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Song G, Sun Z, Chu M, Zhang Z, Chen J, Wang Z, Zhu X. FBXO28 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion via upregulation of the TGF-beta1/SMAD2/3 signaling pathway in ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:122. [PMID: 38267923 PMCID: PMC10807113 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies due to the lack of early symptoms, early diagnosis and limited screening. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanism underlying the occurrence and progression of ovarian cancer and to identify a basic biomarker for the early diagnosis and clinical treatment of ovarian cancer. METHODS The association between FBXO28 and ovarian cancer prognosis was analyzed using Kaplan‒Meier survival analysis. The difference in FBXO28 mRNA expression between normal ovarian tissues and ovarian tumor tissues was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) cohorts. The expression levels of the FBXO28 protein in ovarian cancer tissues and normal ovarian tissues were measured via immunohistochemical staining. Western blotting was used to determine the level of FBXO28 expression in ovarian cancer cells. The CCK-8, the colony formation, Transwell migration and invasion assays were performed to evaluate cell proliferation and motility. RESULTS We found that a higher expression level of FBXO28 was associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. Analysis of the TCGA and GTEx cohorts showed that the FBXO28 mRNA level was lower in normal ovarian tissue samples than in ovarian cancer tissue samples. Compared with that in normal ovarian tissues or cell lines, the expression of FBXO28 was greater in ovarian tumor tissues or tumor cells. The upregulation of FBXO28 promoted the viability, proliferation, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Finally, we demonstrated that FBXO28 activated the TGF-beta1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway in ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, FBXO28 enhanced oncogenic function via upregulation of the TGF-beta1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gendi Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Zhengwei Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Man Chu
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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Tashiro J, Sugiura A, Warita T, Irie N, Dwi Cahyadi D, Ishikawa T, Warita K. CYP11A1 silencing suppresses HMGCR expression via cholesterol accumulation and sensitizes CRPC cell line DU-145 to atorvastatin. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 153:104-112. [PMID: 37770151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, which are cholesterol synthesis inhibitors, are well-known therapeutics for dyslipidemia; however, some studies have anticipated their use as anticancer agents. However, epithelial cancer cells show strong resistance to statins through an increased expression of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), an inhibitory target of statins. Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells synthesize androgens from cholesterol on their own. We performed suppression of CYP11A1, a rate-limiting enzyme in androgen synthesis from cholesterol, using siRNA or inhibitors, to examine the effect of steroidogenesis inhibition on statin sensitivity in CRPC cells. Here, we suggested that CYP11A1 silencing sensitized the statin-resistant CRPC cell line DU-145 to atorvastatin via HMGCR downregulation by an increase in intracellular free cholesterol. We further demonstrated that CYP11A1 silencing induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which converted DU-145 cells into a statin-sensitive phenotype. This suggests that concomitant use of CYP11A1 inhibitors could be an effective approach for overcoming statin resistance in CRPC. Moreover, we showed that ketoconazole, a CYP11A1 inhibitor, sensitized DU-145 cells to atorvastatin, although not all the molecular events observed in CYP11A1 silencing were reproducible. Although further studies are necessary to clarify the detailed mechanisms, ketoconazole may be effective as a concomitant drug that potentiates the anticancer effect of atorvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Tashiro
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sugiura
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tomoko Warita
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nanami Irie
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Danang Dwi Cahyadi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Takuro Ishikawa
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan; Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Warita
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
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He P, Dai Q, Wu X. New insight in urological cancer therapy: From epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to application of nano-biomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115672. [PMID: 36906272 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A high number of cancer-related deaths (up to 90) are due to metastasis and simple definition of metastasis is new colony formation of tumor cells in a secondary site. In tumor cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) stimulates metastasis and invasion, and it is a common characteristic of malignant tumors. Prostate cancer, bladder cancer and renal cancer are three main types of urological tumors that their malignant and aggressive behaviors are due to abnormal proliferation and metastasis. EMT has been well-documented as a mechanism for promoting invasion of tumor cells and in the current review, a special attention is directed towards understanding role of EMT in malignancy, metastasis and therapy response of urological cancers. The invasion and metastatic characteristics of urological tumors enhance due to EMT induction and this is essential for ensuring survival and ability in developing new colonies in neighboring and distant tissues and organs. When EMT induction occurs, malignant behavior of tumor cells enhances and their tend in developing therapy resistance especially chemoresistance promotes that is one of the underlying reasons for therapy failure and patient death. The lncRNAs, microRNAs, eIF5A2, Notch-4 and hypoxia are among common modulators of EMT mechanism in urological tumors. Moreover, anti-tumor compounds such as metformin can be utilized in suppressing malignancy of urological tumors. Besides, genes and epigenetic factors modulating EMT mechanism can be therapeutically targeted for interfering malignancy of urological tumors. Nanomaterials are new emerging agents in urological cancer therapy that they can improve potential of current therapeutics by their targeted delivery to tumor site. The important hallmarks of urological cancers including growth, invasion and angiogenesis can be suppressed by cargo-loaded nanomaterials. Moreover, nanomaterials can improve chemotherapy potential in urological cancer elimination and by providing phototherapy, they mediate synergistic tumor suppression. The clinical application depends on development of biocompatible nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qiang Dai
- Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Mahmoud K, Teaima M, Attia Y, El-Nabarawi M, Swidan S. Size-optimized simvastatin-loaded TPGS modified lipid nanocapsules for targeting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma: Role of PTEN/AKT signaling. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:703-719. [PMID: 37208857 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2216451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Novel D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) modified lipid nanocapsules (LNC) were prepared with the aim of improving the effectiveness of simvastatin (SIM) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study, therefore, sought to investigate the effect of size-optimized SIM-loaded LNC on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC, providing insights on the implication of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/protein kinase B (AKT) axis. METHODS Two optimized SIM-loaded LNCs with particle sizes 25 nm (SIM-LNC25) and 50 nm (SIM-LNC50) were prepared and biodistribution studies were performed. The anticancer effect of the prepared LNC was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The anti-migratory potential and EMT suppression through PTEN/AKT axis modulation were also explored. RESULTS SIM-LNC50 was superior to SIM-LNC25 in both in vitro and in vivo experiments, as evidenced by cytotoxicity assays, tumor histopathology, and enhanced apoptosis. SIM-LNC50 also alleviated the migratory potential of HCC cells. Moreover, EMT markers implied a transition of tumor cells toward the epithelial rather than the mesenchymal phenotype both in vitro and in vivo. PTEN/AKT axis modulation was also evident with SIM-LNC50. CONCLUSION The present study, therefore, suggests the efficacy of the 50 nm particles in SIM-loaded LNC in HCC by targeting EMT via modulating the PTEN/AKT signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Mahmoud
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Teaima
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmeen Attia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Nabarawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shady Swidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt
- The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt
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Polyploid giant cancer cells are dependent on cholesterol for progeny formation through amitotic division. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8971. [PMID: 35624221 PMCID: PMC9142539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells (PGCC) are increasingly being recognized as drivers of cancer recurrence. Therapy stress promotes the formation of these cells, which upon stress cessation often successfully generate more aggressive progeny that repopulate the tumor. Therefore, identification of potential PGCC vulnerabilities is key to preventing therapy failure. We have previously demonstrated that PGCC progeny formation depends on the lysosomal enzyme acid ceramidase (ASAH1). In this study, we compared transcriptomes of parental cancer cells and PGCC in the absence or presence of the ASAH1 inhibitor LCL521. Results show that PGCC express less INSIG1, which downregulates cholesterol metabolism and that inhibition of ASAH1 increased HMGCR which is the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Confocal microscopy revealed that ceramide and cholesterol do not colocalize. Treatment with LCL521 or simvastatin to inhibit ASAH1 or HMGCR, respectively, resulted in accumulation of ceramide at the cell surface of PGCC and prevented PGCC progeny formation. Our results suggest that similarly to inhibition of ASAH1, disruption of cholesterol signaling is a potential strategy to interfere with PGCC progeny formation.
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Fu J, Hu X. Simvastatin alleviates epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and oxidative stress of high glucose‑induced lens epithelial cells in vitro by inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:420. [PMID: 35601076 PMCID: PMC9117960 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cataracts (DC) is one of the main causes of blindness among patients with diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of simvastatin on lens epithelial cells in DC and the underlying mechanism. The viability of SRA01/04 cells treated with different concentrations of simvastatin was detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay before and after high glucose (HG) treatment. The expression levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), proteins associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in addition to RhoA, Rho-associated kinases (ROCK)1 and ROCK2, proteins related to RhoA/ROCK signaling, were also measured in SRA01/04 cells treated with HG and simvastatin, with or without U46619, using western blot analysis. DCFH-DA dyes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) kits were used to measure the levels of oxidative stress parameters in SRA01/04 cells treated with HG and simvastatin with or without U46619. The cell viability of SRA01/04 cells treated with simvastatin was found to be significantly elevated after HG treatment. The protein expression levels of E-cadherin were increased but those of N-cadherin, Vimentin and α-SMA decreased after HG and simvastatin treatment, and this was reversed by U46619. The levels of SOD and GSH-GSSG were found to be increased whereas reactive oxygen species levels were decreased, effects that were reversed by U46619. Additionally, the protein expression levels of RhoA, ROCK1 and ROCK2 were markedly decreased. These findings provided evidence that simvastatin increased HG-induced SRA01/04 cell viability and exerted inhibitory effects on EMT and oxidative stress that occurs during DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yueqing, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325608, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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7
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Dorsch M, Kowalczyk M, Planque M, Heilmann G, Urban S, Dujardin P, Forster J, Ueffing K, Nothdurft S, Oeck S, Paul A, Liffers ST, Kaschani F, Kaiser M, Schramm A, Siveke JT, Winslow MM, Fendt SM, Nalbant P, Grüner BM. Statins affect cancer cell plasticity with distinct consequences for tumor progression and metastasis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110056. [PMID: 34818551 PMCID: PMC8640221 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are among the most commonly prescribed drugs, and around every fourth person above the age of 40 is on statin medication. Therefore, it is of utmost clinical importance to understand the effect of statins on cancer cell plasticity and its consequences to not only patients with cancer but also patients who are on statins. Here, we find that statins induce a partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype in cancer cells of solid tumors. Using a comprehensive STRING network analysis of transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome data combined with multiple mechanistic in vitro and functional in vivo analyses, we demonstrate that statins reduce cellular plasticity by enforcing a mesenchymal-like cell state that increases metastatic seeding ability on one side but reduces the formation of (secondary) tumors on the other due to heterogeneous treatment responses. Taken together, we provide a thorough mechanistic overview of the consequences of statin use for each step of cancer development, progression, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Dorsch
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Mélanie Planque
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geronimo Heilmann
- Department of Chemical Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Urban
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Philip Dujardin
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Jan Forster
- Department of Genome Informatics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kristina Ueffing
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Silke Nothdurft
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeck
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Annika Paul
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sven T Liffers
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Department of Chemical Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Department of Chemical Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schramm
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Jens T Siveke
- Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany; Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Essen, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Barbara M Grüner
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen at the University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Papanikolaou S, Vourda A, Syggelos S, Gyftopoulos K. Cell Plasticity and Prostate Cancer: The Role of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Tumor Progression, Invasion, Metastasis and Cancer Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112795. [PMID: 34199763 PMCID: PMC8199975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well-known cellular process involved during normal embryogenesis and wound healing, it also has a dark side; it is a complex process that provides tumor cells with a more aggressive phenotype, facilitating tumor metastasis and even resistance to therapy. This review focuses on the key pathways of EMT in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and the development of metastases and evasion of currently available treatments. Abstract Prostate cancer, the second most common malignancy in men, is characterized by high heterogeneity that poses several therapeutic challenges. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic, reversible cellular process which is essential in normal embryonic morphogenesis and wound healing. However, the cellular changes that are induced by EMT suggest that it may also play a central role in tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to current therapeutic options. These changes include enhanced motility and loss of cell–cell adhesion that form a more aggressive cellular phenotype. Moreover, the reverse process (MET) is a necessary element of the metastatic tumor process. It is highly probable that this cell plasticity reflects a hybrid state between epithelial and mesenchymal status. In this review, we describe the underlying key mechanisms of the EMT-induced phenotype modulation that contribute to prostate tumor aggressiveness and cancer therapy resistance, in an effort to provide a framework of this complex cellular process.
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Aschenbrenner B, Negro G, Savic D, Sorokin M, Buzdin A, Ganswindt U, Cemazar M, Sersa G, Skvortsov S, Skvortsova I. Simvastatin is effective in killing the radioresistant breast carcinoma cells. Radiol Oncol 2021; 55:305-316. [PMID: 33939900 PMCID: PMC8366725 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins, small molecular 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, are widely used to lower cholesterol levels in lipid-metabolism disorders. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown that statins exert beneficial effects in the management of breast cancer by increasing recurrence free survival. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS Simvastatin, one of the most widely prescribed lipophilic statins was utilized to investigate potential radiosensitizing effects and an impact on cell survival and migration in radioresistant breast cancer cell lines. RESULTS Compared to parental cell counterparts, radioresistant MDA-MB-231-RR, T47D-RR andAu565-RR cells were characterized by upregulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutharyl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) expression accompanied by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation. Radioresistant breast cancer cells can be killed by simvastatin via mobilizing of a variety of pathways involved in apoptosis and autophagy. In the presence of simvastatin migratory abilities and vimentin expression is diminished while E-cadherin expression is increased. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that simvastatin may effectively eradicate radioresistant breast carcinoma cells and diminish their mesenchymal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Aschenbrenner
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
- EORTC PathoBiology GroupMoscow, Russia
| | - Giulia Negro
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
- EORTC PathoBiology GroupMoscow, Russia
| | - Dragana Savic
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
- EORTC PathoBiology GroupMoscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Sorokin
- EORTC PathoBiology GroupMoscow, Russia
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Omicsway Corp., Walnut, USA
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Buzdin
- EORTC PathoBiology GroupMoscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Oncobox ltd., Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ute Ganswindt
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maja Cemazar
- EORTC PathoBiology GroupMoscow, Russia
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Department of Experimental Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Department of Experimental Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sergej Skvortsov
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ira Skvortsova
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
- EORTC PathoBiology GroupMoscow, Russia
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Taki M, Abiko K, Ukita M, Murakami R, Yamanoi K, Yamaguchi K, Hamanishi J, Baba T, Matsumura N, Mandai M. Tumor Immune Microenvironment during Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4669-4679. [PMID: 33827891 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to play a critical role in tumor development from initiation to metastasis. EMT could be regarded as a continuum, with intermediate hybrid epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes having high plasticity. Classical EMT is characterized by the phenotype change of epithelial cells to cells with mesenchymal properties, but EMT is also associated with multiple other molecular processes, including tumor immune evasion. Some previous studies have shown that EMT is associated with the cell number of immunosuppressive cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and the expression of immune checkpoints, such as programmed cell death-ligand 1, in several cancer types. At the molecular level, EMT transcriptional factors, including Snail, Zeb1, and Twist1, produce or attract immunosuppressive cells or promote the expression of immunosuppressive checkpoint molecules via chemokine production, leading to a tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. In turn, immunosuppressive factors induce EMT in tumor cells. This feedback loop between EMT and immunosuppression promotes tumor progression. For therapy directly targeting EMT has been challenging, the elucidation of the interactive regulation of EMT and immunosuppression is desirable for developing new therapeutic approaches in cancer. The combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and immunotherapy targeting immunosuppressive cells could be a promising therapy for EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Taki
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Abiko
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayo Ukita
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Murakami
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanoi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Yamaguchi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junzo Hamanishi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Baba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Noriomi Matsumura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mandai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Cardoso HJ, Carvalho TMA, Fonseca LRS, Figueira MI, Vaz CV, Socorro S. Revisiting prostate cancer metabolism: From metabolites to disease and therapy. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:1499-1538. [PMID: 33274768 DOI: 10.1002/med.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide, still presents important unmet clinical needs concerning treatment. In the last years, the metabolic reprogramming and the specificities of tumor cells emerged as an exciting field for cancer therapy. The unique features of PCa cells metabolism, and the activation of specific metabolic pathways, propelled the use of metabolic inhibitors for treatment. The present work revises the knowledge of PCa metabolism and the metabolic alterations that underlie the development and progression of the disease. A focus is given to the role of bioenergetic sources, namely, glucose, lipids, and glutamine sustaining PCa cell survival and growth. Moreover, it is described as the action of oncogenes/tumor suppressors and sex steroid hormones in the metabolic reprogramming of PCa. Finally, the status of PCa treatment based on the inhibition of metabolic pathways is presented. Globally, this review updates the landscape of PCa metabolism, highlighting the critical metabolic alterations that could have a clinical and therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M A Carvalho
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lara R S Fonseca
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marília I Figueira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cátia V Vaz
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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12
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Kaszak I, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Niewiadomska Z, Dworecka-Kaszak B, Ngosa Toka F, Jurka P. Role of Cadherins in Cancer-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7624. [PMID: 33076339 PMCID: PMC7589192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherins play an important role in tissue homeostasis, as they are responsible for cell-cell adhesion during embryogenesis, tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and carcinogenesis. Cadherins are inseparably connected with catenins, forming cadherin-catenin complexes, which are crucial for cell-to-cell adherence. Any dysfunction or destabilization of cadherin-catenin complex may result in tumor progression. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a mechanism in which epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) expression is lost during tumor progression. However, during tumorigenesis, many processes take place, and downregulation of E-cadherin, nuclear β-catenin and p120 catenin (p120) signaling are among the most critical. Additional signaling pathways, such as Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), Rho GTPases, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Hippo affect cadherin cell-cell adhesion and also contribute to tumor progression and metastasis. Many signaling pathways may be activated during tumorigenesis; thus, cadherin-targeting drugs seem to limit the progression of malignant tumor. This review discusses the role of cadherins in selected signaling mechanisms involved in tumor growth. The clinical importance of cadherin will be discussed in cases of human and animal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kaszak
- Department of Small Animal Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Niewiadomska
- Carnivore Reproduction Study Center, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maison Alfort, France;
| | - Bożena Dworecka-Kaszak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, BOX 334 Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies;
| | - Piotr Jurka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
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13
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Matusewicz L, Czogalla A, Sikorski AF. Attempts to use statins in cancer therapy: An update. Tumour Biol 2020; 42:1010428320941760. [PMID: 32662332 DOI: 10.1177/1010428320941760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it could be speculated that almost everything has been said concerning the use of statins in cancer therapy, statins as anticancer drugs have both committed supporters and opponents, for whom the dispute about the legitimacy of statin use in cancer treatment seems never to be clearly resolved; every year more than 300 reports which deepen the knowledge about statins and their influence on cancer cells are published. In this mini-review, we focus on the latest (since 2015) outcomes of cohort studies and meta-analyses indicating statin effectiveness in cancer treatment. We discuss attempts to improve the bioavailability of statins using nanocarriers and review the effectiveness of statins in combined therapies. We also summarise the latest results regarding the development of mechanisms of resistance to statins by cancer cells and, on the other hand, give a few examples where statins could potentially be used to overcome resistance to commonly used chemotherapeutics. Finally, special attention is paid to new reports on the effect of statins on epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Matusewicz
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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14
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Chen Q, Chen R, Dong Y. Inhibitory effect of endostar combined with radiotherapy on gastric cancer animal models. World J Surg Oncol 2020; 18:165. [PMID: 32669133 PMCID: PMC7364530 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-020-01937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory effect of endostar combined with radiotherapy on gastric cancer (GC) animal models and its effect on transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and inter-leukin-10 (IL-10) were evaluated. METHODS Forty mice of GC model xenograft tumors were prepared and randomly divided into blank control group, endostar group, radiotherapy group, and endostar combined with radiotherapy group (combination group). From the 14th day, a vernier caliper was used for measuring the long and short diameters of the xenograft tumors. The formula V = ab2/2 was used for calculating the tumor volume and to obtain its average value. Tumor growth curves were plotted to calculate the tumor inhibition rate. The growth of xenograft tumors and the behavioral changes of mice were observed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detecting the expression levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1. RESULTS The tumor growth in the combination group was significantly inhibited, and the tumor volume was the smallest compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). Compared to the blank control group, the tumor inhibition rate was 11.8% in endostar group, 33.0% in radiotherapy group, and 52.1% in combination group (p < 0.01). Endostar combined with radiotherapy had an interaction in decreasing the expression levels of TGF-β1 and IL-10 (F = 4.35 and 5.12, p < 0.05). Leucocyte count was significantly higher in control and combination groups than that in endostar and radiotherapy groups. The body weight of mice in endostar and radiotherapy groups decreased after treatment (p < 0.05). The body weight of mice after treatment in control and combination groups increased, with a statistically significant difference compared to that before treatment (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference among all groups after treatment (F = 198.1, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Endostar combined with radiotherapy can inhibit tumor growth and downregulate the expression levels of TGF-β1 and IL-10 through synergistic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitian Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 15 Jiefang Road, Xiangyang, 441000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 15 Jiefang Road, Xiangyang, 441000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Youhong Dong
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, 15 Jiefang Road, Xiangyang, 441000, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Sherbet GV. Statins: A Conceivable Remedial Role for the Regulation of Cancer Progression. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666180611113834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway (also known as the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway) plays a crucial metabolic role in normal cell function as well as in the pathological environment. It leads to the synthesis of sterol and non-sterol isoprenoid biomolecules which subserve a variety of cellular functions. It is known to be deregulated in many disease processes. Statins and bisphosphonates are prominent inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway. They inhibit cell proliferation and activate apoptotic signalling and suppress tumour growth. Statins subdue metastatic spread of tumours by virtue of their ability to suppress invasion and angiogenesis. The induction of autophagy is another feature of statin effects that could contribute to the suppression of metastasis. Herein highlighted are the major signalling systems that statins engage to generate these biological effects. Statins can constrain tumour growth by influencing the expression and function of growth factor and receptor systems. They may suppress epithelial mesenchymal transition with resultant inhibition of cell survival signalling, together with the inhibition of cancer stem cell generation, and their maintenance and expansion. They can suppress ER (oestrogen receptor)-α in breast cancer cells. Statins have been implicated in the activation of the serine/threonine protein kinase AMPK (5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein) leading to the suppression of cell proliferation. Both statins and bisphosphonates can suppress angiogenic signalling by HIF (hypoxia- inducible factor)-1/eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)/VEGFR (VEGF receptor). Statins have been linked with improvements in disease prognosis. Also attributed to them is the ability of cancer prevention and reduction of risk of some forms of cancer. The wide spectrum of cancer associated events which these mevalonate inhibitors appear to influence would suggest a conceivable role for them in cancer management. However, much deliberation is warranted in the design and planning of clinical trials, their scope and definition of endpoints, modes risk assessment and the accrual of benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan V. Sherbet
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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16
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Song Y, Ye M, Zhou J, Wang ZW, Zhu X. Restoring E-cadherin Expression by Natural Compounds for Anticancer Therapies in Genital and Urinary Cancers. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 14:130-138. [PMID: 31194121 PMCID: PMC6551504 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin plays a pivotal role in cancer progression, including the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and tumor metastasis. Loss of E-cadherin contributes to enhanced invasion and metastasis in human cancers. Therefore, restoring E-cadherin could be a potential approach for cancer therapy. Multiple natural compounds have been shown to possess anti-tumor activities through the regulation of key molecules in signaling pathways, including E-cadherin. In this review, we describe the numerous compounds that restore the expression of E-cadherin in genital and urinary malignancies. We further discuss the potential anti-tumor molecular mechanisms of these agents as the activators of E-cadherin in genital and urinary cancers. Although these compounds exhibit their potential to inhibit the development and progression of cancers, there are several challenges to developing them as therapeutic drugs for cancer patients. Poor bioavailability in vivo is the main disadvantage of these compounds. Modification of compound structures has produced actual improvements in bioavailability. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems could be useful to deliver the agents to targeted organs. These compounds could be new promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of human genital and urinary cancers. Further investigations are required to determine the safety and side effects of natural compounds using animal models prior to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizuo Song
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Miaomiao Ye
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Junhan Zhou
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Departmant of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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17
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Curbing Lipids: Impacts ON Cancer and Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030644. [PMID: 30717356 PMCID: PMC6387424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play a fundamental role in maintaining normal function in healthy cells. Their functions include signaling, storing energy, and acting as the central structural component of cell membranes. Alteration of lipid metabolism is a prominent feature of cancer, as cancer cells must modify their metabolism to fulfill the demands of their accelerated proliferation rate. This aberrant lipid metabolism can affect cellular processes such as cell growth, survival, and migration. Besides the gene mutations, environmental factors, and inheritance, several infectious pathogens are also linked with human cancers worldwide. Tumor viruses are top on the list of infectious pathogens to cause human cancers. These viruses insert their own DNA (or RNA) into that of the host cell and affect host cellular processes such as cell growth, survival, and migration. Several of these cancer-causing viruses are reported to be reprogramming host cell lipid metabolism. The reliance of cancer cells and viruses on lipid metabolism suggests enzymes that can be used as therapeutic targets to exploit the addiction of infected diseased cells on lipids and abrogate tumor growth. This review focuses on normal lipid metabolism, lipid metabolic pathways and their reprogramming in human cancers and viral infection linked cancers and the potential anticancer drugs that target specific lipid metabolic enzymes. Here, we discuss statins and fibrates as drugs to intervene in disordered lipid pathways in cancer cells. Further insight into the dysregulated pathways in lipid metabolism can help create more effective anticancer therapies.
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18
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Koohestanimobarhan S, Salami S, Imeni V, Mohammadi Z, Bayat O. Lipophilic statins antagonistically alter the major epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signaling pathways in breast cancer stem-like cells via inhibition of the mevalonate pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:2515-2531. [PMID: 30191610 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to therapies, recurrence, and metastasis remain challenging issues for breast cancer patients, particularly for triple-negative and breast cancer stem cells. The activation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an indispensable role in the poor prognosis of those types. The accumulating proofs indicated that the mevalonate pathway crucially mediates a poor prognosis. Here, the effects of lipophilic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A inhibitors, atorvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin, were investigated on expression and function of a selected profile of EMT-related genes in breast cancer stem-like cells. A nontoxic dose of statins (5 μM for 4 days) significantly (P < 0.05 and >2-fold change) altered expression of 50 of 71 studied genes with a shared cluster of 37 genes that are coding chief operator of signaling pathways in Hippo, Notch, Wnt, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and cell death. They also significantly decreased the levels of Yap/Taz proteins and shifted the expression of vimentin/E-cadherin in favor of induction of differentiation. Statins significantly chemosensitized the treated cells to doxorubicin and also reduced in vitro migration of the cells. Whereas lovastatin and simvastatin significantly decreased the expression of CD44, atorvastatin drastically increased CD24 and caused more wide-ranging impacts. In summary, the statins hold back the process of EMT by the antagonizing of EMT-promoting pathways. High degree of overlapping findings is supportive of the central role of the mevalonate pathway in cancer stem-like cells, but further studies are required to find the optimized chemical structure for the maximum abrogation of orchestrated EMT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Koohestanimobarhan
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Salami
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Imeni
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Mohammadi
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Bayat
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Xu CB, Liu XSBJ, Li JQ, Zhao X, Xin D, Yu D. microRNA-539 functions as a tumor suppressor in papillary thyroid carcinoma via the transforming growth factor β1/Smads signaling pathway by targeting secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:10830-10846. [PMID: 30706537 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid malignancy, with growing incidence every year. microRNAs (miRs) are known to regulate the physiological and pathological processes of cancers, such as proliferation, migration, invasion, survival, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Herein, this study aimed to investigate the effect of miR-539 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and EMT by targeting secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) via the transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)/Smads signaling pathway in PTC. First, PTC-related differentially expressed genes and regulatory miR were screened using bioinformatics analysis, dual luciferase reporter gene assay, and ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation, which identified the SLPI gene and the regulatory miR-539 for this study. We identified SLPI as a highly expressed gene in PTC tissues, and SLPI was targeted and negatively regulated by miR-539. Then, we introduced a series of miR-539 mimics, miR-539 inhibitors, and small interfering RNA against SLPI plasmids into CGTHW-3 cells to examine the effects of miR-539 and SLPI on the expression of TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway-, EMT-, and apoptosis-related factors, as well as cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. The obtained results indicated that CGTHW-3 cells treated with silenced SLPI or overexpressed miR-539 suppressed the cell proliferation, migration, invasion abilities, and resistance to apoptosis of PTC cells, corresponding to increased expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein, TGF-β1, Sekelsky mothers against dpp 4, and epithelial cadherin, and decreased B cell lymphoma 2, Vimentin, and N-cadherin. Altogether, we concluded that overexpressed miR-539 could inhibit the PTC cell proliferation and promote apoptosis and EMT by targeting SPLI via activation of the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Bi Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Shi-Bo-Jie Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Qiu Li
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Ding Xin
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
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20
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Lee CH. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: Initiation by cues from chronic inflammatory tumor microenvironment and termination by anti-inflammatory compounds and specialized pro-resolving lipids. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:261-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Atorvastatin and Caffeine in Combination Regulates Apoptosis, Migration, Invasion and Tumorspheres of Prostate Cancer Cells. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 26:209-216. [PMID: 29796873 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atorvastatin is the most prescribed cholesterol-lowering statin, while caffeine enhances chemo-sensitivity and induces apoptosis of tumor cells through its DNA repair-inhibiting effect. The present study investigated the effects and mechanisms of atorvastatin and caffeine in combination on human prostate cancer cells cultured in vitro. Cell growth were determined by the trypan blue exclusion assay. The cell apoptosis and colony formation were determined by morphological assessment. The ability of cell migration and invasion were performed using a scratch wound-healing and Transwell assay. Tumorspheres were formed in suspension under the condition of non-adherence and serum-free medium. Finally, the western blot assay was used to determine the levels of proteins. The combination synergistically suppressed proliferation and induced apoptotic death. Meanwhile, the migration, invasion, and the formation of tumorspheres were significantly inhibited by the combination. We found that atorvastatin and caffeine in combination downregulated phospho-Akt, phospho-Erk1/2, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Survivin protein levels. Results of the present study indicate treatment with the combination of caffeine and atorvastatin may be an effective strategy for inhibiting the growth of prostate cancer and should be evaluated clinically.
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22
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Jung EJ, Chung KH, Kim CW. Identification of simvastatin-regulated targets associated with JNK activation in DU145 human prostate cancer cell death signaling. BMB Rep 2018; 50:466-471. [PMID: 28803608 PMCID: PMC5625694 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2017.50.9.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of this study show that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation was associated with the enhancement of docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity by simvastatin in DU145 human prostate cancer cells. To better understand the basic molecular mechanisms, we investigated simvastatin-regulated targets during simvastatin-induced cell death in DU145 cells using two-dimensional (2D) proteomic analysis. Thus, vimentin, Ras-related protein Rab-1B (RAB1B), cytoplasmic hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (cHMGCS), thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5 (TXNDC5), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K), N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), and isopentenyl-diphosphate Delta-isomerase 1 (IDI1) protein spots were identified as simvastatin-regulated targets involved in DU145 cell death signaling pathways. Moreover, the JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly inhibited the upregulation of NDRG1 and IDI protein levels by combination treatment of docetaxel and simvastatin. These results suggest that NDRG1 and IDI could at least play an important role in DU145 cell death signaling as simvastatin-regulated targets associated with JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Ky Hyun Chung
- Department of Urology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Choong Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
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23
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Wang ZS, Huang HR, Zhang LY, Kim S, He Y, Li DL, Farischon C, Zhang K, Zheng X, Du ZY, Goodin S. Mechanistic Study of Inhibitory Effects of Metformin and Atorvastatin in Combination on Prostate Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:1247-1254. [PMID: 28769006 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is a commonly used drug for the treatment of type II diabetes and atorvastatin is the most prescribed cholesterol-lowering statin. The present study investigated the effects and mechanisms of metformin and atorvastatin in combination on human prostate cancer cells cultured in vitro and grown as xenograft tumor in vivo. Metformin in combination with atorvastatin had stronger effects on growth inhibition and apoptosis in PC-3 cells than either drug alone. The combination also potently inhibited cell migration and the formation of tumorspheres. Metformin and atorvastatin in combination had a potent inhibitory effect on nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activity and caused strong decreases in the expression of its downstream anti-apoptotic gene Survivin. Moreover, strong decreases in the levels of phospho-Akt and phosphor-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2 were found in the cells treated with the combination. The in vivo study showed that treatment of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with metformin or atorvastatin alone resulted in moderate inhibition of tumor growth while the combination strongly inhibited the growth of the tumors. Results of the present study indicate the combination of metformin and atorvastatin may be an effective strategy for inhibiting the growth of prostate cancer and should be evaluated clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Shi Wang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology
| | - Hua-Rong Huang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology
| | - Lan-Yue Zhang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology
| | - Seungkee Kim
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers
| | - Yan He
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology
| | - Dong-Li Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University
| | - Chelsea Farischon
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers
| | - Kun Zhang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology.,Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
| | - Zhi-Yun Du
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory for Anticancer Research, Guangdong University of Technology
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The effect of mast cells on the biological characteristics of prostate cancer cells. Cent Eur J Immunol 2018; 43:1-8. [PMID: 29731687 PMCID: PMC5927167 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.74867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study To investigate the effects of mast cells on the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of prostate cancer cells. Material and methods The mast cell P815 and prostate cancer LNCaP cells were chosen using a Transwell chamber to construct a two-cell cocultured in vitro model to observe the migration of mast cells to prostate cancer cells. Results In the migration experiment, the migration rate of mast cells from the experimental group (%) was 10.167 ±0.833, the mast cell migration rate (%) of the control group was 0.833 ±0.208, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The MTT test showed that the OD value of cells in each group over time increased gradually, and 24 h after LNCaP cells were cocultured with different concentrations of mast cells, the OD value was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). QRT-PCR and western blot results showed that, compared with the control group, E-cad expression from the experimental group was significantly weakened; N-cad and vimentin expression increased (p < 0.05), and c-kit and SCF expression from experimental group were significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). After the addition of c-kit neutralising antibodies, compared with the control group, the mast cell migration rate of experimental group decreased significantly and prostate cancer cell proliferation significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Conclusions Mast cells could promote the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and the occurrence of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), which could promote the invasion and metastasis of prostate cancer cells.
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Inflammatory Proteomic Network Analysis of Statin-treated and Lipopolysaccharide-activated Macrophages. Sci Rep 2018; 8:164. [PMID: 29317699 PMCID: PMC5760528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant component of immune biology research is the investigation of protein encoding genes that play central roles in contributing inflammatory response. A gel-free quantitative bottom-up proteomics study was performed on immune cell macrophages after the combined treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and statin drugs using mass spectrometry and a detailed bioinformatics analyses were conducted. Systematic bioinformatics analysis was applied for discovering novel relationships among proteins and effects of statin and lipopolysaccharide in macrophage cells. Based on gene ontology, majority of protein encoding genes was involved in metabolic and cellular processes and are actively associated with binding, structural molecular, and catalytic activity. Notably, proteomic data analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), discovered the plectin and prohibitin 2 protein interactions network and inflammatory-disease based protein networks. Two up-regulated proteins, plectin and prohibitin 2, were further validated by immunoblotting. Plectin was also cross-validated by immunocytochemistry, since its expression was highly modulated by statin but inhibited during LPS-stimulation. Collectively, the significant up-regulation of plectin due to the treatment of statin, suggests that statin has a significant impact on the cytoskeletal networks of cells. Plectin might have a significant role in the intermediate filament assembly and dynamics, and possibly stabilizing and crosslinking intermediate filament networks.
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Cholesterol overload in the liver aggravates oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage and accelerates hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104136-104148. [PMID: 29262627 PMCID: PMC5732793 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancers represent the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Diverse etiological factors include chronic viral hepatitis, aflatoxin and alcohol exposure as well as aberrant liver lipid overload. Cholesterol has been identified as a key inducer of metabolic impairment, oxidative stress and promoter of cellular dysfunction. The aim of this work was to address the oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage induced by cholesterol overload, and its role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. C57BL/6 male mice were fed with a high cholesterol diet, followed by a single dose of N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 10 μg/g, ip). Reactive oxygen species generation, DNA oxidation, antioxidant and DNA repair proteins were analyzed at different time points. Diet-induced cholesterol overload caused enhanced oxidative DNA damage in the liver and was associated with a decrease in key DNA repair genes as early as 7 days. Interestingly, we found a cell survival response, induced by cholesterol, judged by a decrement in Bax to Bcl2 ratio. Importantly, N-acetyl-cysteine supplementation significantly prevented DNA oxidation damage. Furthermore, at 8 months after DEN administration, tumor growth was significantly enhanced in mice under cholesterol diet in comparison to control animals. Together, these results suggest that cholesterol overload exerts an oxidative stress-mediated effects and promotes the development of liver cancer.
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