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Zhao Y, Tang X, Lei T, Fu D, Zhang H. Lipocalin-2 promotes breast cancer brain metastasis by enhancing tumor invasion and modulating brain microenvironment. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1448089. [PMID: 39188682 PMCID: PMC11345181 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1448089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cancer diagnosed in women globally, with brain metastasis emerging as a major cause of death, particularly in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive and triple-negative breast cancer subtypes. Comprehensive understanding of the molecular foundations of central nervous system metastases is imperative for the evolution of efficacious treatment strategies. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a secreted iron transport protein with multiple functions, has been linked to the progression of breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM). In primary tumors, LCN2 promotes the proliferation and angiogenesis of breast cancer cells, triggers the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, interacts with matrix metalloproteinase-9, thereby facilitating the reorganization of the extracellular matrix and enhancing cancer cell invasion and migration. In brain microenvironment, LCN2 undermines the blood-brain barrier and facilitates tumor seeding in the brain by modulating the behavior of key cellular components. In summary, this review meticulously examines the fuel role of LCN2 in BCBM cascade, and investigates the potential mechanisms involved. It highlights the potential of LCN2 as both a therapeutic target and biomarker, indicating that interventions targeting LCN2 may offer improved outcomes for patients afflicted with BCBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaogen Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongwei Fu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Shunde Hospital of Jinan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Bao Y, Yan Z, Shi N, Tian X, Li J, Li T, Cheng X, Lv J. LCN2: Versatile players in breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116091. [PMID: 38171248 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted glycoprotein that is produced by immune cells, including neutrophils and macrophages. It serves various functions such as transporting hydrophobic ligands across the cellular membrane, regulating immune responses, keeping iron balance, and fostering epithelial cell differentiation. LCN2 plays a crucial role in several physiological processes. LCN2 expression is upregulated in a variety of human diseases and cancers. High levels of LCN2 are specifically linked to breast cancer (BC) cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, immune regulation, chemotherapy resistance, and prognosis. As a result, LCN2 has gained attention as a potential therapeutic target for BC. This article offered an in-depth review of the advancement of LCN2 in the context of BC occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Bao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China
| | - Zhongliang Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China
| | - Nianmei Shi
- The First Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- The First Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563006, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- Office of Drug Clinical Trial Institution, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, China
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China.
| | - Junyuan Lv
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563099, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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Zha J, Lai Q, Deng M, Shi P, Zhao H, Chen Q, Wu H, Xu B. Disruption of CTCF Boundary at HOXA Locus Promote BET Inhibitors' Therapeutic Sensitivity in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:1280-1291. [PMID: 33057942 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Both HOX gene expression and CTCF regulation have been well demonstrated to play a critical role in regulating maintenance of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) that are known to be resistant to BET inhibitor (BETi). To investigate the regulatory role of CTCF boundary in aberrant HOX gene expression and the therapeutic sensitivity of BETi in AML, we employed CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology to delete 47 base pairs of the CTCF binding motif which is located between HOXA7 and HOXA9 genes (CBS7/9) in different subtypes of AML with either MLL-rearrangement or NPM1 mutation. Our results revealed that HOXA9 is significantly downregulated in response to the CBS7/9 deletion. Moreover, CBS7/9 boundary deletion sensitized the BETi treatment reaction in both MOLM-13 and OCI-AML3 cells. To further examine whether BETi therapeutic sensitivity in AML is depended on the expression level of the HOXA9 gene, we overexpressed the HOXA9 in the CBS7/9 deleted AML cell lines, which can rescue and restore the resistance to BETi treatment of the CBS7/9 KO cells by activating MAPK signaling pathway. Deletion of CBS7/9 specifically decreased the recruitment of BRD4 and RNA pol II to the posterior HOXA genes, in which, a transcription elongation factor ELL3 is the key factor in regulating HOXA gene transcription monitored by CBS7/9 chromatin boundary. Thus, disruption of CBS7/9 boundary perturbs HOXA9 transcription and regulates BETi sensitivity in AML treatment. Moreover, alteration of CTCF boundaries in the oncogene loci may provide a novel strategy to overcome the drug resistance of LSCs. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zha
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy of Xiamen, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Qian Lai
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy of Xiamen, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Manman Deng
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy of Xiamen, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Pengcheng Shi
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital. Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haijun Zhao
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy of Xiamen, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Qinwei Chen
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy of Xiamen, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, 361003, Fujian, China.
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hematological Malignancy of Xiamen, Xiamen, 361003, China.
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Meurer SK, Tezcan O, Lammers T, Weiskirchen R. Differential regulation of Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in doxorubicin-resistant 4T1 triple negative breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2020; 74:109731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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E A K N, S B, Martin CA, J RR, A S, V N, B S L, Frank-Kamenetskaya OV, Radhakrishnan S, S NK. A competent bidrug loaded water soluble chitosan derivative for the effective inhibition of breast cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3991. [PMID: 32132583 PMCID: PMC7055325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance and damage caused to the normal cells are the drawbacks which have limited the use of the existing effective anticancer drugs. Attainment of a steady and extended release by encapsulating dual drugs into biocompatible and biodegradable vehicles is the key to enable the use of these drugs for effective inhibition of cancer. In this study, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), a proficient water-soluble derivative of chitosan has been synthesized using chemical route and used for the delivery of 5-Fluorouracil and doxorubicin individually as well as in combination. Carboxymethylation occuring at -NH2 and OH sites of chitosan, has been confirmed using FTIR. EDX and Fluorescence studies elucidate the encapsulation of 5-Fluorouracil and doxorubicin into CMCS. The capability of CMCS to release the drugs in a more sustained and prolonged manner is evident from the obtained release profiles. About 14.9 µg/ml is enough to cause 50% cell death by creating oxidative stress and effectuating DNA fragmentation. Amidst the existing reports, the uniqueness of this work lies in using this rare coalition of drugs for the suppression of breast cancer and in reducing the side effects of drugs by encapsulating them into CMCS, which is evidenced by the high hemocompatibilty of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivethaa E A K
- Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Baskar S
- Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India
| | | | - Ramana Ramya J
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Stephen A
- Department of Nuclear Physics, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Narayanan V
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Lakshmi B S
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Olga V Frank-Kamenetskaya
- Department of Crystallography, Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Subathra Radhakrishnan
- National foundation for liver research, Global hospitals, Perumbakkam, Chennai, 600100, India
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Li SS, Jiang WL, Xiao WQ, Li K, Zhang YF, Guo XY, Dai YQ, Zhao QY, Jiang MJ, Lu ZJ, Wan R. KMT2D deficiency enhances the anti-cancer activity of L48H37 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2019; 11:599-621. [PMID: 31435462 PMCID: PMC6700028 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v11.i8.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for patients with a delayed diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in order to improve their chances of survival. Recent studies have shown potent anti-neoplastic effects of curcumin and its analogues. In addition, the role of histone methyltransferases on cancer therapeutics has also been elucidated. However, the relationship between these two factors in the treatment of pancreatic cancer remains unknown. Our working hypothesis was that L48H37, a novel curcumin analog, has better efficacy in pancreatic cancer cell growth inhibition in the absence of histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D).
AIM To determine the anti-cancer effects of L48H37 in PDAC, and the role of KMT2D on its therapeutic efficacy.
METHODS The viability and proliferation of primary (PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2) and metastatic (SW1990 and ASPC-1) PDAC cell lines treated with L48H37 was determined by CCK8 and colony formation assay. Apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and cell cycle profile were determined by staining the cells with Annexin-V/7-AAD, JC-1, DCFH-DA, and PI respectively, as well as flow cytometric acquisition. In vitro migration was assessed by the wound healing assay. The protein and mRNA levels of relevant factors were analyzed using Western blotting, immunofluorescence and real time-quantitative PCR. The in situ expression of KMT2D in both human PDAC and paired adjacent normal tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. In vivo tumor xenografts were established by injecting nude mice with PDAC cells. Bioinformatics analyses were also conducted using gene expression databases and TCGA.
RESULTS L48H37 inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis in SW1990 and ASPC-1 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, while also reducing MMP, increasing ROS levels, arresting cell cycle at the G2/M stages and activating the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α/activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)/CHOP signaling pathway. Knocking down ATF4 significantly upregulated KMT2D in PDAC cells, and also decreased L48H37-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, silencing KMT2D in L48H37-treated cells significantly augmented apoptosis and the ER stress pathway, indicating that KMT2D depletion is essential for the anti-neoplastic effects of L48H37. Administering L48H37 to mice bearing tumors derived from control or KMT2D-knockdown PDAC cells significantly decreased the tumor burden. We also identified several differentially expressed genes in PDAC cell lines expressing very low levels of KMT2D that were functionally categorized into the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. The KMT2D high- and low-expressing PDAC patients from the TCGA database showed similar survival rates,but higher KMT2D expression was associated with poor tumor grade in clinical and pathological analyses.
CONCLUSION L48H37 exerts a potent anti-cancer effect in PDAC, which is augmented by KMT2D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wei-Liang Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wen-Qin Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ye-Fei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xing-Ya Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi-Qi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ming-Jie Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Rong Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
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Zu C, Qin G, Yang C, Liu N, He A, Zhang M, Zheng X. Low dose Emodin induces tumor senescence for boosting breast cancer chemotherapy via silencing NRARP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:973-978. [PMID: 30274778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The resistance to 5-FU often limits its clinical effectiveness on breast cancer treatment. Combination therapy thus is employed to overcome this treatment resistance. We here report a potent antitumor effect of Emodin at low dose on chemotherapy sensitivity of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. METHODS Cell viability, apoptosis, glutathiones (GSH) concentration and Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity following Emodin and 5-FU treatment was assessed. Cellular senescence following combined treatment and silence of NRARP was examined by senescence-associated β-galactosidase analysis. Western blot analysis was used to determine changes in the expression of p21, p16, p27, E2F1 and NRARP. RESULTS Low dose Emodin potentiates 5-FU-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells, in association with inhibition of NRARP, resulting in cellular senescence. RNA interference of NRARP induced cellular senescence in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the cellular senescence induced by Emodin and 5-FU treatment could be reverted by pcDNA-NRARP. CONCLUSION These findings provide preclinical evidence for repurposing use of Emodin in combination with chemotherapeutic agents to treat breast cancer as an alternative salvage regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zu
- Lab 1, Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Guangyuan Qin
- Lab 1, Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Chunshu Yang
- Lab 1, Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Ning Liu
- Lab 1, Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Anning He
- Lab 1, Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China
| | - Mingdi Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Lab 1, Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China; Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PR China.
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