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Trautmann D, Suazo F, Torres K, Simón L. Antitumor Effects of Resveratrol Opposing Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Cancer. Nutrients 2024; 16:2141. [PMID: 38999888 PMCID: PMC11243391 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is an aggressive and multifactorial disease. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is identified as a significant etiological factor in gastric cancer. Although only a fraction of patients infected with H. pylori progresses to gastric cancer, bacterial infection is critical in the pathology and development of this malignancy. The pathogenic mechanisms of this bacterium involve the disruption of the gastric epithelial barrier and the induction of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, angiogenesis and metastasis. Adherence molecules, virulence (CagA and VacA) and colonization (urease) factors are important in its pathogenicity. On the other hand, resveratrol is a natural polyphenol with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Resveratrol also inhibits cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis, suggesting a role as a potential therapeutic agent against cancer. This review explores resveratrol as an alternative cancer treatment, particularly against H. pylori-induced gastric cancer, due to its ability to mitigate the pathogenic effects induced by bacterial infection. Resveratrol has shown efficacy in reducing the proliferation of gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the synergistic effects of resveratrol with chemotherapy and radiotherapy underline its therapeutic potential. However, further research is needed to fully describe its efficacy and safety in treating gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Trautmann
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile
| | - Francesca Suazo
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile
| | - Keila Torres
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Layla Simón
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile
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Huang X, Zhou L, Chen J, Zhang S. Targeting GABARAPL1/HIF-2a axis to induce tumor cell apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:157-164. [PMID: 38234672 PMCID: PMC10790296 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.72952.15863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Objectives The primary gene mutations associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are located within the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways, which have inhibitory effects on autophagy. Compounds that target autophagy could potentially be used to treat NPC. However, autophagy-related molecular targets in NPC remain to be elucidated. We aimed to examine levels of autophagy-related genes, including autophagy-related 4B cysteine peptidase (ATG4B) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor-associated protein-like 1 (GABARAPL1), in NPC cells and explored their potential role as novel targets for the treatment of NPC. Materials and Methods The mRNA and protein expression of autophagy-related genes were detected in several NPC cells. Levels of GABARAPL1 were modified by either overexpression or knockdown, followed by examining downstream targets using RT-qPCR and western blotting. The role of GABARAPL1 in NPC proliferation and apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the role of GABARAPL1 was assessed in vivo using a nude mouse xenograft tumor model. The underlying mechanism by which GABARAPL1 regulated nasopharyngeal tumor growth was investigated. Results Autophagy-related 4B cysteine peptidase (ATG4B), GABARAPL1, and Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) were significantly down-regulated in multiple NPC cell lines. Overexpression of GABARAPL1 up-regulated the expression of autophagy-related proteins, decreased the level of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α, and induced apoptosis in NPC cells. Importantly, overexpression of GABARAPL1 slowed tumor growth. Western blotting showed that autophagy was activated, and HIF-2α was down-regulated in tumor tissues. Conclusion HIF-2α, as a substrate for autophagic degradation, may play an interesting role during NPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570311, People’s Republic of China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Liya Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570311, People’s Republic of China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570311, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province 570311, People’s Republic of China
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Szulak F, Etcheverry Boneo L, Becu-Villalobos D, Fernandez MO, Sorianello E. Benzophenones alter autophagy and ER stress gene expression in pancreatic beta cells in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:936-956. [PMID: 36484879 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs) are endocrine disruptors frequently used in sunscreens and food packaging as UV blockers. Our goal was to assess the effect of benzophenone 2 (BP2) and 3 (BP3) on gene expression related to autophagy process and ER stress response in pancreatic beta cells. To that end, the mouse pancreatic beta cell line MIN6B1 was treated with 10 µM BP2 or BP3 in the presence or absence of the autophagy-inhibitor chloroquine (CQ, 10 µM) or the autophagy-inducer rapamycin (RAPA, 50 nM) during 24 h. BP3 inhibited the expression of the autophagic gene Ulk1, and additional effects were uncovered when autophagy was modified by CQ and RAPA. BP3 counteracted CQ-induced Lamp2 expression but did not compensate CQ-induced Sqstm1/p62 gene transcription, neither BP2. Nevertheless, the BPs did not alter the autophagic flux. In relation to ER stress, BP3 inhibited unspliced and spliced Xbp1 mRNA levels in the presence or absence of CQ, totally counteracted CQ-induced Chop gene expression, and partially reverted CQ-induced Grp78/Bip mRNA levels, while BP2 also partially inhibited Grp78/Bip mRNA induction by CQ. In conclusion, BPs, principally BP3, affect cellular adaptive responses related to autophagy, lysosomal biogenesis, and ER stress in pancreatic beta cells, indicating that BP exposure could lead to beta cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Szulak
- Laboratorio de Regulación Hipofisaria, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luz Etcheverry Boneo
- Laboratorio de Regulación Hipofisaria, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damasia Becu-Villalobos
- Laboratorio de Regulación Hipofisaria, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Olga Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Sorianello
- Laboratorio de Regulación Hipofisaria, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Shang Q, Yang Y, Li H. LINC01605 knockdown induces apoptosis in human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts by inhibiting autophagy. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:343. [PMID: 35401799 PMCID: PMC8988162 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an irreversible disease that causes blindness. Formation of a hypertrophic scar (HS) is the main cause of failure of glaucoma surgery. The long non-coding RNA LINC01605 is closely associated with the formation of HS; however, the function of LINC01605 in the formation and development of HS remains unclear. For this study, firstly, human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts (HTFs) and corneal epithelial cells (control cells) were collected from patients (n=5) with POAG who underwent glaucoma filtration surgery at Fuyang People's Hospital. Immunofluorescence analysis was performed to detect the expression levels of vimentin (one of the main components of medium fiber and plays an important role in the cytoskeleton and motility), keratin (the main component of cytoskeletal proteins) and LC3 (an autophagy marker). In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis was performed to detect LINC01605 expression. Besides, the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to assess the viability of human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts (HTFs). Next, flow cytometry was performed to detect HTF apoptosis. Furthermore, western blot analysis was performed for Bax, Bcl-2, Pro-caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, phosphorylated (p-)Smad2, Smad2, α-SMA, MMP9, ATG7, p62, beclin 1, p-AMPK and AMPK in HTFs to determine the mechanism by which LINC01605 regulates the formation and development of HS. Moreover, a Transwell assay was performed to detect the migratory ability of HTFs. The results demonstrated that LINC01605 was significantly upregulated in HS tissues compared with that in normal (control/healthy) tissues. In addition, vimentin was highly expressed in HTFs, whereas keratin was expressed at a low level. Also, in HTFs, LINC01605 knockdown inhibited cell viability by inducing apoptosis, decreasing Smad2 activation and inhibiting autophagy. Furthermore, LINC01605 knockdown significantly inhibited the migratory ability of HTFs. Transfection with LINC01605 small interference RNAs significantly downregulated the expression levels of p-Smad2, α-SMA and MMP9 in HTFs. Furthermore, LINC01605 knockdown notably inhibited the viability and migration, and induced the apoptosis of HTFs, the effects of which were reversed following treatment with TGF-β. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that LINC01605 knockdown may inhibit the viability of HTFs by inducing the apoptotic pathway. These findings may provide novel directions for the treatment of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifei Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuyang People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuyang People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
| | - Hangzhu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuyang People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
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Yeon Park S, Cho W, Abd El-Aty A, Hacimuftuoglu A, Hoon Jeong J, Woo Jung T. Valdecoxib attenuates lipid-induced hepatic steatosis through autophagy-mediated suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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JAK2/STAT3 inhibition attenuates intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via promoting autophagy: in vitro and in vivo study. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2857-2867. [PMID: 35067814 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) causes severe injury to the intestine, leading to systemic inflammation and multiple organ failure. Autophagy is a stress-response mechanism that can protect against I/R injury by removing damaged organelles and toxic protein aggregates. Recent evidence has identified JAK-STAT signaling pathway as a new regulator of autophagy process, however, their regulatory relationship in intestinal I/R remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We systematically analyzed intestinal transcriptome data and found that JAK-STAT pathway was largely activated in response to I/R with most significant upregulation observed for JAK2 and STAT3. ChIP-Seq and luciferase assays in an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation model revealed that activated JAK2/STAT3 signaling directly inhibited the transcription of autophagy regulator Beclin-1, leading to the suppression of autophagy and the activation of intestinal cell death. These findings were further confirmed in an in vivo mouse model, in which, intestinal I/R injury was associated with the activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway and the deactivation of Beclin-1-mediated autophagy, while inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 with AG490 reactivated autophagy and improved survival after intestinal I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS JAK2/STAT3 signaling suppresses autophagy process during intestinal I/R, while inhibiting JAK-STAT can be protective against intestinal I/R injury by activating autophagy. These findings expand our knowledge on intestinal I/R injury and provide therapeutic targets for clinical treatment.
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Tao HY, Liu H, He F, He CX, Li R, Du KP, Yuan YW, Zheng RH. Adjuvant chemotherapy following combined induction chemotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy improves survival in N2-3-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 148:2959-2969. [PMID: 34822015 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the clinical value of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) following concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (CCRT) and induction chemotherapy (ICT) in loco-regionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LANC). METHODS We included 839 newly diagnosed LANC patients in this study. ICT plus CCRT (ICT + CCRT group) was administered to 443 patients, and 396 patients received ACT after ICT plus CCRT (ICT + CCRT + ACT group). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were carried out. Furthermore, propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to balance the study and control groups. RESULTS A total of 373 pairs of LANC patients were obtained after PSM analysis. We found that ACT following ICT + CCRT has no significant effect on improving the survival of LANC patients. By further exploring the ICT + CCRT + ACT treatment protocol, we excluded N0-1-positive patients and re-performed PSM in the ICT + CCRT and ICT + CCRT + ACT groups. Each group consisted of 237 patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that there were differences between the ICT + CCRT and ICT + CCRT + ACT groups in terms of the 5-year overall survival (OS) (78.9% vs. 85.0%, P = 0.034), disease-free survival (DFS) (73.4% vs. 81.7%, P = 0.029), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) (84.9% vs. 76.0%, P = 0.019). In addition, the ICT + CCRT + ACT group had a higher incidence of grade 3/4 acute leukocytopenia/neutropenia. CONCLUSION Compared with ICT + CCRT, ACT following ICT plus CCRT can reduce distant metastasis of N2-3-positive LANC and improve the OS and DFS. The results demonstrated the feasibility and clinical utility of ACT following ICT plus CCRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yun Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, People's Hospital of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Cai-Xian He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Longhua District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun-Peng Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya-Wei Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
| | - Rong-Hui Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China.
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Gao L, Zhou L, Huang X. Identification of Novel Kinase-Transcription Factor-mRNA-miRNA Regulatory Network in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Bioinformatics Analysis. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:7453-7469. [PMID: 34744455 PMCID: PMC8566004 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s327657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the head and neck. This study aimed to investigate the crucial genes and regulatory networks involved in the carcinogenesis of NPC using a bioinformatics approach. Methods Five mRNA and two miRNA expression datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and miRNAs (DEMs) between NPC and normal samples were analyzed using R software. The WebGestalt tool was used for functional enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of DEGs was performed using STRING database. Transcription factors (TFs) were predicted using TRRUST and Transcriptional Regulatory Element Database (TRED). Kinases were identified using X2Kgui. The miRNAs of DEGs were predicted using miRWalk database. A kinase-TF-mRNA-miRNA integrated network was constructed, and hub nodes were selected. The hub genes were validated using NPC datasets from the GEO and Oncomine databases. Finally, candidate small-molecule agents were predicted using CMap. Results A total of 122 DEGs and 44 DEMs were identified. DEGs were associated with the immune response, leukocyte activation, endoplasmic reticulum stress in GO analysis, and the NF-κB signaling pathway in KEGG analysis. Four significant modules were identified using PPI network analysis. Subsequently, 26 TFs, 73 kinases, and 2499 miRNAs were predicted. The predicted miRNAs were cross-referenced with DEMs, and seven overlapping miRNAs were selected. In the kinase-TF-mRNA-miRNA integrated network, eight genes (PTGS2, FN1, MMP1, PLAU, MMP3, CD19, BMP2, and PIGR) were identified as hub genes. Hub genes were validated with consistent results, indicating the reliability of our findings. Finally, six candidate small-molecule agents (phenoxybenzamine, luteolin, thioguanosine, reserpine, blebbistatin, and camptothecin) were predicted. Conclusion We identified DEGs and an NPC regulatory network involving kinases, TFs, mRNAs, and miRNAs, which might provide promising insight into the pathogenesis, treatment, and prognosis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinsheng Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Zhang J, Mao W, Liu Y, Ding J, Wang J, Yu Z, Huang R, Yang S, Sun Y, Dong P. 3-MA Enhanced Chemosensitivity in Cisplatin Resistant Hypopharyngeal Squamous Carcinoma Cells via Inhibiting Beclin -1 Mediated Autophagy. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:996-1005. [PMID: 33349212 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201221150431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypopharyngeal carcinoma is characterized by a high degree of malignancy. The most common pathological type is squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC). Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, CDDP) is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs nowadays and cisplatin resistance is a major problem in current treatment strategies. Clinical researchers have reported that high autophagy levels often caused insensitivity to chemotherapy, a common phenomenon that greatly reduces the therapeutic effect in cisplatin- resistant tumor cell lines. 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of PI3K, plays a vital role in forming and developing autophagosomes. Therefore, we speculate that the use of 3-MA may reduce cisplatin resistance in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC). METHODS Part I: Cisplatin-resistant FaDu cell line (Human hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells) was established and cultured. Cell counting kit-8 was used to detect drug resistance. An inverted microscope was used to observe the morphological changes at different concentrations, then the survival rate was calculated. After MDC staining, the autophagic vacuoles were observed by fluorescence microscopy. The expression of Beclin1 from each group was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot method. Part II: 3-MA was applied for cisplatin-resistant cells intervention, Beclin1 was knocked down by plasmid transfection. Cell cycle was detected using flow cytometry assay, apoptosis with necrosis was detected by staining with propidium iodide (PI). CCK-8 was used to observe the cell survival rate in each group. The expression of autophagy-related protein Beclin1, LC3I, LC3II, Atg-5 and P62 in each group was verified by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Cisplatin-resistant FaDu cell line can be stably constructed by cisplatin intervention. Compared with normal group, autophagy and its related protein Beclin1 expression were enhanced in cisplatin resistant FaDu cells. Autophagy inhibition group showed significant cell cycle changes, mainly manifested by G1 arrest, increased apoptosis rate and significantly decreased survival rate at 24h level. The number of autophagy vacuoles were significantly reduced in the 3-MA group. Furthermore, Western blot showed that expression of Beclin1, lc3-I, lc3-II, atg-5 protein decreased significantly after 3-MA intervention, while the expression of p62 upregulated, which also confirmed autophagy flow was blocked. CONCLUSION Our work confirmed that enhanced autophagy is an important cause of cisplatin resistance in FaDu cells. The use of 3-MA can significantly reduce autophagy level and arresting its cell cycle, promote apoptosis and reverse the cisplatin resistance condition, this effect is partly mediated by inhibition of Beclin-1 expression. Our data provide a theoretical basis for the application of 3-MA in overcoming cisplatin resistance in hypopharyngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Division of ENT & HN Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Head and Neck, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Division of ENT & HN Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Head and Neck, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- Division of ENT & HN Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Head and Neck, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Division of ENT & HN Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Head and Neck, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Division of ENT & HN Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Head and Neck, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ziwei Yu
- Division of ENT & HN Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Head and Neck, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ruofei Huang
- Division of ENT & HN Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Head and Neck, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Division of ENT & HN Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Head and Neck, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of ENT & HN Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Head and Neck, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Pin Dong
- Division of ENT & HN Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Head and Neck, Shanghai, 200080, China
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Jin LY, Li J, Wang KF, Xia WW, Zhu ZQ, Wang CR, Li XF, Liu HY. Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier in Spinal Cord Injury: A Review. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1203-1224. [PMID: 33292072 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), a physical barrier between the blood and spinal cord parenchyma, prevents the toxins, blood cells, and pathogens from entering the spinal cord and maintains a tightly controlled chemical balance in the spinal environment, which is necessary for proper neural function. A BSCB disruption, however, plays an important role in primary and secondary injury processes related to spinal cord injury (SCI). After SCI, the structure of the BSCB is broken down, which leads directly to leakage of blood components. At the same time, the permeability of the BSCB is also increased. Repairing the disruption of the BSCB could alleviate the SCI pathology. We review the morphology and pathology of the BSCB and progression of therapeutic methods targeting BSCB in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yu Jin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Feng Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Xia
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Qi Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Ru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Feng Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Ying Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Bi Y, Xi T, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Lu YY, Liu X, Shu S, Fang F. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine restricts murine cytomegalovirus replication. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5001-5016. [PMID: 33421149 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) induced autophagy affects virus replication and survival of the infected cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) on murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) replication and whether it is associated with caspase-3 dependent apoptosis. The eyecup isolated from adult C57BL/6J mice (6-8 weeks old) and mouse embryo fibroblast cells (MEFs) were infected with MCMV K181 strain, followed by the treatment of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), chloroquine, or rapamycin to block or stimulate autophagy. In cultured MEFs, the ratio of LC3I/II was reduced at 24 hours post infection (hpi), but was increased at 48 hpi In the eyecup culture, LC3I/II ratio was also decreased at 4 and 7 days post infection (dpi). In addition, caspase-3 cleavage was increased at 48 hpi in MEFs and also elevated in MCMV infected eyecups at 4, 7, 10, and 14 dpi. 3-MA treatment significantly inhibited the virus replication in MEFs and eyecups. The expression of early antigen (EA) of MCMV was also decreased in MEFs and eyecups. Meanwhile, cleaved caspase-3 dependent cell death was promoted with the presence of 3-MA in MCMV infected MEFs and eyecups, while RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL pathway was inhibited by 3-MA in eyecups. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA restricts virus replication and promotes caspase-3 dependent apoptosis in the eyecup and MEFs with MCMV infection. It can be explained that during the early period of MCMV infection, the suppressed autophagy process directly reduced virus release, but later caspase-3 dependent apoptosis dominated and resulted in decreased virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yidan Bi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Xi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinglou Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sainan Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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12
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Pyun DH, Kim TJ, Kim MJ, Hong SA, Abd El-Aty AM, Jeong JH, Jung TW. Endogenous metabolite, kynurenic acid, attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via AMPK/autophagy- and AMPK/ORP150-mediated signaling. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4902-4912. [PMID: 33283879 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a causative role in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Kynurenic acid (KA) is a tryptophan metabolite that has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages and endothelial cells. However, the role of KA in ER stress-associated development of NAFLD has not been fully explored. In the current study, we observed decreased KA levels in the serum of obese subjects. Treated hepatocytes with KA attenuated palmitate-induced lipid accumulation and downregulated lipogenesis-associated genes as well as ER stress markers in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, KA augmented AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation, oxygen-regulated protein 150 (ORP150) expression, and autophagy markers. The small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of AMPK and ORP150, or 3-methyladenine also abrogated the effects of KA on ER stress and lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. In accordance with in vitro observations, KA administration to mice fed a high-fat diet ameliorated hepatic lipid accumulation and decreased the expression of lipogenic genes as well as ER stress. Moreover, KA treatment increased hepatic AMPK phosphorylation, ORP150 expression, and autophagy related markers in mouse livers. Knockdown of AMPK using in vivo transfection mitigated the effects of KA on hepatic steatosis and ER stress as well as autophagy and ORP150 expression. These results suggest that KA ameliorates hepatic steatosis via the AMPK/autophagy- and AMPK/ORP150-mediated suppression of ER stress. In sum, KA might be used as a promising therapeutic agent for treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyeon Pyun
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Jun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Auck Hong
- Department of Pathology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Academy of Science, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Shojaei S, Koleini N, Samiei E, Aghaei M, Cole LK, Alizadeh J, Islam MI, Vosoughi A, Albokashy M, Butterfield Y, Marzban H, Xu F, Thliveris J, Kardami E, Hatch GM, Eftekharpour E, Akbari M, Hombach‐Klonisch S, Klonisch T, Ghavami S. Simvastatin increases temozolomide‐induced cell death by targeting the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. FEBS J 2019; 287:1005-1034. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME) Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Victoria Canada
- Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC) University of Victoria Canada
| | - Navid Koleini
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences St‐Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre Winnipeg Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Ehsan Samiei
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME) Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Victoria Canada
- Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC) University of Victoria Canada
| | - Mahmoud Aghaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | - Laura K. Cole
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Md Imamul Islam
- Regenerative Medicine Program Spinal Cord Research Centre Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Amir‐reza Vosoughi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Mohammed Albokashy
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Yaron Butterfield
- Genome Sciences Centre BC Cancer Vancouver Canada
- Patient Advocate and Research Committee Brain Tumour Foundation of Canada Ottawa Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Fred Xu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - James Thliveris
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Elissavet Kardami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences St‐Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre Winnipeg Canada
| | - Grant M. Hatch
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Regenerative Medicine Program Spinal Cord Research Centre Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME) Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Victoria Canada
- Center for Biomedical Research University of Victoria Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC) University of Victoria Canada
| | - Sabine Hombach‐Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology CancerCare Manitoba University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology CancerCare Manitoba University of Manitoba Winnipeg Canada
- Biology of Breathing Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences Winnipeg Canada
- Health Policy Research Center Institute of Health Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Iran
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14
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Zhou R, Zhu F, Wu X, Song S, Chen Y, Zhu C, Dai B, Qian X, Wang K, Hu W, Chen F. Effects of autophagy on apoptosis of articular chondrocytes in adjuvant arthritis rats. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7879-7884. [PMID: 31508906 PMCID: PMC6815768 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease that eventually leads to joint deformities and loss of joint function. Previous studies have demonstrated a close relationship between autophagy and the development of RA. Although autophagy and apoptosis are two different forms of programmed death, the relationship between them in relation to RA remains unclear. In this study, we explored the effect of autophagy on apoptosis of articular chondrocytes in vivo and in vitro. Adjuvant arthritis (AA) and acid‐induced primary articular chondrocyte apoptosis were used as in vivo and in vitro models, respectively. Articular chondrocyte autophagy and apoptosis were both observed dynamically in AA rat articular cartilage at different stages (15 days, 25 days and 35 days). Moreover, chondrocyte apoptosis and articular cartilage injury in AA rats were increased by the autophagy inhibitor 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) and decreased by the autophagy activator rapamycin. In addition, pre‐treatment with 3‐MA increased acid‐induced chondrocyte apoptosis, while pre‐treatment with rapamycin reduced acid‐induced chondrocyte apoptosis in vitro. These results suggest that autophagy might be a potential target for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renpeng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoshan Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sujing Song
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanjun Zhu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Beibei Dai
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuewen Qian
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Feihu Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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15
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Comprehensive anti-tumor effect of Brusatol through inhibition of cell viability and promotion of apoptosis caused by autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:962-973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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16
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Li X, Li C, Liu JC, Pan YP, Li YG. In vitro effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis combined with influenza A virus on respiratory epithelial cells. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 95:125-133. [PMID: 30107300 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Respiratory epithelial cells are the first natural barrier against bacteria and viruses; hence, the interactions among epithelial cells, bacteria, and viruses are associated with disease occurrence and development. The effect of co-infection by P. gingivalis and influenza A virus (IAV) on respiratory epithelial cells remains unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze in vitro cell viability and apoptosis rates in respiratory epithelial A549 cells infected with P. gingivalis or IAV alone, or a combination of both pathogens. DESIGN A549 cells were first divided into a control group, a P. gingivalis group, an IAV group, and a P. gingivalis + IAV group, to examine cell viability and apoptosis rates, the levels of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 B (LC3-II), microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3A (LC3-I), and sequestosome 1 (P62), and the formation of autophagosomes. The autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3MA), was used to assess autophagy and apoptosis in A549 cells infected with P. gingivalis or IAV. RESULTS An MTT assay revealed that cell viability was significantly lower in the IAV group than in the P. gingivalis + IAV group (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry indicated that the apoptosis rate was significantly higher in the IAV group than in the P. gingivalis + IAV group (P < 0.05). The fluorescence levels of GFP-LC3 increased significantly, the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio was significantly higher, and the P62 protein levels were statistically lower in the P. gingivalis + IAV group compared with the IAV group (all P < 0.05). Western blotting revealed that the LC3- II/LC3-I ratio was significantly lower, and caspase-3 levels were significantly higher in the 3MA + P. gingivalis + IAV group compared to the P. gingivalis + IAV group (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In vitro studies showed that infection by P. gingivalis combined with IAV temporarily inhibited apoptosis in respiratory epithelial cells, and this may be related to the initiation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St. 117, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St. 117, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Jun-Chao Liu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St. 117, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Ya-Ping Pan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North St. 117, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yong-Gang Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning Province, China.
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17
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Zhou Y, Wu Y, Liu Y, He Z, Zou S, Wang Q, Li J, Zheng Z, Chen J, Wu F, Gong F, Zhang H, Xu H, Xiao J. The cross-talk between autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in blood-spinal cord barrier disruption after spinal cord injury. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1688-1702. [PMID: 27926492 PMCID: PMC5352089 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury induces the disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier and triggers a complex array of tissue responses, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy. However, the roles of ER stress and autophagy in blood-spinal cord barrier disruption have not been discussed in acute spinal cord trauma. In the present study, we respectively detected the roles of ER stress and autophagy in blood-spinal cord barrier disruption after spinal cord injury. Besides, we also detected the cross-talking between autophagy and ER stress both in vivo and in vitro. ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyric acid, and autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, were respectively or combinedly administrated in the model of acute spinal cord injury rats. At day 1 after spinal cord injury, blood-spinal cord barrier was disrupted and activation of ER stress and autophagy were involved in the rat model of trauma. Inhibition of ER stress by treating with 4-phenylbutyric acid decreased blood-spinal cord barrier permeability, prevented the loss of tight junction (TJ) proteins and reduced autophagy activation after spinal cord injury. On the contrary, inhibition of autophagy by treating with chloroquine exacerbated blood-spinal cord barrier permeability, promoted the loss of TJ proteins and enhanced ER stress after spinal cord injury. When 4-phenylbutyric acid and chloroquine were combinedly administrated in spinal cord injury rats, chloroquine abolished the blood-spinal cord barrier protective effect of 4-phenylbutyric acid by exacerbating ER stress after spinal cord injury, indicating that the cross-talking between autophagy and ER stress may play a central role on blood-spinal cord barrier integrity in acute spinal cord injury. The present study illustrates that ER stress induced by spinal cord injury plays a detrimental role on blood-spinal cord barrier integrity, on the contrary, autophagy induced by spinal cord injury plays a furthersome role in blood-spinal cord barrier integrity in acute spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Zili He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Shuang Zou
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Zengming Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Fenzan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Fanhua Gong
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
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18
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Li H, Zhang X, Tan J, Sun L, Xu L, Jiang Y, Lou J, Shi X, Mi W. Propofol postconditioning protects H9c2 cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury by inducing autophagy via the SAPK/JNK pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:4573-4580. [PMID: 29328382 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Jian Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Li Sun
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Long‑He Xu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Yu‑Ge Jiang
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Jing‑Sheng Lou
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Xue‑Yin Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Wei‑Dong Mi
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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19
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Pokharel D, Roseblade A, Oenarto V, Lu JF, Bebawy M. Proteins regulating the intercellular transfer and function of P-glycoprotein in multidrug-resistant cancer. Ecancermedicalscience 2017; 11:768. [PMID: 29062386 PMCID: PMC5636210 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2017.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is an essential part of anticancer treatment. However, the overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the subsequent emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) hampers successful treatment clinically. P-gp is a multidrug efflux transporter that functions to protect cells from xenobiotics by exporting them out from the plasma membrane to the extracellular space. P-gp inhibitors have been developed in an attempt to overcome P-gp-mediated MDR; however, lack of specificity and dose limiting toxicity have limited their effectiveness clinically. Recent studies report on accessory proteins that either directly or indirectly regulate P-gp expression and function and which are necessary for the establishment of the functional phenotype in cancer cells. This review discusses the role of these proteins, some of which have been recently proposed to comprise an interactive complex, and discusses their contribution towards MDR. We also discuss the role of other pathways and proteins in regulating P-gp expression in cells. The potential for these proteins as novel therapeutic targets provides new opportunities to circumvent MDR clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Pokharel
- Discipline of Pharmacy, The Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ariane Roseblade
- Discipline of Pharmacy, The Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Vici Oenarto
- Discipline of Pharmacy, The Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Jamie F Lu
- Discipline of Pharmacy, The Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Discipline of Pharmacy, The Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.,Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology and Therapeutics, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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20
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Lu Q, Zhang Y, Ma L, Li D, Li M, Li J, Liu P. EWS-FLI1 positively regulates autophagy by increasing ATG4B expression in Ewing sarcoma cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1217-1225. [PMID: 28902354 PMCID: PMC5593458 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and young adults. It is characterized by chromosomal translocations fusing the EWS gene with an ETS oncogene, most frequently FLI1. In the present study, the authors aimed to investigate the function of EWS-FLI1 in autophagy in ES cells, and identified that EWS-FLI1 positively regulates autophagy in ES cells. ATG4B expression was observed markedly upregulated by EWS-FLI1 overexpression, and silencing of ATG4B dramatically inhibits autophagy in ES cells. Furthermore, apoptosis was inhibited in ATG4B overexpressed ES cells, and ATG4B-potentiated autophagy is required for ES cells survival. Taken together, the authors demonstrated the role of EWS-FLI1 and ATG4B in autophagy in ES cells, and suggested EWS-FLI1 and ATG4B as potential therapeutic targets for ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunshan Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yuankai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Deqiang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Peilai Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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21
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Su Z, Li G, Liu C, Ren S, Deng T, Zhang S, Tian Y, Liu Y, Qiu Y. Autophagy inhibition impairs the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhances cisplatin sensitivity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4147-4154. [PMID: 28599416 PMCID: PMC5453060 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance restricts the efficacy of cisplatin in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Increasing evidence indicates that autophagy and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) participate in cancer progression and drug sensitivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of autophagy and EMT in cisplatin treatment, and to reveal the underlying impact of autophagy on the EMT process in NPC. Transmission electron microscopy assays and western blot analyses confirmed that cisplatin activates autophagy in NPC cells. Alterations in cell morphology and biomolecular markers confirmed that cisplatin induces the EMT phenotype in NPC cells. Cell viability assays showed that the combination of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) increased the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in NPC cells and that the EMT inducer transforming growth factor β1 promoted the resistance to cisplatin in NPC cells. Moreover, autophagy inhibition by CQ and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B-knockdown reversed the EMT phenotype in NPC cells. In conclusion, autophagy and the EMT process promote cisplatin resistance in NPC cells, while the inhibition of autophagy impairs the EMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Su
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Shuling Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Tengbo Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Shuiting Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yongquan Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yuanzheng Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China.,Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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22
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Diamantopoulos P, Zervakis K, Zervakis P, Sofotasiou M, Vassilakopoulos T, Kotsianidis I, Symeonidis A, Pappa V, Galanopoulos A, Solomou E, Kodandreopoulou E, Papadopoulou V, Korkolopoulou P, Mantzourani M, Kyriakakis G, Viniou NA. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 mRNA levels strongly correlate with the prognosis of myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood Cancer J 2017; 7:e533. [PMID: 28212373 PMCID: PMC5533939 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2016.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) has a central role in the repair of DNA breaks and is a promising treatment target in malignancy. We measured PARP1 mRNA levels by a SYBR-green-based PCR in the bone marrow of 74 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and correlated them to their demographic, hematologic and prognostic characteristics. The median PARP1 mRNA levels were correlated to the type of MDS (2008/2016 WHO classification, P=0.005) and to the IPSS score (P=0.002). A correlation was also found with the IPSS-R score (P=0.011) and the cytogenetic risk (P=0.008). In all cases, higher PARP1 levels were correlated with a higher risk category. Moreover, we found a significant survival disadvantage for patients with high PARP1 levels (median survival of 37.4 months versus ‘not reached’ for low PARP1 levels, P=0.0001, and a 5-year survival rate of 29.8 versus 88.9%, respectively). PARP1 mRNA levels were found to be the stronger predictor of survival in multivariate analysis. These correlations have never been reported in the past and may render PARP1 a prognostic factor to be incorporated in the current prognostic systems for MDS, also laying the basis for clinical trials evaluating PARP1 inhibitors in higher-risk MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Diamantopoulos
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - K Zervakis
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Zervakis
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Sofotasiou
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - T Vassilakopoulos
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - I Kotsianidis
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupoli , Greece
| | - A Symeonidis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - V Pappa
- Haematology Division, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A Galanopoulos
- Department of Clinical Hematology, 'G. Gennimatas' District General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - E Solomou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
| | - E Kodandreopoulou
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - V Papadopoulou
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Korkolopoulou
- Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Mantzourani
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Kyriakakis
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - N-A Viniou
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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23
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Wu J, Liu T, Rios Z, Mei Q, Lin X, Cao S. Heat Shock Proteins and Cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 38:226-256. [PMID: 28012700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) constitute a large family of proteins involved in protein folding and maturation whose expression is induced by heat shock or other stressors. The major groups are classified based on their molecular weights and include HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and large HSPs. HSPs play a significant role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and carcinogenesis. In this article we comprehensively review the roles of major HSPs in cancer biology and pharmacology. HSPs are thought to play significant roles in the molecular mechanisms leading to cancer development and metastasis. HSPs may also have potential clinical uses as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, for assessing disease progression, or as therapeutic targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Tuoen Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, WV 24901, USA.
| | - Zechary Rios
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Qibing Mei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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24
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Makowska A, Eble M, Prescher K, Hoß M, Kontny U. Chloroquine Sensitizes Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells but Not Nasoepithelial Cells to Irradiation by Blocking Autophagy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166766. [PMID: 27902742 PMCID: PMC5130215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma requires the application of high dosages of radiation, leading to severe long-term complications in the majority of patients. Sensitizing tumor cells to radiation could be a means to increase the therapeutic window of radiation. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells display alterations in autophagy and blockade of autophagy has been shown to sensitize them against chemotherapy. METHODS We investigated the effect of chloroquine, a known inhibitor of autophagy, on sensitization against radiation-induced apoptosis in a panel of five nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines and a SV40-transformed nasoepithelial cell line. Autophagy was measured by immunoblot of autophagy-related proteins, immunofluorescence of autophagosomic microvesicles and electron microscopy. Autophagy was blocked by siRNA against autophagy-related proteins 3, 5, 6 and 7 (ATG3, ATG5, ATG6 and ATG7). RESULTS Chloroquine sensitized four out of five nasopharyngeal cancer cell lines towards radiation-induced apoptosis. The sensitizing effect was based on the blockade of autophagy as inhibition of ATG3, ATG5, ATG6 and ATG7 by specific siRNA could substitute for the effect of chloroquine. No sensitization was seen in nasoepithelial cells. CONCLUSION Chloroquine sensitizes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells but not nasoepithelial cells towards radiation-induced apoptosis by blocking autophagy. Further studies in a mouse-xenograft model are warranted to substantiate this effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Makowska
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Eble
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Prescher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Hoß
- Electron Microscopic Facility, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Udo Kontny
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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25
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Wu ST, Sun GH, Cha TL, Kao CC, Chang SY, Kuo SC, Way TD. CSC-3436 switched tamoxifen-induced autophagy to apoptosis through the inhibition of AMPK/mTOR pathway. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:60. [PMID: 27526942 PMCID: PMC4986227 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks specific therapeutic target and limits to chemotherapy and is essential to develop novel therapeutic regimens. Increasing studies indicated that tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), has anti-tumor therapeutic effect in estrogen receptor α (ERα)-negative tumor. Here, we determined whether autophagy was activated by tamoxifen in TNBC cells. Moreover, CSC-3436 displayed strong and selective growth inhibition on cancer cells. Next, we investigated the anti-proliferation effect of combination of CSC-3436 plus tamoxifen on cell death in TNBC cells. Results Our study found that tamoxifen induces autophagy in TNBC cells. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and AMPK/mTOR contributed tamoxifen-induced autophagy. Interestingly, in combination treatment with CSC-3436 enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of tamoxifen. We found that CSC-3436 switched tamoxifen-induced autophagy to apoptosis via cleavage of ATG-5. Moreover, AMPK/mTOR pathway may involve in CSC-3436 switched tamoxifen-induced autophagy to apoptosis. The combination of tamoxifen and CSC-3436 produced stronger tumor growth inhibition compared with CSC-3436 or tamoxifen alone treatments in vivo. Conclusion These data indicated that CSC-3436 combined with tamoxifen may be a potential approach for treatment TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Tang Wu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Huan Sun
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Lung Cha
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Kao
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sun-Yran Chang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chu Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Graduate institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan R.O.C.
| | - Tzong-Der Way
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan R.O.C. .,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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26
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Zhou Y, Zhang H, Zheng B, Ye L, Zhu S, Johnson NR, Wang Z, Wei X, Chen D, Cao G, Fu X, Li X, Xu HZ, Xiao J. Retinoic Acid Induced-Autophagic Flux Inhibits ER-Stress Dependent Apoptosis and Prevents Disruption of Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:87-99. [PMID: 26722220 PMCID: PMC4679401 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces the disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) which leads to infiltration of blood cells, an inflammatory response, and neuronal cell death, resulting spinal cord secondary damage. Retinoic acid (RA) has a neuroprotective effect in both ischemic brain injury and SCI, however the relationship between BSCB disruption and RA in SCI is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that autophagy and ER stress are involved in the protective effect of RA on the BSCB. RA attenuated BSCB permeability and decreased the loss of tight junction (TJ) molecules such as P120, β-catenin, Occludin and Claudin5 after injury in vivo as well as in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (BMECs). Moreover, RA administration improved functional recovery in the rat model of SCI. RA inhibited the expression of CHOP and caspase-12 by induction of autophagic flux. However, RA had no significant effect on protein expression of GRP78 and PDI. Furthermore, combining RA with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) partially abolished its protective effect on the BSCB via exacerbated ER stress and subsequent loss of tight junctions. Taken together, the neuroprotective role of RA in recovery from SCI is related to prevention of of BSCB disruption via the activation of autophagic flux and the inhibition of ER stress-induced cell apoptosis. These findings lay the groundwork for future translational studies of RA for CNS diseases, especially those related to BSCB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhou
- 1. Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
- 2. Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- 2. Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Binbin Zheng
- 1. Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
- 2. Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Libing Ye
- 2. Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Sipin Zhu
- 1. Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
- 2. Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Noah R Johnson
- 3. Department of Bioengineering and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Zhouguang Wang
- 2. Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- 4. Department of Neurosurgery, Cixi People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315300, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- 5. Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Guodong Cao
- 6. Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- 7. Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- 2. Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Hua-Zi Xu
- 1. Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
| | - Jian Xiao
- 2. Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035 China
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27
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Chen ZT, Zhao W, Qu S, Li L, Lu XD, Su F, Liang ZG, Guo SY, Zhu XD. PARP-1 promotes autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway in CNE-2 human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells following ionizing radiation, while inhibition of autophagy contributes to the radiation sensitization of CNE-2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1868-76. [PMID: 25872765 PMCID: PMC4463980 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously reported that poly-(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) regulated ionizing radiation (IR)-induced autophagy in CNE-2 human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. The present study aimed to investigate whether PARP-1-mediated IR-induced autophagy occurred via activation of the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in CNE-2 cells. In addition, the effect of PARP-1 and AMPK inhibition on the radiation sensitization of CNE-2 cells was investigated. CNE-2 cells were treated with 10 Gy IR in the presence or absence of the AMPK activator 5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-imid-azole-4-carboxamide (AICAR). In addition, IR-treated CNE-2 cells were transfected with lentivirus-delivered small-hairpin RNA or treated with the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. Western blot analysis was used to assess the protein expression of PARP-1, phosphorylated (p)-AMPK, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II and p-P70S6K. Cell viability and clone formation assays were performed to determine the effect of PARP-1 silencing and AMPK inhibition on the radiation sensitization of CNE-2 cells. The results showed that IR promoted PARP-1, p-AMPK and LC3-II protein expression as well as decreased p-P70S6K expression compared with that of the untreated cells. In addition, AICAR increased the expression of p-AMPK and LC3-II as well as decreased p-P70S6K expression compared with that of the IR-only group; however, AICAR did not increase PARP-1 expression. Furthermore, PARP-1 gene silencing decreased the expression of PARP-1, p-AMPK and LC3-II as well as increased p-P70S6K expression. Compound C decreased p-AMPK and LC3-Ⅱ expression as well as increased p-P70S6K expression; however, Compound C did not increase PARP-1 expression. Western blot analysis detected limited expression of p-LKB1 in all treatment groups. Cell viability and clone formation assays revealed that PARP-1 or AMPK inhibition reduced the proliferation of CNE-2 cells following IR. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that PARP-1 promoted autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway; in addition, PARP-1 or AMPK inhibition contributed to the radiation sensitization of CNE-2 cells following IR. However, it remains to be elucidated whether PARP-1 is an upstream mediator of the LKB1 pathway in CNE‑2 cells following IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Tan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Song Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Di Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Fang Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Guo Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Si-Yan Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Cancer Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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28
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Zhang R, Wang R, Chen Q, Chang H. Inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine increases cisplatin-induced apoptosis by increasing endoplasmic reticulum stress in U251 human glioma cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1727-32. [PMID: 25846607 PMCID: PMC4464427 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs; however, the side effects and drug resistance limit its usage. Previous findings have demonstrated that cisplatin kills tumor cells through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which provides a novel method to minimize cisplatin toxicity and circumvent cisplatin resistance. ER stress induces cell autophagy, cell apoptosis and the complicated regulatory network between them. The role of autophagy in cisplatin chemotherapy remains to be elucidated. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is normally used as an inhibitor of autophagy. The present study reveals a significant role of the inhibition of autophagy by treatment with 3-MA and cisplatin in combination in U251 human glioma cells. It was demonstrated that cisplatin induced the ER stress associated with apoptosis and autophagy in U251 cells. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA increased the expression levels of protein disulfide isomerase, ubiquitinated proteins, glucose regulated protein 78 and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, and induced the activation of caspase-4 and caspase-3. Treatment with 3-MA combined with cisplatin increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis by increasing ER stress. Therefore, the inhibition of autophagy has the potential to improve cisplatin chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
| | - Ruijun Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010050, P.R. China
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Hong Chang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010017, P.R. China
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29
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Calcium homeostasis and ER stress in control of autophagy in cancer cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:352794. [PMID: 25821797 PMCID: PMC4363509 DOI: 10.1155/2015/352794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a basic catabolic process, serving as an internal engine during responses to various cellular stresses. As regards cancer, autophagy may play a tumor suppressive role by preserving cellular integrity during tumor development and by possible contribution to cell death. However, autophagy may also exert oncogenic effects by promoting tumor cell survival and preventing cell death, for example, upon anticancer treatment. The major factors influencing autophagy are Ca2+ homeostasis perturbation and starvation. Several Ca2+ channels like voltage-gated T- and L-type channels, IP3 receptors, or CRAC are involved in autophagy regulation. Glucose transporters, mainly from GLUT family, which are often upregulated in cancer, are also prominent targets for autophagy induction. Signals from both Ca2+ perturbations and glucose transport blockage might be integrated at UPR and ER stress activation. Molecular pathways such as IRE 1-JNK-Bcl-2, PERK-eIF2α-ATF4, or ATF6-XBP 1-ATG are related to autophagy induced through ER stress. Moreover ER molecular chaperones such as GRP78/BiP and transcription factors like CHOP participate in regulation of ER stress-mediated autophagy. Autophagy modulation might be promising in anticancer therapies; however, it is a context-dependent matter whether inhibition or activation of autophagy leads to tumor cell death.
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Garg AD, Maes H, van Vliet AR, Agostinis P. Targeting the hallmarks of cancer with therapy-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 2:e975089. [PMID: 27308392 PMCID: PMC4905250 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.975089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is at the center of a number of vital cellular processes such as cell growth, death, and differentiation, crosstalk with immune or stromal cells, and maintenance of proteostasis or homeostasis, and ER functions have implications for various pathologies including cancer. Recently, a number of major hallmarks of cancer have been delineated that are expected to facilitate the development of anticancer therapies. However, therapeutic induction of ER stress as a strategy to broadly target multiple hallmarks of cancer has been seldom discussed despite the fact that several primary or secondary ER stress-inducing therapies have been found to exhibit positive clinical activity in cancer patients. In the present review we provide a brief historical overview of the major discoveries and milestones in the field of ER stress biology with important implications for anticancer therapy. Furthermore, we comprehensively discuss possible strategies enabling the targeting of multiple hallmarks of cancer with therapy-induced ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory; Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; KU Leuven University of Leuven ; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Maes
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory; Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; KU Leuven University of Leuven ; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander R van Vliet
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory; Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; KU Leuven University of Leuven ; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Laboratory; Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine; KU Leuven University of Leuven ; Leuven, Belgium
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Coker-Gurkan A, Arisan ED, Obakan P, Guvenir E, Unsal NP. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA potentiates purvalanol-induced apoptosis in Bax deficient HCT 116 colon cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:87-98. [PMID: 25088259 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purine-derived analogs, roscovitine and purvalanol are selective synthetic inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) induced cell cycle arrest and lead to apoptotic cell death in various cancer cells. Although a number of studies investigated the molecular mechanism of each CDK inhibitor on apoptotic cell death mechanism with their therapeutic potential, their regulatory role on autophagy is not clarified yet. In this paper, our aim was to investigate molecular mechanism of CDK inhibitors on autophagy and apoptosis in wild type (wt) and Bax deficient HCT 116 cells. Exposure of HCT 116 wt and Bax(-/-) cells to roscovitine or purvalanol for 24h decreased cell viability in dose-dependent manner. However, Bax deficient HCT 116 cells were found more resistant against purvalanol treatment compared to wt cells. We also established that both CDK inhibitors induced apoptosis through activating mitochondria-mediated pathway in caspase-dependent manner regardless of Bax expression in HCT 116 colon cancer cells. Concomitantly, we determined that purvalanol was also effective on autophagy in HCT 116 colon cancer cells. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA treatment enhanced the purvalanol induced apoptotic cell death in HCT 116 Bax(-/-) cells. Our results revealed that mechanistic action of each CDK inhibitor on cell death mechanism differs. While purvalanol treatment activated apoptosis and autophagy in HCT 116 cells, roscovitine was only effective on caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Another important difference between two CDK inhibitors, although roscovitine treatment overcame Bax-mediated drug resistance in HCT 116 cells, purvalanol did not exert same effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajda Coker-Gurkan
- Istanbul Kultur University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science and Literature Faculty, Atakoy Campus, 34156 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Elif Damla Arisan
- Istanbul Kultur University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science and Literature Faculty, Atakoy Campus, 34156 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Obakan
- Istanbul Kultur University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science and Literature Faculty, Atakoy Campus, 34156 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Guvenir
- Istanbul Kultur University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science and Literature Faculty, Atakoy Campus, 34156 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Narcin Palavan Unsal
- Istanbul Kultur University, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science and Literature Faculty, Atakoy Campus, 34156 Istanbul, Turkey
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