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Xu F, Li M, Qian Q, Chen L, Yang Y, Ji TF, Li JG. β-acetoxyisovalerylalkannin suppresses proliferation and induces ROS-based mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human melanoma cells. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:372-386. [PMID: 37310856 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2023.2221648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
β-acetoxyisovalerylalkannin (β-AIVA) is one of shikonin/alkannin derivative, which were mainly extracted from Boraginaceae family. The effects of β-AIVA on human melanoma A375 cells and U918 cells were investigated in vitro. The CCK-8 assay showed that β-AIVA inhibited proliferation of cells. Results from flow cytometry, ROS assay and JC-1 assay showed that β-AIVA increased late apoptosis rate, induced the production of ROS and promoted mitochondrial depolarization in cells. β-AIVA regulated expressions of BAX and Bcl-2 proteins, and increased the expression of cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3. These findings suggest that β-AIVA may be a potential therapeutic drug for treating melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Qian Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Ling Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Teng-Fei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian-Guang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
- Xinjiang University of Science & Technology, Korla 841899, China
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Stallinger A, Kretschmer N, Kleinegger F, Brvar L, Liegl-Atzwanger B, Prokesch A, Durchschein C, Bauer R, Deutsch A, Rinner B. β,β-Dimethylacrylshikonin Induces Apoptosis in Melanoma Cell Lines by NOXA Upregulation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:305-315. [PMID: 31961147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, with high metastasis rates and poor prognosis. Survival rates and possible therapies depend on the state of the tumor and its mutational profile. BRAF and NRAS are the most frequent driver mutations. Currently, there is no efficient therapy for NRAS-mutated or late-stage melanoma. In this study, the therapeutic potential of β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin (DMAS) was investigated on melanoma. The influence of DMAS was determined in five different melanoma cell lines with different mutational profiles. The effects of this compound on cell viability, apoptosis, and gene and protein expression were examined. The results obtained were validated in vivo. DMAS significantly reduced the viability of several melanoma cell lines in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, DMAS induced caspase-3-dependent apoptosis via NOXA upregulation, as confirmed by NOXA knockdown experiments. This is the first time that NOXA-dependent apoptosis was shown with respect to a shikonin derivative and melanoma. Additionally, tumor regression and necrosis under DMAS treatment were demonstrated in vivo. Importantly, BRAF as well as NRAS-mutated metastatic human melanoma cell lines were treated successfully in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, DMAS showed promising results and is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Stallinger
- Division of Biomedical Research , Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Division of Biomedical Research , Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Florian Kleinegger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology , Medical University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Luka Brvar
- Division of Biomedical Research , Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
| | | | - Andreas Prokesch
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging , Medical University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology , Medical University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Christin Durchschein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
| | - Beate Rinner
- Division of Biomedical Research , Medical University of Graz , 8036 Graz , Austria
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Shikonin derivatives for cancer prevention and therapy. Cancer Lett 2019; 459:248-267. [PMID: 31132429 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals gained considerable interest during the past years as source to develop new treatment options for chemoprevention and cancer therapy. Motivated by the fact that a majority of established anticancer drugs are derived in one way or another from natural resources, we focused on shikonin, a naphthoquinone with high potentials to be further developed as preventive or therapeutic drug to fight cancer. Shikonin is the major chemical component of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (Purple Cromwell) roots. Traditionally, the root extract has been applied to cure dermatitis, burns, and wounds. Over the past three decades, the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of root extracts, isolated shikonin as well as semi-synthetic and synthetic derivatives and nanoformulations have been described. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to understand the effect of shikonin at cellular and molecular levels. Preliminary clinical trials indicate the potential of shikonin for translation into clinical oncology. Shikonin exerts additive and synergistic interactions in combination with established chemotherapeutics, immunotherapeutic approaches, radiotherapy and other treatment modalities, which further underscores the potential of this phytochemical to be integrated into standard treatment regimens.
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Kretschmer N, Deutsch A, Durchschein C, Rinner B, Stallinger A, Higareda-Almaraz JC, Scheideler M, Lohberger B, Bauer R. Comparative Gene Expression Analysis in WM164 Melanoma Cells Revealed That β- β-Dimethylacrylshikonin Leads to ROS Generation, Loss of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, and Autophagy Induction. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112823. [PMID: 30380804 PMCID: PMC6278572 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is currently diagnosed as one in every three cancers. Melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, is responsible for 79% of skin cancer deaths and the incidence is rising faster than in any other solid tumor type. Previously, we have demonstrated that dimethylacrylshikonin (DMAS), isolated from the roots of Onosma paniculata (Boraginaceae), exhibited the lowest IC50 values against different tumor types out of several isolated shikonin derivatives. DMAS was especially cytotoxic towards melanoma cells and led to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In this study, we performed a comprehensive gene expression study to investigate the mechanism of action in more detail. Gene expression signature was compared to vehicle-treated WM164 control cells after 24 h of DMAS treatment; where 1192 distinct mRNAs could be identified as expressed in all replicates and 89 were at least 2-fold differentially expressed. DMAS favored catabolic processes and led in particular to p62 increase which is involved in cell growth, survival, and autophagy. More in-depth experiments revealed that DMAS led to autophagy, ROS generation, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in different melanoma cells. It has been reported that the induction of an autophagic cell death represents a highly effective approach in melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kretschmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Christin Durchschein
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Beate Rinner
- Department for Biomedical Research, Medical University Graz, Roseggerweg 48, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Alexander Stallinger
- Department for Biomedical Research, Medical University Graz, Roseggerweg 48, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Juan Carlos Higareda-Almaraz
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Marcel Scheideler
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Birgit Lohberger
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Kim DJ, Lee JH, Park HR, Choi YW. Acetylshikonin inhibits growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma by inducing apoptosis. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 70:149-157. [PMID: 27371806 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, shikonin derivatives from Lithospermum erythrorhizon have been suggested as potential chemotherapeutic agents against numerous types of cancers in addition to their traditional uses, e.g., as anti-inflammatory agents. Acetylshikonin, one of shikonin derivatives, has also been reported to possess anticancer activity. However, few studies of the effectiveness of acetylshikonin against cancer cells have been conducted, and there are no studies of oral cancers. In this study, we investigated the usefulness of acetylshikonin as a treatment regimen for oral cancers by observing the growth inhibitory function of acetylshikonin and the involved mechanisms. DESIGNS The viability, cell cycle, and ratio of apoptotic cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells were observed after treatment with acetylshikonin using MTT assay, flow cytometric analysis, and Annexin V/PI staining, respectively. In addition, molecular changes of apoptosis-related pathways and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed in acetylshikonin-treated cells. RESULTS We observed that acetylshikonin significantly suppressed the growth of OSCC cells by inducing apoptotic cell death, and acetylshikonin affected the viability of a normal keratinocyte cell line HaCaT to a lesser degree, suggesting that acetylshikonin may be a good chemotherapeutic reagent with less toxicity to normal tissues. In addition, we found that acetylshikonin-induced apoptosis of OSCC cells is mediated by ROS as well as G2 cell cycle arrest. ROS production in response to acetylshikonin treatment enhanced the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK, which are in the major pathways of apoptotic cell death mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data suggest that acetylshikonin is a strong candidate for use as a selective chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jeong Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology & BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea; School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology & BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea; School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea
| | - Hae Ryoun Park
- Department of Oral Pathology & BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea; School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea; Institute of Translational Dental Sciences, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-Ro, Yangsan 626-870, South Korea.
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Samnangjin-Ro 1268-50, Samnangjin-eup, Miryang 627-706, South Korea.
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Baek SH, Ko JH, Lee H, Jung J, Kong M, Lee JW, Lee J, Chinnathambi A, Zayed ME, Alharbi SA, Lee SG, Shim BS, Sethi G, Kim SH, Yang WM, Um JY, Ahn KS. Resveratrol inhibits STAT3 signaling pathway through the induction of SOCS-1: Role in apoptosis induction and radiosensitization in head and neck tumor cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:566-577. [PMID: 27064016 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is persistently activated in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and can cause uncontrolled cellular proliferation and division. HYPOTHESIS Thus, its targeted abrogation could be an effective strategy to reduce the risk of SCCHN. Resveratrol is known for its anti-cancer efficacy in a variety of cancer models. STUDY DESIGN The effect resveratrol on STAT3 activation, associated protein kinases, phosphatases, cellular proliferation and apoptosis was investigated. METHODS We evaluated the effect of resveratrol on STAT3 signaling cascade and its regulated functional responses in SCCHN cells. RESULTS We found that HN3 and FaDu cells expressed strongly phosphorylated STAT3 on both tyrosine 705 and serine 727 residues as compared to other SCCHN cells. The phosphorylation was completely suppressed by resveratrol in FaDu cells, but not substantially in HN3 cells. STAT3 suppression was mediated through the inhibition of activation of upstream JAK2, but not of JAK1 and Src kinases. Treatment with the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitor pervanadate reversed the resveratrol-induced down-regulation of STAT3, thereby indicating a critical role for a PTP. We also found that resveratrol induced the expression of the SOCS-1 protein and mRNA. Further, deletion of SOCS-1 gene by siRNA suppressed the induction of SOCS-1, and reversed the inhibition of STAT3 activation. Resveratrol down-regulated various STAT3-regulated gene products, inhibited proliferation, invasion, as well as induced the cell accumulation in the sub-G1 phase and caused apoptosis. Beside, this phytoalexin also exhibited the enhancement of apoptosis when combined with ionizing radiation treatment. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that resveratrol blocks STAT3 signaling pathway through induction of SOCS-1, thus attenuating STAT3 phosphorylation and proliferation in SCCHN cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ho Baek
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Ko
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanwool Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhong Jung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-872, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkyoo Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-872, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-woo Lee
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, Kyung Hee University School of Dentistry, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-872, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhee Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - M E Zayed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seok-Geun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Sang Shim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Mo Yang
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Um
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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