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Zhao J, Lv J, Chen Y, Dong Q, Dong H. Recent progress of amino acid transporters as a novel antitumor target. OPEN CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Glutamine transporters transport different amino acids for cell growth and metabolism. In tumor cells, glutamine transporters are often highly expressed and play a crucial role in their growth. By inhibiting the amino acid transport of these transporters, the growth of cancer cells can be inhibited. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the study of glutamine transporter. In this article, the differences between the ASC system amino acid transporter 2 (ASCT2), L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), and the cystine–glutamate exchange (xCT) transporters research progress on the mechanism of action and corresponding small molecule inhibitors are summarized. This article introduces 62 related small molecule inhibitors of different transporters of ASCT2, LAT1, and xCT. These novel chemical structures provide ideas for the research and design of targeted inhibitors of glutamine transporters, as well as important references and clues for the design of new anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Zhao
- Department of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, School of Teacher Education, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University , No. 3601 Hongjing Avenue, Jiangning District , Nanjing 211171 , China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University , No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District , Nanjing 211198 , China
| | - Jiayi Lv
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University , No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District , Nanjing 211198 , China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University , No. 639 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District , Nanjing 211198 , China
| | - Qile Dong
- Department of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, School of Teacher Education, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University , No. 3601 Hongjing Avenue, Jiangning District , Nanjing 211171 , China
| | - Hao Dong
- Department of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, School of Teacher Education, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University , No. 3601 Hongjing Avenue, Jiangning District , Nanjing 211171 , China
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Sun S, Mao W, Wan L, Pan K, Deng L, Zhang L, Zhang G, Chen M. Metastatic Immune-Related Genes for Affecting Prognosis and Immune Response in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:794326. [PMID: 35155566 PMCID: PMC8832145 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.794326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In renal clear cell carcinoma, a common cancer of the urinary system, 25–30% patients are metastatic at initial diagnosis and 20–30% patients have a tendency of recurrence and metastasis after local surgery. With the rapid development of tumor immunology, immune agents have brought new directions to tumor therapy. However, no relevant studies have explored the role of immune-related genes in kidney cancer metastasis. Methods: Co-expressed metastatic immune-related differentially expressed genes (mIR-DEGs) were screened by GSE12606, GSE47352, and immunorelated genes. Then, differential expression analysis, prognostic analysis, and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis in KIRC were performed to determine independent prognostic factors associated, and the risk prognostic model was established. The correlation of hub mIR-DEGs with clinicopathological factors, immune invasion, and immune checkpoints was analyzed, and the expression of hub mIR-DEGs and their effect on tumor were re-evaluated by OCLR scores in KIRC. Results: By comprehensive bioassay, we found that FGF17, PRKCG, SSTR1, and SCTR were mIR-DEGs with independent prognostic values, which were significantly associated with clinicopathological factors and immune checkpoint–related genes. The risk prognostics model built on this basis had good predictive potential. In addition, targeted small molecule drugs, including calmidazolium and sulfasalazine, were predicted for mIR-DEGs. Further experimental results were consistent with the bioinformatics analysis. Conclusion: This study preliminarily confirmed that FGF17, PRKCG, SSTR1, and SCTR were targeted genes affecting renal cancer metastasis and related immune responses and can be used as potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for renal cancer. Preliminary validation found that PRKCG and SSTR1 were consistent with predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Sun
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weipu Mao
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Lishui District People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lilin Wan
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kehao Pan
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liting Deng
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Chen, ; Guangyuan Zhang, ; Lei Zhang,
| | - Guangyuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Chen, ; Guangyuan Zhang, ; Lei Zhang,
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of Urology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Lishui District People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Chen, ; Guangyuan Zhang, ; Lei Zhang,
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The role of T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase in targeted cancer therapy. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:759-769. [PMID: 35037144 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy has gradually become the first-line clinical tumor therapy due to its high specificity and low rate of side effects. TOPK (T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase), a MAP kinase, is highly expressed in various tumor tissues, while it is rarely expressed in normal tissues, with the exceptions of testicular germ cells and some fetal tissues. It can promote cancer cell proliferation and migration and is also related to drug resistance. Therefore, TOPK is considered a good therapeutic target. Moreover, a number of studies have shown that targeting TOPK can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and promote their apoptosis. Here, we discussed the biological functions of TOPK in cancer and summarized its tumor-related signaling network and known TOPK inhibitors. Finally, the role of TOPK in targeted cancer therapy was concluded, and future research directions for TOPK were assessed.
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Zhuang J, Liu X, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Guan G. Sulfasalazine, a potent suppressor of gastric cancer proliferation and metastasis by inhibition of xCT: Conventional drug in new use. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5372-5380. [PMID: 33988296 PMCID: PMC8184680 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the role of sulfasalazine on proliferation and metastasis in gastric cancer by inhibition of xCT. The relationships between clinical characteristics and xCT expression were analysed. An immunohistochemical staining assay and Western blot were performed among gastric cancers and normal gastric tissues. qPCR and Western blot were also used to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression in the normal gastric cell and eight gastric cancer cells, respectively. CCK‐8 and colony formation assays were used to evaluate the effect of sulfasalazine on the proliferation and colony formation ability of three gastric cancers. The effect of sulfasalazine on the migration and invasion abilities of three cancer cells was assessed by the Transwell assay. xCT protein is up‐regulated in gastric cancer specimens and cells. Three gastric cancer cells with high, medium and low expression of xCT were selected for the following analyses. CCK‐8 assays revealed that sulfasalazine could attenuate the proliferation of HGC‐27 and AGS. Also, the colony formation assay revealed that sulfasalazine might attenuate the colony formation ability in HGC‐27 and AGS cells. Plus, the Transwell assays demonstrated that sulfasalazine might attenuate the migration and invasion abilities in HGC‐27 and AGS cells. In conclusion, higher expression of xCT is associated with advanced tumour stage and poor overall survival of gastric cancer. Sulfasalazine can attenuate the proliferation, colony formation, metastasis and invasion of gastric cancer in vitro. Further study is required to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Zhuang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanfeng Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guoxian Guan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Huang H, Lee MH, Liu K, Dong Z, Ryoo Z, Kim MO. PBK/TOPK: An Effective Drug Target with Diverse Therapeutic Potential. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092232. [PMID: 34066486 PMCID: PMC8124186 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide, and addressing its morbidity, mortality, and prevalence is the first step towards appropriate control measures. Over the past several decades, many pharmacologists have worked to identify anti-cancer targets and drug development strategies. Within this timeframe, many natural compounds have been developed to inhibit cancer growth by targeting kinases, such as AKT, AURKA, and TOPK. Kinase assays and computer modeling are considered to be effective and powerful tools for target screening, as they can predict physical interactions between small molecules and their bio-molecular targets. In the present review, we summarize the inhibitors and compounds that target TOPK and describe its role in cancer progression. The extensive body of research that has investigated the contribution of TOPK to cancer suggests that it may be a promising target for cancer therapy. Abstract T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK, also known as PDZ-binding kinase or PBK) plays a crucial role in cell cycle regulation and mitotic progression. Abnormal overexpression or activation of TOPK has been observed in many cancers, including colorectal cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, and melanoma, and it is associated with increased development, dissemination, and poor clinical outcomes and prognosis in cancer. Moreover, TOPK phosphorylates p38, JNK, ERK, and AKT, which are involved in many cellular functions, and participates in the activation of multiple signaling pathways related to MAPK, PI3K/PTEN/AKT, and NOTCH1; thus, the direct or indirect interactions of TOPK make it a highly attractive yet elusive target for cancer therapy. Small molecule inhibitors targeting TOPK have shown great therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer both in vitro and in vivo, even in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Therefore, targeting TOPK could be an important approach for cancer prevention and therapy. Thus, the purpose of the present review was to consider and analyze the role of TOPK as a drug target in cancer therapy and describe the recent findings related to its role in tumor development. Moreover, this review provides an overview of the current progress in the discovery and development of TOPK inhibitors, considering future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, ITRD, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea;
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450008, China; (K.L.); (Z.D.)
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanamdo 58245, Korea;
| | - Kangdong Liu
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450008, China; (K.L.); (Z.D.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Academy of Medical Science, College of Medical, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450008, China; (K.L.); (Z.D.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Academy of Medical Science, College of Medical, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zeayoung Ryoo
- School of Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (Z.R.); (M.O.K.); Tel.: +82-54-530-1234 (M.O.K.)
| | - Myoung Ok Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, ITRD, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea;
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou 450008, China; (K.L.); (Z.D.)
- Correspondence: (Z.R.); (M.O.K.); Tel.: +82-54-530-1234 (M.O.K.)
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Li X, Liu C, Zhao X, Wang R, Gu N, Shen H, Li X, Wang L, Li C. Effects of CDK6 regulated by miR-298 on proliferation and apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:2909-2915. [PMID: 32218846 PMCID: PMC7068225 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of CDK6 regulated by miR-298 on proliferation and apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells were explored. Seventy-five cases of thyroid carcinoma and adjacent tissues were collected. The expression levels of miR-298 and CDK6 mRNA in tissues and cells were detected by RT-PCR. In addition, thyroid cancer cells and human normal thyroid cells Nthy-ori3-1 were purchased, with the former transfected with miR-298-mimics, miR-298-inhibitor, miR-NC, si-CDK6, si-NC, Sh-CDK6, Sh-NC to build cell models. Then the expression levels of miR-298 and CDK6 in thyroid cancer tissues and cells were detected by qRT-PCR, and the expression of CDK6, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 by WB. CCK-8 and flow cytometry were employed to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis, and dual luciferase report was adopted to determine the relationship between miR-298 and CDK6. miR-298 was underexpressed in thyroid cancer, and CDK6 was highly expressed in thyroid cancer. Cell experiments revealed that overexpression of miR-298 or inhibition of CDK6 expression could suppress cell proliferation, promote apoptosis, and significantly increase the expression levels of Bax and caspase-3 proteins, decrease Bcl-2 protein expression, which was contrary to the biological phenotype of cells after inhibition of miR-298 or further overexpression of CDK6. Dual luciferase report confirmed that miR-298 was a targeting site of CDK6. miR-298 can inhibit the proliferation of thyroid cells and promote apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells by regulating the expression of CDK6, which is expected to be a potential target for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Zhao
- Centre for Research and Development of Anti-tumor Drugs, Tianjin Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Na Gu
- Centre for Research and Development of Anti-tumor Drugs, Tianjin Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Shen
- Centre for Research and Development of Anti-tumor Drugs, Tianjin Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Xijing Li
- Centre for Research and Development of Anti-tumor Drugs, Tianjin Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Centre for Research and Development of Anti-tumor Drugs, Tianjin Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
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