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Liu Q, Zhang J, Mao S, Zhang D, Dong Y, Hu P, Ren S. GPNMB Expression Associates with Inferior Prognosis in Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Cancer 2024; 15:2960-2970. [PMID: 38706915 PMCID: PMC11064273 DOI: 10.7150/jca.92661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is widely recognized for its propensity for early and frequent metastases, which contribute to its status as a refractory malignancy. While the high expression of GPNMB in SCLC is well-documented, the precise correlation between GPNMB expression and the prognosis of SCLC remains undetermined. Methods: HTG Edge-seq was used to screen the differential gene expression between primary SCLC lesions and paired metastatic lymph nodes (LN). The plasma concentration of GPNMB was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationship between GPNMB concentration and clinical characteristics, as well as overall survival (OS) was assessed. One-to-one propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to reduce bias from confounding factors between groups. The invasive, migratory, proliferative, and apoptotic abilities of SCLC cells were evaluated using migration and matrigel invasion assays, CCK8 assay and flow cytometry respectively. Results: GPNMB exhibited a significant up-regulation in LN compared to primary SCLC lesions as determined by HTG Edge-seq. Furthermore, patients with extensive disease demonstrated a significantly elevated plasma GPNMB concentration compared to those with local disease (P = 0.043). Additionally, patients with a high baseline plasma GPNMB level exhibited a shorter OS (10.32 vs. 16.10 months, P = 0.0299). Following PSM analysis, the statistical significance of the difference between the two groups persisted (9.43 vs. 15.27 months, P = 0.0146). Notably, both univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that higher expression of GPNMB served as an independent biomarker for OS before PSM (P = 0.033, HR = 2.304) and after PSM (P = 0.003, HR = 6.190). Additionally, our study revealed that the inhibition of GPNMB expression through the use of siRNA effectively diminished the metastatic and proliferative capabilities of SCLC. Furthermore, this inhibition resulted in an enhanced ability to induce apoptosis. Conclusions: In light of our findings, it can be inferred that the expression of GPNMB is linked to metastasis and an unfavorable prognosis, thus suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Lung Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Shiqi Mao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Lung Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Youhong Dong
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Pengchao Hu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangyang No. 1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Shengxiang Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital and Lung Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Kawamura I, Ohe R, Suzuki K, Kabasawa T, Kitaoka T, Takahara D, Kono M, Uchiyama N, Musha H, Futakuchi M, Motoi F. Neighboring macrophage-induced alteration in the phenotype of colorectal cancer cells in the tumor budding area. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:107. [PMID: 38486225 PMCID: PMC10938821 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher number of tumor buds in the invasive front of colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens has been shown to contribute to a poor prognosis in CRC patients. Because macrophages (Mφs) have been demonstrated to alter the phenotype of cancer cells, we hypothesized that the phenotype of CRC cells in the tumor budding (TB) area might be changed by the interaction between CRC cells and Mφs. METHODS We assessed the expression of topoisomerase 1 in CRC cells to estimate the acquisition of chemoresistance in CRC. To demonstrate the tumor-stromal interaction between CRC cells and Mφs, we assessed two histological findings, the number of Mφs per single CRC cell and the proximity between CRC cells and Mφs by histological spatial analysis using HALO software. RESULTS The expression levels of topoisomerase 1 in CRC cells were decreased in deeper areas, especially in the TB area, compared to the surface area. Our histological spatial analysis revealed that 2.6 Mφs located within 60 μm of a single CRC cell were required to alter the phenotype of the CRC cell. Double-immunofluorescence staining revealed that higher Mφs were positive for interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the TB area and that AE1/AE3-positive CRC cells were also positive for phospho-STAT3 (pSTAT3) in the TB area; thus, the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R)/STAT3 signaling pathway in CRC cells was upregulated by IL-6 derived from neighboring Mφs. CONCLUSION IL-6 secreted from the neighboring Mφs would alter the phenotype of CRC cells via IL-6R/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawamura
- Department of Surgery I, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Rintaro Ohe
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Kazushi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kabasawa
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takumi Kitaoka
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Takahara
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Michihisa Kono
- Department of Surgery I, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Naoya Uchiyama
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Musha
- Department of Surgery I, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Futakuchi
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Motoi
- Department of Surgery I, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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Hlaváč V, Holý P, Souček P. The potential of exome sequencing of paired colorectal tumors and synchronous liver metastases to improve treatment. Pharmacogenomics 2023; 24:697-699. [PMID: 37767635 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tweetable abstract Sequencing exomes of synchronous and metachronous liver metastases of colorectal cancer has potential to enhance treatment, since they can have molecular profiles distinct from primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Hlaváč
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Toxicogenomics Unit, National Institute of Public Health, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holý
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Toxicogenomics Unit, National Institute of Public Health, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Souček
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 323 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Toxicogenomics Unit, National Institute of Public Health, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Hlaváč V, Červenková L, Šůsová S, Holý P, Liška V, Vyčítal O, Šorejs O, Fiala O, Daum O, Souček P. Exome Sequencing of Paired Colorectal Carcinomas and Synchronous Liver Metastases for Prognosis and Therapy Prediction. JCO Precis Oncol 2023; 7:e2200557. [PMID: 37141551 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Analysis of somatic variant profiles in retrospectively collected pairs of primary tumors and synchronous liver metastases from surgically treated patients with colorectal carcinomas. Mutational profiles were compared between groups of patients stratified by response to chemotherapy and survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study used whole-exome sequencing of tumor sample pairs from 20 patients diagnosed and treated at a single center. The Cancer Genome Atlas COAD-READ data set (n = 380) was used for validation in silico, where possible. RESULTS The most frequently altered oncodrivers were APC (55% in primaries and 60% in metastases), TP53 (50/45), TRIP11 (30/5), FAT4 (20/25), and KRAS (15/25). Harboring variants with a high or moderate predicted functional effect in KRAS in primary tumors was significantly associated with poor relapse-free survival in both our sample set and the validation data set. We found a number of additional prognostic associations, including mutational load, alterations in individual genes, oncodriver pathways, and single base substitution (SBS) signatures in primary tissues, which were not confirmed by validation. Altered ATM, DNAH11, and MUC5AC, or a higher share of SBS24 signature in metastases seemed to represent poor prognostic factors, but because of a lack of suitable validation data sets, these results must be treated with extreme caution. No gene or profile was significantly associated with response to chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Taken together, we report subtle differences in exome mutational profiles between paired primary tumors and synchronous liver metastases and a distinct prognostic relevance of KRAS in primary tumors. Although the general scarcity of primary tumor-synchronous metastasis sample pairs with high-quality clinical data makes robust validation difficult, this study provides potentially valuable data for utilization in precision oncology and could serve as a springboard for larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Hlaváč
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Červenková
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Genomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Šůsová
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holý
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Liška
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Genomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vyčítal
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Genomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Šorejs
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Genomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Fiala
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Genomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Daum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Souček
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Kasai S, Ashida R, Sugiura T, Ohgi K, Yamada M, Otsuka S, Kagawa H, Shiomi A, Kinugasa Y, Uesaka K. Long‐term outcomes of staged liver resection for synchronous liver metastases from colorectal cancer and the clinical impact of early recurrence: A single‐center retrospective cohort study. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2022; 7:318-325. [PMID: 36998298 PMCID: PMC10043767 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This study was undertaken to evaluate the long-term outcomes of staged liver resection for synchronous liver metastases (SLM) from colorectal cancer (CRC), and to elucidate the prognostic impact and predictors of early recurrence (ER), which was defined as recurrence within 6 mo. Methods Patients with SLM from CRC, except for initially unresectable SLM, from January 2013 to December 2020 were included. First, overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) after staged liver resection were evaluated. Second, eligible patients were classified as follows: patients who were unresectable after resection of CRC (UR), patients with ER, and patients without ER (non-ER), and their OS after resection of CRC were compared. In addition, risk factors for ER were identified. Results The 3-y OS and RFS rates after resection of SLM were 78.8% and 30.8%, respectively. Next, the eligible patients were classified as follows: ER (N = 24), non-ER (N = 56), and UR (N = 24). The non-ER group had a significantly better OS than the ER (3-y OS: 89.7% vs 48.0%, P = .001) and UR (3-y OS: 89.7% vs 61.6%, P < .001) groups, while there was no significant difference between the ER and UR groups in OS (3-y OS: 48.0% vs 61.6%, P = .638). Increasing carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) before and after resection of CRC was identified as an independent risk factor for ER. Conclusion Staged liver resection for SLM from CRC was feasible and useful for oncological evaluation, as changes in CEA could predict ER, which was associated with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kasai
- Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryShizuoka Cancer CenterShizuokaJapan
- Division of Colon and Rectal SurgeryShizuoka Cancer CenterShizuokaJapan
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Ryo Ashida
- Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryShizuoka Cancer CenterShizuokaJapan
| | - Teiichi Sugiura
- Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryShizuoka Cancer CenterShizuokaJapan
| | - Katsuhisa Ohgi
- Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryShizuoka Cancer CenterShizuokaJapan
| | - Mihoko Yamada
- Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryShizuoka Cancer CenterShizuokaJapan
| | - Shimpei Otsuka
- Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryShizuoka Cancer CenterShizuokaJapan
| | - Hiroyasu Kagawa
- Division of Colon and Rectal SurgeryShizuoka Cancer CenterShizuokaJapan
| | - Akio Shiomi
- Division of Colon and Rectal SurgeryShizuoka Cancer CenterShizuokaJapan
| | - Yusuke Kinugasa
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Katsuhiko Uesaka
- Division of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic SurgeryShizuoka Cancer CenterShizuokaJapan
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TROP2 Represents a Negative Prognostic Factor in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma and Its Expression Is Associated with Features of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition and Invasiveness. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174137. [PMID: 36077674 PMCID: PMC9454662 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. While the systemic treatment of CRC is based on chemotherapy, subsequent therapeutic options are far less effective. Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (TROP2) is highly expressed in many carcinomas, including CRC, where its expression correlates with a poor prognosis. Anti-TROP2-targeted therapy was approved for the treatment of breast and urothelial carcinomas. We aimed to determine whether TROP2 is a suitable target for the treatment of CRC. We demonstrated that TROP2 expression in CRC correlates with lymph node metastasis and poor tumor differentiation. An analysis of mouse tumor models, patient-derived organoids, and tumor cells revealed that TROP2 expression is associated with features related to epithelial–mesenchymal transition and invasiveness. Our results suggest that TROP2 targeting may be a promising approach, especially in the early phase of treatment. Abstract Trophoblastic cell surface antigen 2 (TROP2) is a membrane glycoprotein overexpressed in many solid tumors with a poor prognosis, including intestinal neoplasms. In our study, we show that TROP2 is expressed in preneoplastic lesions, and its expression is maintained in most colorectal cancers (CRC). High TROP2 positivity correlated with lymph node metastases and poor tumor differentiation and was a negative prognostic factor. To investigate the role of TROP2 in intestinal tumors, we analyzed two mouse models with conditional disruption of the adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) tumor-suppressor gene, human adenocarcinoma samples, patient-derived organoids, and TROP2-deficient tumor cells. We found that Trop2 is produced early after Apc inactivation and its expression is associated with the transcription of genes involved in epithelial–mesenchymal transition, the regulation of migration, invasiveness, and extracellular matrix remodeling. A functionally similar group of genes was also enriched in TROP2-positive cells from human CRC samples. To decipher the driving mechanism of TROP2 expression, we analyzed its promoter. In human cells, this promoter was activated by β-catenin and additionally by the Yes1-associated transcriptional regulator (YAP). The regulation of TROP2 expression by active YAP was verified by YAP knockdown in CRC cells. Our results suggest a possible link between aberrantly activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling, YAP, and TROP2 expression.
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The future of ctDNA-defined minimal residual disease: Personalizing adjuvant therapy in CRC. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2022; 21:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Targeting Metastatic Colorectal Cancer with Immune Oncological Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143566. [PMID: 34298779 PMCID: PMC8307556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer carries poor prognosis, and current therapeutic regimes convey limited improvements in survival and high rates of detrimental side effects in patients that may not stand to benefit. Immunotherapy has revolutionised cancer treatment by restoring antitumoural mechanisms. However, the efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer, is limited. A literature search was performed using Pubmed (Medline), Web of Knowledge, and Embase. Search terms included combinations of immunotherapy and metastatic colorectal cancer, primarily focusing on clinical trials in humans. Analysis of these studies included status of MMR/MSS, presence of combination strategies, and disease control rate and median overall survival. Evidence shows that immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD1 and anti-PD-L1, show efficacy in less than 10% of patients with microsatellite stable, MMR proficient colorectal cancer. In the small subset of patients with microsatellite unstable, MMR deficient cancers, response rates were 40-50%. Combination strategies with immunotherapy are under investigation but have not yet restored antitumoural mechanisms to permit durable disease regression. Immunotherapy provides the potential to offer additional strategies to established chemotherapeutic regimes in metastatic colorectal cancer. Further research needs to establish which adjuncts to immune checkpoint inhibition can unpick resistance, and better predict which patients are likely to respond to individualised therapies to not just improve response rates but to temper unwarranted side effects.
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