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Li Q, Shi G, Li Y, Lu R, Liu Z. Integrated analysis of disulfidoptosis-related genes identifies NRP1 as a novel biomarker promoting proliferation of gastric cancer via glutamine mediated energy metabolism. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:337. [PMID: 39110136 PMCID: PMC11306494 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of gastric cancer rank fifth and fourth worldwide among all malignancies, respectively. Additionally, disulfidoptosis, a recently identified form of cellular demise, is closely linked to the initiation and advancement of malignancies. This study aims to create a novel signature of disulfidptosis-related genes (DRGs) and to further explore its association with the tumor immune microenvironment. Based on our comprehensive study, a prognostic signature consisting of 31 DRGs in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) was identified and characterized. Through the integrative analyses involving gene expression profiling, machine learning algorithms, and Cox regression models, the prognostic significance of these DRGs was demonstrated. Our findings highlight their strong predictive power in assessing overall survival across diverse patient datasets, and their better performance than traditional clinicopathological factors. Moreover, the DRGs signature showed association with the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, which has implications for the immune modulation and therapeutic strategies in STAD. Specifically, NRP1 emerged as a key DRG with elevated expression in STAD, showing correlation with the advanced stages of diseases and poorer outcomes. Functional studies further revealed the role of NRP1 in promoting STAD cell proliferation through the modulation of glutamine metabolism. Overall, our study underscores the clinical relevance of DRGs as biomarker and potential therapeutic targets in STAD management, providing insights into disease biology and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Li
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 79 Chongshan East Road, Shenyang, 110033, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Shi
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuebo Li
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 79 Chongshan East Road, Shenyang, 110033, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren Lu
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 79 Chongshan East Road, Shenyang, 110033, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaozhe Liu
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Fernández-Palanca P, Payo-Serafín T, Méndez-Blanco C, San-Miguel B, Tuñón MJ, González-Gallego J, Mauriz JL. Neuropilins as potential biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of basic and clinical implications. Clin Mol Hepatol 2023; 29:293-319. [PMID: 36726054 PMCID: PMC10121286 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide and is characterized by complex molecular carcinogenesis. Neuropilins (NRPs) NRP1 and NRP2 are the receptors of multiple proteins involved in key signaling pathways associated with tumor progression. We aimed to systematically review all the available findings on their role in HCC. We searched the Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), PubMed, Cochrane and Embase databases for articles evaluating NRPs in preclinical or clinical HCC models. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022349774) and include 49 studies. Multiple cellular and molecular processes have been associated with one or both NRPs, indicating that they are potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in HCC patients. Mainly NRP1 has been shown to promote tumor cell survival and progression by modulating several signaling pathways. NRPs mainly regulate angiogenesis, invasion and migration and have shown to induce invasion and metastasis. They also regulate the immune response and tumor microenvironment, showing a crucial interplay with the hypoxia response and microRNAs in HCC. Altogether, NRP1 and NRP2 are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets, providing novel insight into the clinical landscape of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fernández-Palanca
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Payo-Serafín
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Méndez-Blanco
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz San-Miguel
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Tuñón
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Mauriz
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Wu J, Qi C, Wang H, Wang Q, Sun J, Dong J, Yu G, Gao Z, Zhang B, Tian G. Curcumin and berberine co-loaded liposomes for anti-hepatocellular carcinoma therapy by blocking the cross-talk between hepatic stellate cells and tumor cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:961788. [PMID: 36188590 PMCID: PMC9515508 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.961788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) could be activated to become CAFs, which play a critical role in tumor progression and drug resistance. Therefore, recent efforts have been focused on combining anti-HSC and pro-apoptotic activities to improve anti-tumor efficacy of drugs. In this study, glycyrrhetinic acid and hyaluronic acid–modified liposomes (GA-HA-Lip) were prepared for co-delivery of curcumin (CUR) and berberine (BBR) for the treatment of HCC. Furthermore, we established the LX-2+BEL-7402 co-cultured cell model and implanted the m-HSCs+H22 cells into a mouse to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of CUR&BBR/GA-HA-Lip both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that CUR&BBR/GA-HA-Lip could accumulate in tumor tissues and be taken up by HSCs and BEL-7402 cells simultaneously. Compared with free CUR, the combination therapy based on GA-HA-Lip exhibits stronger pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferation effect both in vitro and in vivo. The anti-tumor mechanistic study revealed that CUR&BBR/GA-HA-Lip could inhibit the activation of HSCs and restrain drug resistance of tumor cells. In summary, CUR&BBR/GA-HA-Lip could be a promising nano-sized formulation for anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Wu
- School of Nursing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, China
| | - Cuiping Qi
- School of Nursing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, China
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jingui Sun
- School of Nursing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, China
| | - Jinping Dong
- School of Nursing, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang, China
| | - Guohua Yu
- Department of Oncology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Zhiqin Gao
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Zhang, ; Guixiang Tian,
| | - Guixiang Tian
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Zhang, ; Guixiang Tian,
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4
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Neuropilin (NRPs) Related Pathological Conditions and Their Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158402. [PMID: 35955539 PMCID: PMC9368954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) represents one of the two homologous neuropilins (NRP, splice variants of neuropilin 2 are the other) found in all vertebrates. It forms a transmembrane glycoprotein distributed in many human body tissues as a (co)receptor for a variety of different ligands. In addition to its physiological role, it is also associated with various pathological conditions. Recently, NRP1 has been discovered as a coreceptor for the SARS-CoV-2 viral entry, along with ACE2, and has thus become one of the COVID-19 research foci. However, in addition to COVID-19, the current review also summarises its other pathological roles and its involvement in clinical diseases like cancer and neuropathic pain. We also discuss the diversity of native NRP ligands and perform a joint analysis. Last but not least, we review the therapeutic roles of NRP1 and introduce a series of NRP1 modulators, which are typical peptidomimetics or other small molecule antagonists, to provide the medicinal chemistry community with a state-of-the-art overview of neuropilin modulator design and NRP1 druggability assessment.
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5
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Wang L, Wang L, Xu P, Liu C, Wang S, Luo X, Li M, Liu J, Zhao Z, Lai W, Luo F, Yan J. pH-Responsive Liposomes Loaded with Targeting Procoagulant Proteins as Potential Embolic Agents for Solid Tumor-Targeted Therapy. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1356-1367. [PMID: 35420039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Selectively inducing tumor thrombosis and subsequent necrosis is a novel and promising antitumor strategy. We have previously designed a targeting procoagulant protein, called tTF-EG3287, which is a fusion of a truncated tissue factor (tTF) with EG3287, a short peptide against the neuropilin-1 (NRP1) binding site of vascular endothelial growth factor-A 165 (VEGF-A 165). However, off-target effects and high-dose requirements limit the further use of tTF-EG3287 in antitumor therapy. Therefore, we encapsulated tTF-EG3287 into poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-distearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PEOz-DSPE)-modified liposomes to construct pH-responsive liposomes as a novel vascular embolization agent, called tTF-EG3287@Liposomes. The liposomes had an average particle size of about 100 nm and showed considerable drug-loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency, and biocompatibility. Under the stimulation of acidic microenvironments (pH 6.5), the lipid membrane of tTF-EG3287@Liposomes collapsed, and the cumulative drug release rate within 72 h was 83 ± 1.26%. When administered to a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), tTF-EG3287@Liposomes showed prolonged retention and enhanced accumulation in the tumor as well as a superior antitumor effec, compared with tTF-EG3287. This study demonstrates the potential of tTF-EG3287@Liposomes as a novel embolic agent for solid tumors and provides a new strategy for tumor-targeted infarction therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peilan Xu
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shengyu Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xian Luo
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jiajing Liu
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhao
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weisong Lai
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Fanghong Luo
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jianghua Yan
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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6
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Benedicto A, García-Kamiruaga I, Arteta B. Neuropilin-1: A feasible link between liver pathologies and COVID-19. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3516-3529. [PMID: 34239266 PMCID: PMC8240058 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i24.3516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has a tremendous impact on the health of millions of people worldwide. Unfortunately, those suffering from previous pathological conditions are more vulnerable and tend to develop more severe disease upon infection with the new SARS-CoV-2. This coronavirus interacts with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor to invade the cells. Recently, another receptor, neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), has been reported to amplify the viral infection. Interestingly, NRP-1 is expressed in nonparenchymal liver cells and is related to and upregulated in a wide variety of liver-related pathologies. It has been observed that SARS-CoV-2 infection promotes liver injury through several pathways that may be influenced by the previous pathological status of the patient and liver expression of NRP-1. Moreover, coronavirus disease 2019 causes an inflammatory cascade called cytokine storm in patients with severe disease. This cytokine storm may influence liver sinusoidal-cell phenotype, facilitating viral invasion. In this review, the shreds of evidence linking NRP-1 with liver pathologies such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver fibrosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and inflammatory disorders are discussed in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, the involvement of the infection-related cytokine storm in NRP-1 overexpression and the subsequent increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection are also analyzed. This review aims to shed some light on the involvement of liver NRP-1 during SARS-CoV-2 infection and emphasizes the possible involvement this receptor with the observed liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Benedicto
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iñigo García-Kamiruaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, San Eloy Hospital, Barakaldo 48902, Spain
| | - Beatriz Arteta
- Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Bizkaia, Spain
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7
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Roife D, Sarcar B, Fleming JB. Stellate Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1263:67-84. [PMID: 32588324 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44518-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As tumor microenvironments share many of the same qualities as chronic wounds, attention is turning to the wound-repair cells that support the growth of cancerous cells. Stellate cells are star-shaped cells that were first discovered in the perisinusoidal spaces in the liver and have been found to support wound healing by the secretion of growth factors and extracellular matrix. They have since been also found to serve a similar function in the pancreas. In both organs, the wound-healing process may become dysregulated and lead to pathological fibrosis (also known as cirrhosis in the liver). In recent years there has been increasing attention paid to the role of these cells in tumor formation and progression. They may be a factor in initiating the first steps of carcinogenesis such as with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and also contribute to continued tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, evasion of the immune system, and resistance to chemotherapy, in cancers of both the liver and pancreas. In this chapter we aim to review the structure and function of hepatic and pancreatic stellate cells and their contributions to the tumor microenvironment in their respective cancers and also discuss potential new targets for cancer therapy based on our new understanding of these vital components of the tumor stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Roife
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Bhaswati Sarcar
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Moawad AW, Szklaruk J, Lall C, Blair KJ, Kaseb AO, Kamath A, Rohren SA, Elsayes KM. Angiogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Pathophysiology, Targeted Therapy, and Role of Imaging. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2020; 7:77-89. [PMID: 32426302 PMCID: PMC7188073 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s224471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide, usually occurring on a background of liver cirrhosis. HCC is a highly vascular tumor in which angiogenesis plays a major role in tumor growth and spread. Tumor-induced angiogenesis is usually related to a complex interplay between multiple factors and pathways, with vascular endothelial growth factor being a major player in angiogenesis. In the past decade, understanding of tumor-induced angiogenesis has led to the emergence of novel anti-angiogenic therapies, which act by reducing neo-angiogenesis, and improving patient survival. Currently, Sorafenib and Lenvatinib are being used as the first-line treatment for advanced unresectable HCC. However, a disadvantage of these agents is the presence of numerous side effects. A major challenge in the management of HCC patients being treated with anti-angiogenic therapy is effective monitoring of treatment response, which decides whether to continue treatment or to seek second-line treatment. Several criteria can be used to assess response to treatment, such as quantitative perfusion on cross-sectional imaging and novel/emerging MRI techniques, including a host of known and emerging biomarkers and radiogenomics. This review addresses the pathophysiology of angiogenesis in HCC, accurate imaging assessment of angiogenesis, monitoring effects of anti-angiogenic therapy to guide future treatment and assessing prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed W Moawad
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Janio Szklaruk
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chandana Lall
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Katherine J Blair
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed O Kaseb
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amita Kamath
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott A Rohren
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Khaled M Elsayes
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Xu P, Zou M, Wang S, Li T, Liu C, Wang L, Wang L, Luo F, Wu T, Yan J. Construction and characterization of a truncated tissue factor‑coagulation‑based composite system for selective thrombosis in tumor blood vessels. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:823-832. [PMID: 31432158 PMCID: PMC6741845 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective induction of tumor vascular thrombosis using truncated tissue factor (tTF) delivered via a target ligand is a promising novel antitumor strategy. In the present study, an anti-neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) monoclonal antibody (mAb)-streptavidin (SA):tTF-biotin (B) composite system was established. In this system, anti-NRP-1-mAb located tTF to the tumor vascular endothelial cell surface and induced vascular embolization. Due to their high binding affinity, SA and B were used to enhance thrombogenic activity. mAb was conjugated with SA using a coupling method with water-soluble 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide. Biotinylated tTF (tTF-B) was prepared using a B-labeling kit subsequent to the generation and purification of fusion protein tTF. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry indicated that the anti-NRP-1-mAb-SA conjugate retained mAb targeting activity. The preservation of B-conjugate binding capacity was confirmed using a competitive ELISA, and factor X-activation analysis revealed that tTF-B retained the procoagulant activity exhibited by tTF. Live imaging was performed to assess mAb-SA distribution and tumor-targeting capability, and this yielded promising results. The results of in vivo studies in mice with subcutaneous xenografts demonstrated that this composite system significantly induced tumor vascular thrombosis and inhibited tumor growth, whereas these histological changes were not observed in normal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilan Xu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Mingyuan Zou
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Shengyu Wang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Li
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Cong Liu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Fanghong Luo
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Jianghua Yan
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
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