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Guo Y, Wang X, Du Y, Zhao Y, Gao L, Hao Y, Lv D, Feng X, Zhai Y, Zou B, Han J, Xu E, Yang Y, Yang B, Xi Y, Zhang L. The splicing factor SF3B1 confers ferroptosis resistance and promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression via upregulation of SLC7A11. Cancer Gene Ther 2024:10.1038/s41417-024-00817-0. [PMID: 39127833 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the expression of SF3B1 in non-small cell lung cancer, and its clinical significance, biological function, and molecular mechanisms. SF3B1 mRNA and protein levels were elevated in both lung squamous cell carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues based on TCGA data and immunohistochemistry. Notably, high SF3B1 expression in LUAD was significantly associated with increased lymph node metastasis. Functional experiments involving SF3B1 knockdown and overexpression demonstrated that SF3B1 facilitated the proliferation, invasion, and migration of LUAD cells. Additionally, the SF3B1 inhibitor pladienolide-B attenuated the aggressive behavior of LUAD cells both in vitro and in vivo. RNA sequencing analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes in the SF3B1 knockdown and SF3B1 inhibitor groups were enriched in ferroptosis-related pathways compared to their respective control groups. The antiferroptotic role of SF3B1 in LUAD cells was validated by detecting glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation, and observing morphological changes using transmission electron microscopy. This process was confirmed to be independent of apoptosis and autophagy, as evidenced by the effects of the ferroptosis inducer erastin, the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK, and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. Rescue experiments indicated that the antiferroptotic role of SF3B1 in LUAD is partially mediated by upregulating the expression of SLC7A11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Guo
- Basic Medical Sciences Center of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Basic Medical Sciences Center of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu Du
- Basic Medical Sciences Center of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Inspection and Testing Center, Taiyuan, 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Yixuan Zhao
- Basic Medical Sciences Center of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Lvye Gao
- Basic Medical Sciences Center of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanlong Hao
- Basic Medical Sciences Center of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Dou Lv
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuefei Feng
- Basic Medical Sciences Center of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanfang Zhai
- Basic Medical Sciences Center of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Binbin Zou
- Basic Medical Sciences Center of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinli Han
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi, China
| | - Enwei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanfeng Xi
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Basic Medical Sciences Center of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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Wu L, Li N, Zhu L, Shao G. CircPDSS1 (hsa_circ_0017998) silencing induces ferroptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer cells by modulating the miR-137/SLC7A11/GPX4/GCLC axis. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 99:105887. [PMID: 38945378 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate the tumorigenesis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). CircPDSS1 (hsa_circ_0017998) has been newly discovered, and its role in NSCLC remains elusive. We aimed to investigate the functional roles and downstream targets of circPDSS1 in NSCLC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cellular viabilities were measured through the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, whereas cell death was assessed through flow cytometry. The lactate dehydrogenase activity, malondialdehyde levels, ferrous iron, and reactive oxygen species were measured using commercial assay kits. The interaction between circPDSSA/ microRNA-137 (miR-137) and miR-137/solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) was assayed through a dual luciferase activity assay. Finally, the mRNA and protein levels were measured using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blots, respectively. RESULTS CircPDSS1 expression was upregulated in NSCLC cells, compared with healthy lung cells. CircPDSS1 silencing suppressed the viability of NSCLC cells. Additionally, circPDSS1 knockdown induced ferroptosis rather than other types of cell death in NSCLC cells. Mechanically, circPDSS1 functions as a "sponge" to inversely control miR-137 expression, which directly targets SLC7A11. Moreover, circPDSS1 silencing causes the downregulation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC). CONCLUSIONS Targeting the circPDSS1/miR-137/SLC7A11/GPX4/GCLC axis may be a promising strategy to kill NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Women and Children's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Linwen Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China
| | - Guofeng Shao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China.
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Zhou X, Hang S, Wang Q, Xu L, Wang P. Decoding the Role of O-GlcNAcylation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2024; 14:908. [PMID: 39199296 PMCID: PMC11353135 DOI: 10.3390/biom14080908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) influence protein functionality by modulating protein stability, localization, and interactions with other molecules, thereby controlling various cellular processes. Common PTMs include phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, SUMOylation, methylation, sulfation, and nitrosylation. Among these modifications, O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to play a critical role in cancer development and progression, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review outlines the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the development and progression of HCC. Moreover, we delve into the underlying mechanisms of O-GlcNAcylation in HCC and highlight compounds that target O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) to improve treatment outcomes. Understanding the role of O-GlcNAcylation in HCC will offer insights into potential therapeutic strategies targeting OGT and OGA, which could improve treatment for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (X.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Sirui Hang
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (X.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing 314051, China;
| | - Liu Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing 314051, China;
| | - Peter Wang
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Zhongwei Medical Research Center, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Huang Z, Lin G, Hong Y, Weng L, Zhu K, Zhuang W. High expression of AlkB homolog 5 suppresses the progression of non-small cell lung cancer by facilitating ferroptosis through m6A demethylation of SLC7A11. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:4035-4046. [PMID: 38642004 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a prevailing LC characterized by poor outcomes. AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) functions as a tumor suppressor in several cancers. This study delved into the role of ALKBH5 in NSCLC development. METHODS TCGA database predicted ALKBH5 expression in NSCLC patients. ALKBH5 levels in NSCLC and human bronchial epithelial cells were determined. pcDNA3.1-ALKBH5/NC, pcDNA3.1-SLC7A11/NC, and ferrostatin-1 were used to explore the interactions among ALKBH5, SLC7A11, and ferroptosis. SLC7A11 mRNA and its protein levels were measured by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Cell viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were assessed by CCK-8, flow cytometry, and Transwell. Total N6-methyladenosine (m6A) quantification and its enrichment on SLC7A11 mRNA were determined, followed by the observation of Ki67, ALKBH5 and SLC7A11-positive cell numbers. Glutathione (GSH), lipid reactive oxygen species (lipid-ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and iron ion contents were determined. Animal experiments further analyzed the role of ALKBH5 in tumor development and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis revealed the lowly-expressed ALKBH5 in LC patients. ALKBH5 was downregulated in NSCLC cells and its upregulation repressed proliferation activity, invasion, and migration, and facilitated apoptosis. ALKBH5 upregulation decreased GSH, increased lipid-ROS, MDA, and iron ion contents, and downregulated SLC7A11 by reducing m6A modification. SLC7A11 upregulation partly annulled the effect of ALKBH5 overexpression on cell ferroptosis and malignant behaviors. In vivo assays elucidated the suppression of ALKBH5 upregulation on tumor development and GPX4 levels. CONCLUSION ALKBH5 upregulation downregulates SLC7A11 transcription by decreasing m6A modification, thus promoting NSCLC cell ferroptosis and ultimately repressing NSCLC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangzhou Huang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gen Lin
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yaping Hong
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lihong Weng
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wu Zhuang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Qin Y, Teng Y, Yang Y, Mao Z, Zhao S, Zhang N, Li X, Niu W. Advancements in inhibitors of crucial enzymes in the cysteine biosynthetic pathway: Serine acetyltransferase and O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 104:e14573. [PMID: 38965664 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Infectious diseases have been jeopardized problem that threaten public health over a long period of time. The growing prevalence of drug-resistant pathogens and infectious cases have led to a decrease in the number of effective antibiotics, which highlights the urgent need for the development of new antibacterial agents. Serine acetyltransferase (SAT), also known as CysE in certain bacterial species, and O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS), also known as CysK in select bacteria, are indispensable enzymes within the cysteine biosynthesis pathway of various pathogenic microorganisms. These enzymes play a crucial role in the survival of these pathogens, making SAT and OASS promising targets for the development of novel anti-infective agents. In this comprehensive review, we present an introduction to the structure and function of SAT and OASS, along with an overview of existing inhibitors for SAT and OASS as potential antibacterial agents. Our primary focus is on elucidating the inhibitory activities, structure-activity relationships, and mechanisms of action of these inhibitors. Through this exploration, we aim to provide insights into promising strategies and prospects in the development of antibacterial agents that target these essential enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhui Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuetai Teng
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Vocational College of Nursing, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhenkun Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shengyu Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Chemistry Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weihong Niu
- Department of Pathology, Henan Key Laboratory for Digital Pathology Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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6
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Bel’skaya LV, Dyachenko EI. Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer: A Biochemical Map of Reactive Oxygen Species Production. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4646-4687. [PMID: 38785550 PMCID: PMC11120394 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This review systematizes information about the metabolic features of breast cancer directly related to oxidative stress. It has been shown those redox changes occur at all levels and affect many regulatory systems in the human body. The features of the biochemical processes occurring in breast cancer are described, ranging from nonspecific, at first glance, and strictly biochemical to hormone-induced reactions, genetic and epigenetic regulation, which allows for a broader and deeper understanding of the principles of oncogenesis, as well as maintaining the viability of cancer cells in the mammary gland. Specific pathways of the activation of oxidative stress have been studied as a response to the overproduction of stress hormones and estrogens, and specific ways to reduce its negative impact have been described. The diversity of participants that trigger redox reactions from different sides is considered more fully: glycolytic activity in breast cancer, and the nature of consumption of amino acids and metals. The role of metals in oxidative stress is discussed in detail. They can act as both co-factors and direct participants in oxidative stress, since they are either a trigger mechanism for lipid peroxidation or capable of activating signaling pathways that affect tumorigenesis. Special attention has been paid to the genetic and epigenetic regulation of breast tumors. A complex cascade of mechanisms of epigenetic regulation is explained, which made it possible to reconsider the existing opinion about the triggers and pathways for launching the oncological process, the survival of cancer cells and their ability to localize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V. Bel’skaya
- Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Omsk State Pedagogical University, 644099 Omsk, Russia;
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Xiang D, Zhou L, Yang R, Yuan F, Xu Y, Yang Y, Qiao Y, Li X. Advances in Ferroptosis-Inducing Agents by Targeted Delivery System in Cancer Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2091-2112. [PMID: 38476278 PMCID: PMC10929151 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s448715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, cancer remains one of the most significant threats to human health. Treatment of most cancers remains challenging, despite the implementation of diverse therapies in clinical practice. In recent years, research on the mechanism of ferroptosis has presented novel perspectives for cancer treatment. Ferroptosis is a regulated cell death process caused by lipid peroxidation of membrane unsaturated fatty acids catalyzed by iron ions. The rapid development of bio-nanotechnology has generated considerable interest in exploiting iron-induced cell death as a new therapeutic target against cancer. This article provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements at the intersection of iron-induced cell death and bionanotechnology. In this respect, the mechanism of iron-induced cell death and its relation to cancer are summarized. Furthermore, the feasibility of a nano-drug delivery system based on iron-induced cell death for cancer treatment is introduced and analyzed. Secondly, strategies for inducing iron-induced cell death using nanodrug delivery technology are discussed, including promoting Fenton reactions, inhibiting glutathione peroxidase 4, reducing low glutathione levels, and inhibiting system Xc-. Additionally, the article explores the potential of combined treatment strategies involving iron-induced cell death and bionanotechnology. Finally, the application prospects and challenges of iron-induced nanoagents for cancer treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debiao Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Resistance Microbial Drugs, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- The Clinical Application Research Institute of Antibiotics in Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Resistance Microbial Drugs, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- The Clinical Application Research Institute of Antibiotics in Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilin Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Qiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Resistance Microbial Drugs, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- The Clinical Application Research Institute of Antibiotics in Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Anti-Resistance Microbial Drugs, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- The Clinical Application Research Institute of Antibiotics in Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
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Wu K, Liu L, Wu Z, Huang Q, Zhou L, Xie R, Wang M. Ascorbic acid induces ferroptosis via STAT3/GPX4 signaling in oropharyngeal cancer. Free Radic Res 2024; 58:117-129. [PMID: 38385781 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2024.2320396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is recognized as a new type of regulated cell death initiated by iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxidation. Recent studies have shown that the administration of ascorbic acid (AA) preferentially kills tumor cells by impairing iron metabolism and exerting pro-oxidant effects. Despite mounting evidence indicating the anticancer potential of AA, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that AA decreased cell viability and Ki67 expression, along with its accumulation in the G0/G1 phase in FaDu and SCC-154 cell lines. Furthermore, AA exposure induced morphological changes in mitochondria associated with ferroptosis. AA-induced ferroptosis is accompanied by depletion of glutathione (GSH) and increased levels of ferrous ions (Fe2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA). However, these ferroptotic effects were ameliorated by deferoxamine and N-acetylcysteine. Network pharmacology results showed that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key target of AA against oropharyngeal cancer. AA markedly downregulates the relative mRNA expression of STAT3 and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Immunoblotting indicated that the protein levels of p-STAT3, STAT3, and GPX4 in FaDu and SCC-154 cells decreased significantly in response to AA treatment. Mechanistically, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that AA exposure reduced STAT3 expression in the GPX4 promoter region. Additionally, AA-induced inhibition of cell growth and ferroptosis was suppressed by STAT3 and GPX4 overexpression, respectively. In summary, AA inhibited oropharyngeal cancer cell growth in vitro by regulating STAT3/GPX4-mediated ferroptosis, which may provide a novel theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer with AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Le Liu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education) and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Rujiao Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Bakar-Ates F, Ozkan E. Cucurbitacin B and erastin co-treatment synergistically induced ferroptosis in breast cancer cells via altered iron-regulating proteins and lipid peroxidation. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 94:105732. [PMID: 37956772 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a unique type of cell death which co-exists with elevated iron, suppressed antioxidative function and increased lipid peroxidation. Recent studies have shown that cancer cells are particularly susceptible to the compounds with ferroptotic activities. Cucurbitacin B (CuB) is a triterpenoid with potent biological properties. It has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis and inhibit metastasis in cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism of the compound is still not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the ferroptotic effect of CuB in breast cancer cells and evaluated the impact of its combination with erastin, a ferroptosis inducer. In this regard, MTT assay was performed to analyze cell viability. Lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and the cellular antioxidant capacity were determined with relevant kits. The expression of ferroptotic proteins were analyzed by western blotting. The results indicated that the combined treatment of CuB and erastin activated the ferroptotic pathways significantly in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. More importantly, the combination treatment altered the expression of iron-related proteins IREB2 and FPN1. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the ferroptotic potential of CuB in breast cancer cells for the first time, and revealed its impact on the expression of iron-regulating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Bakar-Ates
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, 06560 Anadolu, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Erva Ozkan
- Ankara Medipol University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, 06050 Altindag, Ankara, Turkey.
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Fantone S, Piani F, Olivieri F, Rippo MR, Sirico A, Di Simone N, Marzioni D, Tossetta G. Role of SLC7A11/xCT in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:587. [PMID: 38203758 PMCID: PMC10779187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most dangerous gynecologic cancers worldwide and has a high fatality rate due to diagnosis at an advanced stage of the disease as well as a high recurrence rate due to the occurrence of chemotherapy resistance. In fact, chemoresistance weakens the therapeutic effects, worsening the outcome of this pathology. Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11 (SLC7A11, also known as xCT) is the functional subunit of the Xc- system, an anionic L-cystine/L-glutamate antiporter expressed on the cell surface. SLC7A11 expression is significantly upregulated in several types of cancers in which it can inhibit ferroptosis and favor cancer cell proliferation, invasion and chemoresistance. SLC7A11 expression is also increased in ovarian cancer tissues, suggesting a possible role of this protein as a therapeutic target. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature regarding the role of SLC7A11 in ovarian cancer to provide new insights on SLC7A11 modulation and evaluate the potential role of SLC7A11 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fantone
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS INRCA, 60124 Ancona, Italy; (S.F.); (F.O.)
| | - Federica Piani
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Fabiola Olivieri
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS INRCA, 60124 Ancona, Italy; (S.F.); (F.O.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Maria Rita Rippo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, DISCLIMO, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Angelo Sirico
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano Hospital, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Nicoletta Di Simone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Daniela Marzioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Tossetta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
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11
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Le J, Pan G, Zhang C, Chen Y, Tiwari AK, Qin JJ. Targeting ferroptosis in gastric cancer: Strategies and opportunities. Immunol Rev 2024; 321:228-245. [PMID: 37903748 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death morphologically, genetically, and biochemically distinct from other cell death pathways and characterized by the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides and oxidative damage. It is now understood that ferroptosis plays an essential role in various biological processes, especially in the metabolism of iron, lipids, and amino acids. Gastric cancer (GC) is a prevalent malignant tumor worldwide with low early diagnosis rates and high metastasis rates, accounting for its relatively poor prognosis. Although chemotherapy is commonly used to treat GC, drug resistance often leads to poor therapeutic outcomes. In the last several years, extensive research on ferroptosis has highlighted its significant potential in GC therapy, providing a promising strategy to address drug resistance associated with standard cancer therapies. In this review, we offer an extensive summary of the key regulatory factors related to the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis. Various inducers and inhibitors specifically targeting ferroptosis are uncovered. Additionally, we explore the prospective applications and outcomes of these agents in the field of GC therapy, emphasizing their capacity to improve the outcomes of this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahan Le
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangzhao Pan
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Che Zhang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yitao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Liang J, Liao Y, Wang P, Yang K, Wang Y, Wang K, Zhong B, Zhou D, Cao Q, Li J, Zhao Y, Jiang N. Ferroptosis landscape in prostate cancer from molecular and metabolic perspective. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:128. [PMID: 37061523 PMCID: PMC10105735 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major disease that threatens men's health. Its rapid progression, easy metastasis, and late castration resistance have brought obstacles to treatment. It is necessary to find new effective anticancer methods. Ferroptosis is a novel iron-dependent programmed cell death that plays a role in various cancers. Understanding how ferroptosis is regulated in prostate cancer will help us to use it as a new way to kill cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the regulation and role of ferroptosis in prostate cancer and the relationship with AR from the perspective of metabolism and molecular pathways. We also discuss the feasibility of ferroptosis in prostate cancer treatment and describe current limitations and prospects, providing a reference for future research and clinical application of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liang
- Tianjin institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China
| | - Yihao Liao
- Tianjin institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Tianjin institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Future Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Youzhi Wang
- Tianjin institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China
| | - Keke Wang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Boqiang Zhong
- Tianjin institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China
| | - Diansheng Zhou
- Tianjin institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Tianjin institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China
| | - Junbo Li
- Tianjin institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Second Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Tianjin institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 300211, Tianjin, China.
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13
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Etoposide in combination with erastin synergistically altered iron homeostasis and induced ferroptotic cell death through regulating IREB2/FPN1 expression in estrogen receptor positive-breast cancer cells. Life Sci 2022; 312:121222. [PMID: 36442526 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death mechanism that substantially differs from apoptosis. Since its mechanism involves increased oxidative stress and rich iron content, cancer cells are particularly vulnerable to ferroptotic death compared to healthy tissues. In the present study, the effect of etoposide in combination with a ferroptotic agent, erastin, was investigated in breast cancer. MAIN METHODS Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay. Oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity were detected using the relevant kits. Intracellular iron levels were measured by HPLC. Ferroptosis markers were explored by western blotting. KEY FINDINGS Results demonstrated that although etoposide didn't induce a significant cell death up to 50 μM in MCF-7 cells, with the addition of erastin, a significant synergistic activity was achieved at a dose as low as 1 μM (p < 0.05), contrary to normal breast epithelial cells. This cytotoxic effect was blocked by ferrostatin-1, which is a specific inhibitor of ferroptosis. The combined treatment of etoposide and erastin synergistically induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, while suppressing glutathione peroxidase activity. More importantly, the combination treatment synergistically increased iron accumulation, which was associated with altered expression of IREB2/FPN1. Additionally, ferroptosis-regulating proteins ACSF2 and GPX4 were altered more potently by the combination treatment, compared to untreated cells and erastin treatment alone (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, this is the first study that reports enhanced cytotoxicity of etoposide, in combination with erastin, in ER-positive breast cancer cells via activation of ferroptotic pathways, and offers a new perspective for future regimens.
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Guo L, Zhang Q, Liu Y. The role of microRNAs in ferroptosis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1003045. [PMID: 36310600 PMCID: PMC9596748 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of programmed cell death, which is closely related to the imbalance of iron metabolism and oxidative stress. Ferroptosis has become an important research topic in the fields of cardiomyopathy, tumors, neuronal injury disorders, and ischemia perfusion disorders. As an important part of non-coding RNA, microRNAs regulate various metabolic pathways in the human body at the post-transcriptional level and play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of many diseases. The present review introduces the mechanisms of ferroptosis and describes the relevant pathways by which microRNAs affect cardiomyopathy, tumors, neuronal injury disorders and ischemia perfusion disorders through regulating ferroptosis. In addition, it provides important insights into ferroptosis-related microRNAs, aiming to uncover new methods for treatment of the above diseases, and discusses new ideas for the implementation of possible microRNA-based ferroptosis-targeted therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingkun Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, China
| | - Yuehui Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, NanChang, China
- *Correspondence: Yuehui Liu,
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The amino acid transporter SLC7A11-mediated crosstalk implicated in cancer therapy and the tumor microenvironment. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115241. [PMID: 36084707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), an amino acid transporter protein is frequently overexpressed in human malignancies. The expression and activity of SLC7A11 is finely regulated by oncogenes and tumor suppressors in tumor cells through various mechanisms and is highly specific for cystine and glutamate. Cystine is mainly transported intracellularly by SLC7A11 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and is involved in GSH synthesis, which leads to ferroptosis resistance in tumor cells and promotes tumorigenesis and progression. The downregulation of SLC7A11 presents a unique drug discovery opportunity for ferroptosis-related diseases. Experimental work has shown that the combination of targeting SLC7A11 and tumor immunotherapy triggers ferroptosis more potently. Moreover, immunotargeting of SLC7A11 increases the chemosensitivity of cancer stem cells to doxorubicin, suggesting that it may act as an adjuvant to chemotherapy. Thus, SLC7A11 could be a promising target to overcome resistance mechanisms in conventional cancer treatments. This review provides an overview of the regulatory network of SLC7A11 in the TME and progress in the development of SLC7A11 inhibitors. In addition, we summarize the cytotoxic effects of blocking SLC7A11 in cancer cells, cancer stem cells and immune cells.
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Sfera A, Thomas KG, Andronescu CV, Jafri N, Sfera DO, Sasannia S, Zapata-Martín del Campo CM, Maldonado JC. Bromodomains in Human-Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Model of Ferroptosis-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:904816. [PMID: 35645713 PMCID: PMC9134113 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.904816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) comprise a group of illnesses marked by memory and behavioral dysfunction that can occur in up to 50% of HIV patients despite adequate treatment with combination antiretroviral drugs. Iron dyshomeostasis exacerbates HIV-1 infection and plays a major role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. In addition, persons living with HIV demonstrate a high prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, indicating that HAND provides a unique opportunity to study ferroptosis in these conditions. Both HIV and combination antiretroviral drugs increase the risk of ferroptosis by augmenting ferritin autophagy at the lysosomal level. As many viruses and their proteins exit host cells through lysosomal exocytosis, ferroptosis-driving molecules, iron, cathepsin B and calcium may be released from these organelles. Neurons and glial cells are highly susceptible to ferroptosis and neurodegeneration that engenders white and gray matter damage. Moreover, iron-activated microglia can engage in the aberrant elimination of viable neurons and synapses, further contributing to ferroptosis-induced neurodegeneration. In this mini review, we take a closer look at the role of iron in the pathogenesis of HAND and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, we describe an epigenetic compensatory system, comprised of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and microRNA-29, that may counteract ferroptosis by activating cystine/glutamate antiporter, while lowering ferritin autophagy and iron regulatory protein-2. We also discuss potential interventions for lysosomal fitness, including ferroptosis blockers, lysosomal acidification, and cathepsin B inhibitors to achieve desirable therapeutic effects of ferroptosis-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Nyla Jafri
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Dan O. Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Jose C. Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
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Yu X, Zhu D, Luo B, Kou W, Cheng Y, Zhu Y. IFNγ enhances ferroptosis by increasing JAK‑STAT pathway activation to suppress SLCA711 expression in adrenocortical carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2022; 47:97. [PMID: 35322867 PMCID: PMC8968764 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare type of tumor with a poor prognosis. Ferroptosis is a relatively novel form of programmed cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation accumulation. Recent evidence suggests that IFNγ facilitates erastin-induced ferroptosis, which contributed to anticancer therapy in various types of cancer. However, it has remained elusive whether the regulation of IFNγ on ferroptosis has a positive role in the treatment of ACC. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore the effects of IFNγ on erastin-induced ferroptosis in the ACC cell line NCI-H295R and investigate the underlying mechanisms. Cell viability was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, an ethynyldioxyuridine proliferation assay and Live/Dead staining. The levels of iron, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial damage were also assessed. Western blot and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analyses were used to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the erastin-induced ferroptosis of NCI-H295R cells. The results suggested that IFNγ promoted erastin-induced ferroptotic cell death. Furthermore, IFNγ enhanced erastin-induced ferroptosis, as evidenced by the accumulation of iron, as well as the increase in lipid peroxidation and promotion of mitochondrial damage. Further analysis suggested that IFNγ enhanced ferroptosis by suppressing the expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11, an important negative regulator of ferroptosis, and this was achieved via activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in NCI-H295R cells. The present study provided experimental evidence on the activity and mechanism of ferroptosis enhanced by IFNγ in ACC and may give critical insight into the immunotherapeutic management of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Yu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Bixian Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Wei Kou
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Cheng
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Walters
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive (Room 238), Rensselaer, New York 12144 USA
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 1 Discovery Drive (Room 238), Rensselaer, New York 12144 USA
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