ΔGbind (Total) at 0 ns was lower than that of 100 ns for both the Terfenadine-iNOS complex (-101.707 to -103.302 kcal.mol-1) and Ellipticine-TOPIIα complex (-42.229 to -58.780 kcal.mol-1). In conclusion, this study provides insight on molecular targets that could possibly contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying PCa. Further preclinical and clinical studies are required to validate the therapeutic effectiveness of these identified drugs in PCa disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye
- Phytomedicine and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
| | - Toluwase Hezekiah Fatoki
- Applied Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Olamilekan Ganiu Akinola
- Phytomedicine and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Kazeem Olasunkanmi Ajeigbe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | | | - Eva-María Domínguez-Martín
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, Lisbon, 1749-024, Portugal
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas (Área de Farmacología), Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Nuevos Agentes Antitumorales, Acción Tóxica Sobre Células Leucémicas, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km. 33,600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28805, España
| | - Patricia Rijo
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lusófona University, Campo Grande 376, Lisbon, 1749-024, Portugal
| | - Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- Phytomedicine, Biochemical Toxicology and Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Biotechnology and Structural Biology (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
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3
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Dong J, Zhang J, Xiang G, Yang L. Combining Mefloquine with an Mcl-1 Inhibitor as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for the Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Nutr Cancer 2024; 76:736-744. [PMID: 38795070 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2024.2358561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Considering the established pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles, drug repurposing has emerged as an alternative therapeutic approach for treating cancer. Mefloquine has previously demonstrated inhibitory effects on multiple cancer types. This study aims to explore the impact of mefloquine on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We found that mefloquine, at pharmacologically achievable concentrations, displayed anti-NPC activity while sparing normal counterparts. Mefloquine inhibits proliferation and induces death by reducing the levels of Cyclin A2, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. Intriguingly, we observed an increase in the levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. Mefloquine exerts its effects on NPC cells by inducing lysosomal-mediated ROS production, and the heightened expression of Mcl-1 is a consequence of ROS generation in mefloquine-treated NPC cells. The combination of an Mcl-1 inhibitor with mefloquine synergistically inhibits NPC growth in mice without causing substantial toxicity. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness and limited toxicity of mefloquine as a monotherapy and in combination with an Mcl-1 inhibitor. Our research underscores the promise of the mefloquine and Mcl-1 inhibitor combination as a potential treatment for NPC. Additionally, the elevation of Mcl-1 is a compensatory response in cells exposed to oxidative stress, offering a potential target to overcome resistance induced by pro-oxidant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Dong
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaojin Xiang
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Tao Q, Liu N, Wu J, Chen J, Chen X, Peng C. Mefloquine enhances the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy via IFN-γ-STAT1-IRF1-LPCAT3-induced ferroptosis in tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008554. [PMID: 38471712 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferroptosis plays an important role in enhancing the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) immunotherapy; however, the molecular mechanisms by which tumor ferroptosis sensitizes melanoma and lung cancer to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy have not been elucidated. METHODS Cytotoxicity assays, colony formation assays, flow cytometry and animal experiments were used to evaluate the effects of mefloquine (Mef) on survival and ferroptosis in melanoma and lung cancer. RNA sequencing, Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), western blotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR and flow cytometry were used to determine the molecular mechanisms by which Mef regulates lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3). The relationship between LPCAT3 and the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy was verified via a clinical database and single-cell RNA sequencing (ScRNA-Seq). RESULTS In this study, we discovered that Mef induces ferroptosis. Furthermore, treatment with Mef in combination with T-cell-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enhanced tumor ferroptosis and sensitized melanoma and lung cancer cells to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Mechanistically, Mef upregulated the expression of LPCAT3, a key gene involved in lipid peroxidation, by activating IFN-γ-induced STAT1-IRF1 signaling, and knocking down LPCAT3 impaired the induction of ferroptosis by Mef+IFN-γ. Clinically, analysis of the transcriptome and single-cell sequencing results in patients with melanoma showed that LPCAT3 expression was significantly lower in patients with melanoma than in control individuals, and LPCAT3 expression was positively correlated with the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study demonstrated a novel mechanism by which LPCAT3 is regulated, and demonstrated that Mef is a highly promising new target that can be utilized to enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Human Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Human Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Human Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Human Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Human Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Furong Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Human Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Wan B, Wu Z, Zhang X, Huang B. Mefloquine as a dual inhibitor of glioblastoma angiogenesis and glioblastoma via disrupting lysosomal function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 580:7-13. [PMID: 34607260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from the pre-existing ones, is a hallmark characteristic of glioblastoma, making it an appealing target for treatment development. Given potent anti-cancer efficacy of mefloquine, FDA-approved anti-malarial drug, there is increasing interest in repurposing mefloquine for treatment of cancers, including glioblastoma. In line with these efforts, our work is the first to demonstrate that mefloquine is also an inhibitor of glioblastoma angiogenesis. Using glioblastoma microvascular endothelial cell (GMEC) isolated from glioblastoma patients, we show that mefloquine at clinically achievable concentration inhibits GMEC differentiation, capillary network formation, adhesion to Matrix, growth and survival. Mefloquine also inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells regardless of cellular origin and genetic background. We further show that mefloquine significantly inhibits glioblastoma growth but not formation, and this is associated with decreased glioblastoma angiogenesis in mice. Mechanistically, mefloquine disrupted lysosomal integrity and function in GMECs, leading to oxidative stress and lysosomal lipid damage. Rescue studies confirm that mefloquine acts on GMECs in a lysosomal disruption-dependent manner. Our findings demonstrate the anti-angiogenic activity of mefloquine via disrupting lysosomal function. The dual inhibitory role of mefloquine in glioblastoma angiogenesis and glioblastoma displays its advantage over other anti-cancer drugs for glioblastoma treatment. Our work also highlights the essential role of lysosome in both glioblastoma and its angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wan
- Department of Radiology, China Three Gorges University, Affiliated Renhe Hospital, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenghong Wu
- Department of Radiology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xiulan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
| | - Birun Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.
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Understanding the Role of Autophagy in Cancer Formation and Progression Is a Real Opportunity to Treat and Cure Human Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225622. [PMID: 34830777 PMCID: PMC8616104 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The modulation of autophagy represents a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer. More than one hundred clinical trials have been conducted or are ongoing to explore the efficacy of autophagy modulators to reduce the tumor growth and potentiate the anti-cancer effects of conventional therapy. Despite this, the effective role of autophagy during tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis remains not well understood. Depending on the cancer type and stage of cancer, autophagy may have tumor suppressor properties as well as help cancer cells to proliferate and evade cancer therapy. The current review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the autophagy implications in cancer and report the therapeutic opportunities based on the modulation of the autophagy process. Abstract The malignant transformation of a cell produces the accumulation of several cellular adaptions. These changes determine variations in biological processes that are necessary for a cancerous cell to survive during stressful conditions. Autophagy is the main nutrient recycling and metabolic adaptor mechanism in eukaryotic cells, represents a continuous source of energy and biomolecules, and is fundamental to preserve the correct cellular homeostasis during unfavorable conditions. In recent decades, several findings demonstrate a close relationship between autophagy, malignant transformation, and cancer progression. The evidence suggests that autophagy in the cancer context has a bipolar role (it may act as a tumor suppressor and as a mechanism of cell survival for established tumors) and demonstrates that the targeting of autophagy may represent novel therapeutic opportunities. Accordingly, the modulation of autophagy has important clinical benefits in patients affected by diverse cancer types. Currently, about 30 clinical trials are actively investigating the efficacy of autophagy modulators to enhance the efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy treatments. A deeper understanding of the molecular pathways regulating autophagy in the cancer context will provide new ways to target autophagy for improving the therapeutic benefits. Herein, we describe how autophagy participates during malignant transformation and cancer progression, and we report the ultimate efforts to translate this knowledge into specific therapeutic approaches to treat and cure human cancers.
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7
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Cellular targets of mefloquine. Toxicology 2021; 464:152995. [PMID: 34678321 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mefloquine is a quinoline-based compound widely used as an antimalarial drug, particularly in chemoprophylaxis. Although decades of research have identified various aspects of mefloquine's anti-Plasmodium properties, toxic effects offset its robust use in humans. Mefloquine exerts harmful effects in several types of human cells by targeting many of the cellular lipids, proteins, and complexes, thereby blocking a number of downstream signaling cascades. In general, mefloquine modulates several cellular phenomena, such as alteration of membrane potential, induction of oxidative stress, imbalance of ion homeostasis, disruption of metabolism, failure of organelle function, etc., leading to cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death. This review aims to summarize the information on functional and mechanistic findings related to the cytotoxic effects of mefloquine.
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Machado ER, Annunziata I, van de Vlekkert D, Grosveld GC, d’Azzo A. Lysosomes and Cancer Progression: A Malignant Liaison. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642494. [PMID: 33718382 PMCID: PMC7952443 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During primary tumorigenesis isolated cancer cells may undergo genetic or epigenetic changes that render them responsive to additional intrinsic or extrinsic cues, so that they enter a transitional state and eventually acquire an aggressive, metastatic phenotype. Among these changes is the alteration of the cell metabolic/catabolic machinery that creates the most permissive conditions for invasion, dissemination, and survival. The lysosomal system has emerged as a crucial player in this malignant transformation, making this system a potential therapeutic target in cancer. By virtue of their ubiquitous distribution in mammalian cells, their multifaced activities that control catabolic and anabolic processes, and their interplay with other organelles and the plasma membrane (PM), lysosomes function as platforms for inter- and intracellular communication. This is due to their capacity to adapt and sense nutrient availability, to spatially segregate specific functions depending on their position, to fuse with other compartments and with the PM, and to engage in membrane contact sites (MCS) with other organelles. Here we review the latest advances in our understanding of the role of the lysosomal system in cancer progression. We focus on how changes in lysosomal nutrient sensing, as well as lysosomal positioning, exocytosis, and fusion perturb the communication between tumor cells themselves and between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Finally, we describe the potential impact of MCS between lysosomes and other organelles in propelling cancer growth and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda R. Machado
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ida Annunziata
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | - Gerard C. Grosveld
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Alessandra d’Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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Elmehy DA, Ismail HI, Soliman NA, Amer BS, Elkaliny HH, El-Ebiary AA, Gamea GA. Oxidative stress mediated apoptotic potential of mefloquine on experimental trichinellosis. Acta Trop 2021; 213:105760. [PMID: 33221280 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Conventional anthelmintics such as albendazole could not achieve complete cure of trichinellosis till now. The antimalarial mefloquine mediates oxidative stress and disrupts lysosomal functions leading to cell death. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of mefloquine on experimental acute and chronic trichinellosis and to clarify the possible mechanisms of such effects. Mice were divided into four groups; Group I: Uninfected untreated control (20 mice); Group II: Infected untreated control (40 mice); Group III: infected and treated with albendazole (400 mg/kg) (40 mice); Group IV: infected and treated with mefloquine (300 mg/kg) (40 mice). All infected treated groups were equally subdivided into 2 subgroups; (a) treated on the 2nd day post infection (dpi) for 3 days, (b) treated on the 35th dpi for 5 days. Parasitological adults and larvae counting besides immunohistopathological examination of intestines and muscles were done. Biochemical assay of oxidant/antioxidant status, apoptotic, cytoprotective and inflammatory biomarkers in intestinal and muscle homogenates were achieved. Results showed that both albendazole and mefloquine significantly reduced adults and larvae counts with higher efficacy of albendazole in the intestinal phase and superiority of mefloquine in the muscle phase. The superiority of mefloquine was indicated by increased inflammatory immune infiltration and decreased anti-apoptotic immunohistochemical markers expression in both jejunal and muscle tissues. Biochemically, mefloquine treatment showed highly significant oxidative, apoptotic and inflammatory effects. So, our results suggest that mefloquine might be a superior treatment for chronic trichinellosis.
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10
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Mudassar F, Shen H, O'Neill G, Hau E. Targeting tumor hypoxia and mitochondrial metabolism with anti-parasitic drugs to improve radiation response in high-grade gliomas. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:208. [PMID: 33028364 PMCID: PMC7542384 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs), including glioblastoma and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, are amongst the most fatal brain tumors. These tumors are associated with a dismal prognosis with a median survival of less than 15 months. Radiotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment of HGGs for decades; however, pronounced radioresistance is the major obstacle towards the successful radiotherapy treatment. Herein, tumor hypoxia is identified as a significant contributor to the radioresistance of HGGs as oxygenation is critical for the effectiveness of radiotherapy. Hypoxia plays a fundamental role in the aggressive and resistant phenotype of all solid tumors, including HGGs, by upregulating hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) which stimulate vital enzymes responsible for cancer survival under hypoxic stress. Since current attempts to target tumor hypoxia focus on reducing oxygen demand of tumor cells by decreasing oxygen consumption rate (OCR), an attractive strategy to achieve this is by inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, as it could decrease OCR, and increase oxygenation, and could therefore improve the radiation response in HGGs. This approach would also help in eradicating the radioresistant glioma stem cells (GSCs) as these predominantly rely on mitochondrial metabolism for survival. Here, we highlight the potential for repurposing anti-parasitic drugs to abolish tumor hypoxia and induce apoptosis of GSCs. Current literature provides compelling evidence that these drugs (atovaquone, ivermectin, proguanil, mefloquine, and quinacrine) could be effective against cancers by mechanisms including inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism and tumor hypoxia and inducing DNA damage. Therefore, combining these drugs with radiotherapy could potentially enhance the radiosensitivity of HGGs. The reported efficacy of these agents against glioblastomas and their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier provides further support towards promising results and clinical translation of these agents for HGGs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiqa Mudassar
- Translational Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, NSW, Westmead, Australia
| | - Han Shen
- Translational Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, NSW, Westmead, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Geraldine O'Neill
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Westmead, Australia
- Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric Hau
- Translational Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, NSW, Westmead, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, NSW, Westmead, Australia
- Blacktown Hematology and Cancer Centre, Blacktown Hospital, NSW, Blacktown, Australia
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11
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Xie Y, Zhang J, Lu B, Bao Z, Zhao J, Lu X, Wei Y, Yao K, Jiang Y, Yuan Q, Zhang X, Li B, Chen X, Dong Z, Liu K. Mefloquine Inhibits Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Tumor Growth by Inducing Mitochondrial Autophagy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1217. [PMID: 32850358 PMCID: PMC7400730 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has a worldwide impact on human health, due to its high incidence and mortality. Therefore, identifying compounds to increase patients' survival rate is urgently needed. Mefloquine (MQ) is an FDA-approved anti-malarial drug, which has been reported to inhibit cellular proliferation in several cancers. However, the anti-tumor activities of the drug have not yet been completely defined. In this study, mass spectrometry was employed to profile proteome changes in ESCC cells after MQ treatment. Sub-cellular localization and gene ontology term enrichment analysis suggested that MQ treatment mainly affect mitochondria. The KEGG pathway enrichment map of down-regulated pathways and Venn diagram indicated that all of the top five down regulated signaling pathways contain four key mitochondrial proteins (succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C (SDHC), succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D, mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase III and NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit V3). Meanwhile, mitochondrial autophagy was observed in MQ-treated KYSE150 cells. More importantly, patient-derived xenograft mouse models of ESCC with SDHC high expression were more sensitive to MQ treatment than low SDHC-expressing xenografts. Taken together, mefloquine inhibits ESCC tumor growth by inducing mitochondrial autophagy and SDHC plays a vital role in MQ-induced anti-tumor effect on ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingbing Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Bao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jimin Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianyu Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaxing Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Yao
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yuan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinhuan Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, AMS, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, China.,China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Chemoprevention International Collaboration Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Long XH, Zhou YF, Lan M, Huang SH, Li Liu Z, Shu Y. Valosin-containing protein promotes metastasis of osteosarcoma through autophagy induction and anoikis inhibition via the ERK/NF-κβ/beclin-1 signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:3823-3829. [PMID: 31516594 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Valosin-containing protein (VCP) promotes the development of metastasis in osteosarcoma (OS) via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. However, inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway does not completely reverse VCP-mediated invasion and migration of OS, suggesting that VCP-mediated OS invasion and migration involves additional mechanisms. In the present study, a positive correlation between the expression of VCP and cell autophagy was observed among OS tissues. Inhibiting VCP may decrease the survival of malignant cells; however, an autophagy stimulator may compensate for VCP inhibition and promote malignant cell survival. Altering the level of autophagy did not affect cell invasiveness or migration. ERK, NF-κβ and beclin-1 protein expression levels were markedly decreased following VCP inhibition. These findings indicated that VCP may induce autophagy and enhance anoikis resistance without affecting cell invasiveness or migration. Via anoikis resistance, VCP may promote metastasis in OS. Therefore, targeting of the ERK/NF-κβ/beclin-1 signaling pathway may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the management of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua Long
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yun Fei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Min Lan
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Shan Hu Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Li Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yong Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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13
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He J, Xu L, Yang L, Sun C. Anti-oxidative effects of catechins and theaflavins on glutamate-induced HT22 cell damage. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21418-21428. [PMID: 35521307 PMCID: PMC9066190 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is involved in cell stress caused by oxidation. Polyphenolic compounds display various potential neuroprotective properties due to their ability to donate electrons and hydrogen atoms. Method: In this study, we evaluate the protective effect towards glutamate-induced HT22 cell damage. Two families of polyphenolic compounds are investigated, including the monomer polyphenol catechins, as well as the dimerized theaflavins. The cell apoptosis and intercellular ROS production are quantified by flow cytometry, and the protective mechanism is evaluated by quantifying the expression of cell apoptosis and energy related proteins. Result: Both sets of compounds protect cells against glutamate-induced oxidative stress, partially restore the cell viability, and prevent cells from apoptosis via bcl-2 and bax regulation, and attenuate intercellular ROS production. We demonstrate here that the protective effect is mediated by multiple factors, including reducing intracellular Ca2+ concentration, increasing glutathione level and related enzyme activity. Thus, the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) show inverse correlation of activity after catechins and theaflavins stimulation. Conclusion: These results suggest both catechins and theaflavins compounds protect cells from glutamate-induced damage via cell apoptosis-related proteins and indirect regulation of cellular energy enzymes. These natural sourced antioxidants provide potential therapeutic agents for glutamate accumulation and toxicity related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinting He
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University Changchun China 130031
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University Changchun China 130031
| | - Le Yang
- People's Hospital of Jilin Province Changchun China 130021
| | - Caixia Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University 126 Xiantai St, Erdao Qu Changchun Jilin China 130031
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14
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Lam Yi H, Than H, Sng C, Cheong MA, Chuah C, Xiang W. Lysosome Inhibition by Mefloquine Preferentially Enhances the Cytotoxic Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Blast Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1221-1228. [PMID: 31276961 PMCID: PMC6611990 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the efficacy of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in chronic phase-chronic myeloid leukemia, the management of blast phase-chronic myeloid leukemia (BP-CML) remains a challenge. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify alternative agents that act synergistically with BCR-ABL TKIs in BP-CML. Our results show that the anti-malarial agent, mefloquine augments the efficacy of TKIs in CML cell lines and primary CML cells in vitro, including those with the T315I mutation. This effect is selective as mefloquine is more effective in inducing apoptosis, inhibiting colony formation and self-renewal capacity of CD34+ cells derived from TKI-resistant BP-CML patients than normal cord blood (CB) CD34+ stem/progenitor cells. Notably, the combination of mefloquine and TKIs at sublethal concentrations leads to synergistic effects in CML CD34+ cells, while sparing normal CB CD34+ cells. We further demonstrate that the initial action of mefloquine in CML cells is to increase lysosomal biogenesis and activation, followed by oxidative stress, lysosomal lipid damage and functional impairment. Taken together, our work elucidates that mefloquine selectively augments the effects of TKIs in CML stem/progenitor cells by inducing lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lam Yi
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Hein Than
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Colin Sng
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - May Anne Cheong
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Charles Chuah
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
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15
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Romero AH, López SE, Arvelo F, Sojo F, Calderon C, Morales A. Identification of dehydroxy isoquine and isotebuquine as promising anticancer agents targeting K+ channel. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:638-646. [PMID: 30570823 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditional antimalarial drugs based on 4-aminoquinolines have exhibited good antiproliferative activities against human tumor cells; however, their low relative efficacy has limited their corresponding clinical uses. In order to identify new potent anticancer agents based on 4-aminoquinoline, we evaluated the antiproliferative activity of a series of dehydroxy isoquines and isotebuquines against five human cancer lines. HeLa and SKBr3 were significantly more sensitive to the action of tested quinolines than the A549, MCF-7, and PC-3 cancer lines. Compound 2h was by far the most potent derivative against four of the tested lines (except to PC3 line), exhibiting low micromolar or nanomolar IC50 values superior to adriamycin reference, low toxicities on dermis human fibroblasts (LD50 > 250 μM), and excellent selectivity indexes against the mentioned cancer cells. A structure-activity relationship analysis put in evidence that a pyrrolidine or morpholine moiety as N-alkyl terminal substitution and the incorporation of the extra phenyl attached to aniline ring are pharmacophore essentials for improvement the anticancer activity of the studied dehydroxy isoquines and isotebuquines. From the results, compound 2h emerged as a promising anticancer candidate for further in vitro assays against resistant-strain and in vivo studies as well as pharmacokinetic and genotoxicity studies. Mechanistic assays suggested that the most active quinoline 2h act as calcium-activated potassium channel activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel H Romero
- Cátedra de Química, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Simón E López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Francisco Arvelo
- Fundación Institutos de Estudios Avanzados -IDEA, Área Salud, Caracas, Venezuela.,Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos y Biología de Tumores, Instituto de Biología Experimental-IBE, Facultad de Ciencias-UCV, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Felipe Sojo
- Fundación Institutos de Estudios Avanzados -IDEA, Área Salud, Caracas, Venezuela.,Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos y Biología de Tumores, Instituto de Biología Experimental-IBE, Facultad de Ciencias-UCV, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Christian Calderon
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biofísica, Centro de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biología Experimental-IBE, Facultad de Ciencias, UCV, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Alvaro Morales
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Clínica Santa María, Cevalfes, Caracas, Venezuela
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16
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Melatonin and Docosahexaenoic Acid Decrease Proliferation of PNT1A Prostate Benign Cells via Modulation of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and ROS Production. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5080798. [PMID: 30728886 PMCID: PMC6343140 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5080798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer development has been associated with changes in mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Melatonin (MLT) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have properties to modulate both, but their protective role, mainly at early stages of prostate cancer, remains unclear. In this study, the effects of MLT and DHA, combined or not, on PNT1A cells with regard to mitochondria bioenergetics, ROS production, and proliferation-related pathways were examined. Based on dose response and lipid accumulation assays, DHA at 100 μM and MLT at 1 μM for 48 h were chosen. DHA doubled and MLT reduced (40%) superoxide anion production, but coincubation (DM) did not normalize to control. Hydrogen peroxide production decreased after MLT incubation only (p < 0.01). These alterations affected the area and perimeter of mitochondria, since DHA increased whereas MLT decreased, but such hormone has no effect on coincubation. DHA isolated did not change the oxidative phosphorylation rate (OXPHOS), but decreased (p < 0.001) the mitochondrial bioenergetic reserve capacity (MBRC) which is closely related to cell responsiveness to stress conditions. MLT, regardless of DHA, ameliorated OXPHOS and recovered MBRC after coincubation. All incubations decreased AKT phosphorylation; however, only MLT alone inhibited p-mTOR. MLT increased p-ERK1/2 and, when combined to DHA, increased GSTP1 expression (p < 0.01). DHA did not change the testosterone levels in the medium, whereas MLT alone or coincubated decreased by about 20%; however, any incubation affected AR expression. Moreover, incubation with luzindole revealed that MLT effects were MTR1/2-independent. In conclusion, DHA increased ROS production and impaired mitochondrial function which was probably related to AKT inactivation; MLT improved OXPHOS and decreased ROS which was related to AKT/mTOR dephosphorylation, and when coincubated, the antiproliferative action was related to mitochondrial bioenergetic modulation associated to AKT and ERK1/2 regulation. Together, these findings point to the potential application of DHA and MLT towards the prevention of proliferative prostate diseases.
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17
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Energy Stress-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2-Deficient Cells with Nelfinavir and Mefloquine Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100375. [PMID: 30308940 PMCID: PMC6210998 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To find new anti-cancer drug therapies, we wanted to exploit homeostatic vulnerabilities within Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 (TSC2)-deficient cells with mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) hyperactivity. We show that nelfinavir and mefloquine synergize to selectively evoke a cytotoxic response in TSC2-deficient cell lines with mTORC1 hyperactivity. We optimize the concentrations of nelfinavir and mefloquine to a clinically viable range that kill cells that lack TSC2, while wild-type cells tolerate treatment. This new clinically viable drug combination causes a significant level of cell death in TSC2-deficient tumor spheroids. Furthermore, no cell recovery was apparent after drug withdrawal, revealing potent cytotoxicity. Transcriptional profiling by RNA sequencing of drug treated TSC2-deficient cells compared to wild-type cells suggested the cytotoxic mechanism of action, involving initial ER stress and an imbalance in energy homeostatic pathways. Further characterization revealed that supplementation with methyl pyruvate alleviated energy stress and reduced the cytotoxic effect, implicating energy deprivation as the trigger of cell death. This work underpins a critical vulnerability with cancer cells with aberrant signaling through the TSC2-mTORC1 pathway that lack flexibility in homeostatic pathways, which could be exploited with combined nelfinavir and mefloquine treatment.
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18
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Xu X, Wang J, Han K, Li S, Xu F, Yang Y. Antimalarial drug mefloquine inhibits nuclear factor kappa B signaling and induces apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1220-1229. [PMID: 29453896 PMCID: PMC5891192 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling pathway is activated in many colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and in the tumor microenvironment, which plays a critical role in cancer initiation, development, and response to therapies. In the present study, we found that the widely used antimalarial drug mefloquine was a NF‐κB inhibitor that blocked the activation of IκBα kinase, leading to reduction of IκBα degradation, decrease of p65 phosphorylation, and suppressed expression of NF‐κB target genes in CRC cells. We also found that mefloquine induced growth arrest and apoptosis of CRC cells harboring phosphorylated p65 in culture and in mice. Furthermore, expression of constitutive active IKKβ kinase significantly attenuated the cytotoxic effect of the compound. These results showed that mefloquine could exert antitumor action through inhibiting the NF‐κB signaling pathway, and indicated that the antimalarial drug might be repurposed for anti‐CRC therapy in the clinic as a single agent or in combination with other anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Center for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kunkun Han
- The Asclepius Technology Company Group and Asclepius Cancer Research Center, Suzhou, China
| | - Shaoyan Li
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Center for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yili Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Center for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Innovative Natural Medicine and TCM Injections, Jiangxi Qingfeng Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Ganzhou, China
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19
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Design, synthesis, and evaluation of asymmetric EF24 analogues as potential anti-cancer agents for lung cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:1321-1331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Liu J, Wei X, Wu Y, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Shi J, Zhou H, Lu Z, Shao M, Yu L, Tong L. Giganteaside D induces ROS-mediated apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through the MAPK pathway. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 39:333-42. [PMID: 27016209 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-016-0273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Every year, almost one million individuals are diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide and more than 690,000 patients die of it. At present, most therapeutic anti-HCC agents are not effective, which is due to the appearance of chemo-resistance and/or toxic side effects. Therefore, it is imperative to find novel more effective anti-HCC agents. Here, we evaluated the effect of giganteaside D (GD), an oleanolic acid saponin from P. scabiosaefolia, on the growth and apoptosis of HCC cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Using MTT and clonogenic assays, we found that GD exhibited a significant growth inhibitory effect on the HCC-derived cell lines HepG2 and Bel-7402. In addition, we found that GD induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in these HCC-derived cells, as indicated by a decreased mitochondrial potential, activation of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3, cleavage of PARP and release of Cytochrome C from the mitochondria. Besides, we found that GD stimulated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that blockage of ROS attenuated the GD-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Additionally, we found that GD treatment led to a decrease in phosphorylated Erk (p-Erk) and triggered the generation of p-JNK, both components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Inhibition of Erk or JNK by specific inhibitors or siRNAs augmented or attenuated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of GD. CONCLUSIONS From our results we conclude that GD can induce ROS-mediated apoptosis in HCC-derived cells through the MAPK pathway. This observation may open up avenues to explore the future use of GD as a HCC chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiduan Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Wu
- Inpatient Department, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanni Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwen Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmin Shi
- Southern Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongling Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Zibin Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Shao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
| | - Linzhong Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Tong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Goncalves RS, de Souza MV, Wardell SM, Wardell JL. Further study of oxazolidines derived from mefloquine and arenealdehydes: diastereoisomers and polymorphs. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2015-1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The reaction between racemic erythro [(R*,S*)-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol] and 2-formyl-5-nitrothiene in toluene generates a reaction mixture containing two diastereoisomers of 4-[3-(5-nitrothien-2-yl)-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridin-1-yl]-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinoline, 6, – namely (2S*,3R*,4S*5R*)-6 (6a) and (2R*,3S*,4S*,5R*)-6 (6b) in a ratio of 5:1 as indicated by 1H NMR spectroscopy (using the 1,3-oxazolidine ring numbering scheme for the chiral centres). Isolation of each product from the mefloquine/2-formyl-5-nitrothiene reaction mixture was achieved by fractional crystallisation of an ethanol solution, but not by column chromatography on silica, which led to the destruction of the minor product, 6b. A second polymorphic form, [monoclinic, P21/c] of (2S*,3R*,4S*,5R*)-4-[3-(2-hydroxyphenyl-hexahydro[1,3]oxazolo[3,4-a]pyridin-1-yl]-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinoline (monoclinic-7) has been isolated from MeOH solution: the previously reported orthorhombic form, space group Fdd2, had been isolated from an ethanolic solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoni S.B. Goncalves
- FioCruz-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far-Manguinhos, Rua Sizenando Nabuco, 100, Manguinhos, 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcus V.N. de Souza
- FioCruz-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos-Far-Manguinhos, Rua Sizenando Nabuco, 100, Manguinhos, 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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22
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Kundu CN, Das S, Nayak A, Satapathy SR, Das D, Siddharth S. Anti-malarials are anti-cancers and vice versa - one arrow two sparrows. Acta Trop 2015; 149:113-27. [PMID: 25963804 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Repurposing is the novel means of drug discovery in modern science due to its affordability, safety and availability. Here, we systematically discussed the efficacy and mode of action of multiple bioactive, synthetic compounds and their potential derivatives which are used to treat/prevent malaria and cancer. We have also discussed the detailed molecular pathway involved in anti-cancer potentiality of an anti-malarial drug and vice versa. Although the causative agents, pathophysiology and manifestation of both the diseases are different but special emphasis has been given on similar pathways governing disease manifestation and the drugs which act through deregulating those pathways. Finally, a future direction has been speculated to combat these two diseases by a single agent developed using nanotechnology. Extended combination and new formulation of existing drugs for one disease may lead to the discovery of drug for other diseases like an arrow for two sparrows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanakya Nath Kundu
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Cancer Biology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
| | - Sarita Das
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Cancer Biology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Anmada Nayak
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Cancer Biology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Shakti Ranjan Satapathy
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Cancer Biology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Dipon Das
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Cancer Biology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Sumit Siddharth
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Cancer Biology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
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Extending in silico mechanism-of-action analysis by annotating targets with pathways: application to cellular cytotoxicity readouts. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:2029-56. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An in silico mechanism-of-action analysis protocol was developed, comprising molecule bioactivity profiling, annotation of predicted targets with pathways and calculation of enrichment factors to highlight targets and pathways more likely to be implicated in the studied phenotype. Results: The method was applied to a cytotoxicity phenotypic endpoint, with enriched targets/pathways found to be statistically significant when compared with 100 random datasets. Application on a smaller apoptotic set (10 molecules) did not allowed to obtain statistically relevant results, suggesting that the protocol requires modification such as analysis of the most frequently predicted targets/annotated pathways. Conclusion: Pathway annotations improved the mechanism-of-action information gained by target prediction alone, allowing a better interpretation of the predictions and providing better mapping of targets onto pathways.
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Paivandy A, Calounova G, Zarnegar B, Ohrvik H, Melo FR, Pejler G. Mefloquine, an anti-malaria agent, causes reactive oxygen species-dependent cell death in mast cells via a secretory granule-mediated pathway. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00066. [PMID: 25505612 PMCID: PMC4186446 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are known to have a detrimental impact on a variety of pathological conditions. There is therefore an urgent need of developing strategies that limit their harmful effects. The aim of this study was to accomplish this by developing a means of inducing mast cell apoptosis. The strategy was to identify novel compounds that induce mast cell apoptosis by permeabilization of their secretory lysosomes (granules). As a candidate, we assessed mefloquine, an anti-malarial drug that has been proposed to have lysosome-permeabilizing activity. Mefloquine was added to mast cells and administered in vivo, followed by assessment of the extent and mechanisms of mast cell death. Mefloquine was cytotoxic to murine and human mast cells. Mefloquine induced apoptotic cell death of wild-type mast cells whereas cells lacking the granule compounds serglycin proteoglycan or tryptase were shown to undergo necrotic cell death, the latter finding indicating a role of the mast cell granules in mefloquine-induced cell death. In support of this, mefloquine was shown to cause compromised granule integrity and to induce leakage of granule components into the cytosol. Mefloquine-induced cell death was refractory to caspase inhibitors but was completely abrogated by reactive oxygen species inhibition. These findings identify mefloquine as a novel anti-mast cell agent, which induces mast cell death through a granule-mediated pathway. Mefloquine may thus become useful in therapy aiming at limiting harmful effects of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Paivandy
- Departement of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriela Calounova
- Departement of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Behdad Zarnegar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Ohrvik
- Departement of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabio R Melo
- Departement of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Departement of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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In vivo hyperoxia induces hypoxia-inducible factor-1α overexpression in LNCaP tumors without affecting the tumor growth rate. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 51:65-74. [PMID: 24704415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a recognized cause for solid tumors malignancy and resistance, probably via hypoxia-induced overexpression of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, major modulator of the cell response to oxygen deprivation. Although hyperoxia, the opposite condition, may represent a key issue to assess this paradigm, its effect on tumor growth and HIF-1α expression remains unclear. To test whether hyperoxia and hypoxia have divergent effects, and to better focus into the role of HIF-1α in vivo, athymic mice xenografted with LNCaP cells were exposed for 28 days to atmospheres containing 10, 21 or 30% O2. Whereas the xenografts grew twice faster in hypoxia, their growth rates in hyperoxia and normoxia were similar. To analyze the involved molecular mechanisms, we performed various assays in xenograft tissues. Faster xenografts growth in hypoxia was associated with higher phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and higher expression of Ki67, both related with pro-survival and cell proliferation pathways. By contrast, the expression level of HIF-1α was similar in normoxia and hypoxia, but paradoxically twice higher in hyperoxia. The protein level of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) was also higher in hyperoxia, suggesting marked cell response to redox imbalance. Whereas both the vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGF-R2 were overexpressed in hyperoxia, the tissue hemoglobin content was not increased, despite a slight reduction in vascularization. As a whole, this data indicates that the xenografts growth rate was independent of HIF-1α expression level, suggesting that in an in vivo setting alternative more effective proliferative paths associated with the cell response to the redox imbalance may override the paths linked to HIF-1α signaling.
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