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Baassiri A, Ghais A, Kurdi A, Rahal E, Nasr R, Shirinian M. The molecular signature of BCR::ABLP210 and BCR::ABLT315I in a Drosophila melanogaster chronic myeloid leukemia model. iScience 2024; 27:109538. [PMID: 38585663 PMCID: PMC10995885 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder resulting from a balanced translocation leading to BCR::ABL1 oncogene with increased tyrosine kinase activity. Despite the advancements in the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the T315I gatekeeper point mutation in the BCR::ABL1 gene remains a challenge. We have previously reported in a Drosophila CML model an increased hemocyte count and disruption in sessile hemocyte patterns upon expression of BCR::ABL1p210 and BCR::ABL1T315I in the hemolymph. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing to determine if there is a distinct gene expression that distinguishes BCR::ABL1p210 and BCR::ABL1T315I. We identified six genes that were consistently upregulated in the fly CML model and validated in adult and pediatric CML patients and in a mouse cell line expressing BCR::ABL1T315I. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of gene signatures in BCR::ABL1p210 and BCR::ABL1T315I, laying the groundwork for targeted investigations into the role of these genes in CML pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Baassiri
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Ghais
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdallah Kurdi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elias Rahal
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Margret Shirinian
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Yang JF, Liao Q, Lu CL. SOX9 promotes the invasion and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells by activating the RAP1 signaling pathway. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:421. [PMID: 37919693 PMCID: PMC10623714 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SOX9 has been shown to be related to the metastasis of various cancers. Recently, it has been reported that SOX9 plays a regulatory role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cell metastasis, but the specific mechanism remains to be explored. Therefore, the objective of this study was to observe the effect and mechanism of SOX9 on the invasion and migration of LUAD cells. METHODS RT-qPCR was applied to observe the expression of SOX9 and RAP1 in tumor tissues and corresponding normal lung tissues collected from LUAD patients. Co-immunoprecipitation and Pearson correlation to analyze the expression correlation of SOX9 with RAP1. To observe the role of SOX9, the invasion and migration levels of LUAD A549 cells in each group were observed by Transwell invasion assay and Scratch migration assay after knocking down or overexpressing SOX9. Besides, the expression levels of RAP1 pathway-related proteins (RAP1, RAP1GAP and RasGRP33) were observed by RT-qCPR or western blot. Subsequently, RAP1 was overexpressed and SOX9 was knocked down in A549 cells, and then the cell invasion/migration level and RAP1 pathway activity were assessed. RESULTS The expression levels of SOX9 and RAP1 in tumor tissues and A549 cells of LUAD patients were significantly increased and positively correlated. Overexpression of SOX9 or RAP1 alone in A549 cells enhanced the invasion and migration ability of cells, as well as up-regulated the expression levels of RAP1, RAP1GAP and RasGRP33. However, knocking down SOX9 decreased cell invasion and migration levels and weakened the activity of RAP1 pathway. Notably, overexpressing RAP1 while knocking down SOX9 significantly activated RAP1 pathway and promoted cell invasion and migration. CONCLUSION Overexpression of SOX9 in LUAD can significantly activate the RAP1 signaling pathway and promote cell invasion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Fa Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Liao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Lin Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China.
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Downregulation of Rap1GAP Expression Activates the TGF- β/Smad3 Pathway to Inhibit the Expression of Sodium/Iodine Transporter in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6840642. [PMID: 34840979 PMCID: PMC8616680 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6840642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective Rap1GAP is considered a tumor suppressor gene, but its regulatory mechanism in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has not been clearly elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore whether the regulation between Rap1GAP and sodium/iodine transporter (NIS) in tumorigenesis of PTC is mediated by TGF-β1. Methods Western blotting (WB) and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction were performed to analyze the relationships between TGF-β1 concentration and NIS expression. After transfecting BCPAP cells with siRNAs, the Rap1GAP interference model was successfully established. Then, the expression and nuclear localization of TGF-β1 and pathway-related proteins were detected. Flow cytometry was applied to analyze cell apoptosis and cycle. WB was performed to detect apoptotic-related proteins. Wound healing and transwell assays were used to measure cell migration and invasion. EDU was performed to detect cell proliferative activity. Results The results suggested that TGF-β1 could significantly inhibit the expression of NIS in both mRNA and protein levels. In BCPAP cells transfected with siRNA-Rap1GAP, the expression levels of TGF-β1, Foxp3, and p-Smad3 were significantly increased. By applying immunofluorescence assay, the nuclear localizations of TβR-1 and p-Smad3 were found to be activated. Moreover, anti-TGF-β1 can reverse the decrease in NIS expression caused by downregulation of Rap1GAP. Additionally, the knockdown of Rap1GAP could alter the cell apoptosis, cycle, migration, invasion, and proliferation of BCPAP. Conclusion The downregulation of Rap1GAP expression can activate the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway to inhibit NIS expression and alter the tumor cell functions of PTC.
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Sari-Ak D, Torres-Gomez A, Yazicioglu YF, Christofides A, Patsoukis N, Lafuente EM, Boussiotis VA. Structural, biochemical, and functional properties of the Rap1-Interacting Adaptor Molecule (RIAM). Biomed J 2021; 45:289-298. [PMID: 34601137 PMCID: PMC9250098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes, the leading players of immune system, are involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. Leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells during transmigration or to antigen presenting cells during T cell activation, requires integrin activation through a process termed inside-out integrin signaling. In hematopoietic cells, Rap1 and its downstream effector RIAM (Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule) form a cornerstone for inside-out integrin activation. The Rap1/RIAM pathway is involved in signal integration for activation, actin remodeling and cytoskeletal reorganization in T cells, as well as in myeloid cell differentiation and function. RIAM is instrumental for phagocytosis, a process requiring particle recognition, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane protrusion for engulfment and digestion. In the present review, we discuss the structural and molecular properties of RIAM and the recent discoveries regarding the functional role of the Rap1/RIAM module in hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sari-Ak
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey, 34668
| | - Alvaro Torres-Gomez
- School of Medicine, Unit of Immunology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yavuz-Furkan Yazicioglu
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Anthos Christofides
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Esther M Lafuente
- School of Medicine, Unit of Immunology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215.
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Li H, Liang J, Wang J, Han J, Li S, Huang K, Liu C. Mex3a promotes oncogenesis through the RAP1/MAPK signaling pathway in colorectal cancer and is inhibited by hsa-miR-6887-3p. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:472-491. [PMID: 33638620 PMCID: PMC8211350 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although Mex3 RNA‐binding family member A (Mex3a) has demonstrated an important role in multiple cancers, its role and regulatory mechanism in CRC is unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role and clinical significance of Mex3a in CRC and to explore its underlying mechanism. Methods Western blotting and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) were performed to detect the expression levels of genes. 5‐Ethynyl‐2'‐deoxyuridine (EDU) and transwell assays were utilized to examine CRC cell proliferation and metastatic ability. The R software was used to do hierarchical clustering analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Overexpression and rescue experiments which included U0126, a specific mitogen activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular regulated protein kinase (MEK/ERK) inhibitor, and PX‐478, a hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF‐1α) inhibitor, were used to study the molecular mechanisms of Mex3a in CRC cells. Co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assay was performed to detect the interaction between two proteins. Bioinformatics analysis including available public database and Starbase software (starbase.sysu.edu.cn) were used to evaluate the expression and prognostic significance of genes. TargetScan (www.targetscan.org) and the miRDB (mirdb.org) website were used to predict the combination site between microRNA and target mRNA. BALB/c nude mice were used to study the function of Mex3a and hsa‐miR‐6887‐3p in vivo. Results Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies of 101 CRC tissues and 79 normal tissues demonstrated that Mex3a was a significant prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) in CRC patients. Mex3a knockdown substantially inhibited the migration, invasion, and proliferation of CRC cells. Transcriptome analysis and mechanism verification showed that Mex3a regulated the RAP1 GTPase activating protein (RAP1GAP)/MEK/ERK/HIF‐1α pathway. Furthermore, RAP1GAP was identified to interact with Mex3a in Co‐IP experiments. Bioinformatics and dual‐luciferase reporter experiments revealed that hsa‐miR‐6887‐3p could bind to the 3'‐untranslated regions (3'‐UTR) of the Mex3a mRNA. hsa‐miR‐6887‐3p downregulated Mex3a expression and inhibited the tumorigenesis of CRC both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that the hsa‐miR‐6887‐3p/Mex3a/RAP1GAP signaling axis was a key regulator of CRC and Mex3a has the potential to be a new diagnostic marker and treatment target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, 261000, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Chuanyong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China.,Provincial Key Lab of Mental Disorder, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
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Looi CK, Hii LW, Ngai SC, Leong CO, Mai CW. The Role of Ras-Associated Protein 1 (Rap1) in Cancer: Bad Actor or Good Player? Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090334. [PMID: 32906721 PMCID: PMC7555474 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is known as the most life-threatening event in cancer patients. In principle, the immune system can prevent tumor development. However, dysfunctional T cells may fail to eliminate the tumor cells effectively and provide additional survival advantages for tumor proliferation and metastasis. Constitutive activation of Ras-associated protein1 (Rap1) has not only led to T cell anergy, but also inhibited autophagy and supported cancer progression through various oncogenic events. Inhibition of Rap1 activity with its negative regulator, Rap1GAP, impairs tumor progression. However, active Rap1 reduces tumor invasion in some cancers, indicating that the pleiotropic effects of Rap1 signaling in cancers could be cancer-specific. All in all, targeting Rap1 signaling and its regulators could potentially control carcinogenesis, metastasis, chemoresistance and immune evasion. Rap1GAP could be a promising therapeutic target in combating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-King Looi
- School of Postgraduate Study, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.-K.L.); (L.-W.H.)
| | - Ling-Wei Hii
- School of Postgraduate Study, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (C.-K.L.); (L.-W.H.)
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Siew Ching Ngai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia;
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cells Research, Institute for Research, Development, and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cells Research, Institute for Research, Development, and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-2731-7596
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Sia KCS, Zhong L, Mayoh C, Norris MD, Haber M, Marshall GM, Raftery MJ, Lock RB. Targeting TSLP-Induced Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Pathways in CRLF2-Rearranged Ph-like ALL. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1767-1776. [PMID: 32801162 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Philadelphia (Ph)-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by aberrant activation of signaling pathways and high risk of relapse. Approximately 50% of Ph-like ALL cases overexpress cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2) associated with gene rearrangement. Activated by its ligand thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), CRLF2 signaling is critical for the development, proliferation, and survival of normal lymphocytes. To examine activation of tyrosine kinases regulated by TSLP/CRLF2, phosphotyrosine (P-Tyr) profiling coupled with stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) was conducted using two CRLF2-rearranged (CRLF2r) Ph-like ALL cell lines stimulated with TSLP. As a result, increased P-Tyr was detected in previously reported TSLP-activated tyrosine kinases and substrates, including JAK1, JAK2, STAT5, and ERK1/2. Interestingly, TSLP also increased P-Tyr of insulin growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), both of which can be targeted with small-molecule inhibitors. Fixed-ratio combination cytotoxicity assays using the tyrosine kinase inhibitors BMS-754807 and ponatinib that target IGF1R and FGFR1, respectively, revealed strong synergy against both cell line and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of CRLF2r Ph-like ALL. Further analyses also indicated off-target effects of ponatinib in the synergy, and novel association of the Ras-associated protein-1 (Rap1) signaling pathway with TSLP signaling in CRLF2r Ph-like ALL. When tested in vivo, the BMS-754807/ponatinib combination exerted minimal efficacy against 2 Ph-like ALL PDXs, associated with low achievable plasma drug concentrations. Although this study identified potential new targets in CRLF2r Ph-like ALL, it also highlights that in vivo validation of synergistic drug interactions is essential. IMPLICATION: Quantitative phosphotyrosine profiling identified potential therapeutic targets for high-risk CRLF2-rearranged Ph-like ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C S Sia
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chelsea Mayoh
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Murray D Norris
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,UNSW Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Glenn M Marshall
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - Mark J Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,UNSW Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Grasso R, Dell'Albani P, Carbone C, Spatuzza M, Bonfanti R, Sposito G, Puglisi G, Musumeci F, Scordino A, Campisi A. Synergic pro-apoptotic effects of Ferulic Acid and nanostructured lipid carrier in glioblastoma cells assessed through molecular and Delayed Luminescence studies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4680. [PMID: 32170186 PMCID: PMC7070080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we assessed the effect of Ferulic Acid (FA), a natural antioxidant with anti-cancer effect, on the human glioblastoma cells through molecular and Delayed Luminescence (DL) studies. DL, a phenomenon of ultra-week emission of optical photons, was used to monitor mitochondrial assessment. The effect of FA loaded in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) was also assessed. To validate NLCs as a drug delivery system for glioblastoma treatment, particular attention was focused on their effect. We found that free FA induced a significant decrease in c-Myc and Bcl-2 expression levels accompanied by the apoptotic pathway activation. Blank NLCs, even if they did not induce cytotoxicity and caspase-3 cleavage, decreased Bcl-2, ERK1/2, c-Myc expression levels activating PARP-1 cleavage. The changes in DL intensity and kinetics highlighted a possible effect of nanoparticle matrix on mitochondria, through the involvement of the NADH pool and ROS production that, in turn, activates ERK1/2 pathways. All the effects on protein expression levels and on the activation of apoptotic pathway appeared more evident when the cells were exposed to FA loaded in NLCs. We demonstrated that the observed effects are due to a synergic pro-apoptotic influence exerted by FA, whose bio-availability increases in the glioblastoma cells, and NLCs formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Grasso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Ettore Majorana", University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy. .,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Paola Dell'Albani
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Italian National Research Council, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudia Carbone
- Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Michela Spatuzza
- Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), 94018, Troina, Italy
| | - Roberta Bonfanti
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Italian National Research Council, 95126, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sposito
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Puglisi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Musumeci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Ettore Majorana", University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Scordino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Ettore Majorana", University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Campisi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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Cordella M, Tabolacci C, Senatore C, Rossi S, Mueller S, Lintas C, Eramo A, D'Arcangelo D, Valitutti S, Facchiano A, Facchiano F. Theophylline induces differentiation and modulates cytoskeleton dynamics and cytokines secretion in human melanoma-initiating cells. Life Sci 2019; 230:121-131. [PMID: 31125565 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cutaneous melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer, derived from neoplastic transformation of melanocytes. Since several evidences highlighted the importance of a hierarchical model of differentiation among cancer cells, closely related to resistance mechanisms and tumor relapse, we investigated the effects of theophylline (Theo), a methylxanthine commonly used in treatment of respiratory diseases, on melanoma cells with different degree of differentiation, including patient-derived melanoma-initiating cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects of Theo was demonstrated by cell counting, adhesion and migration assays on A375 and SK-MEL-30 cells. Further, Theo ability to reduce cell growth was highly significant in A375-derived spheroids and in two patient-derived melanoma-initiating cells (MICs). In order to identify pathways potentially involved in the antineoplastic properties of Theo, a comparative mass spectrometry proteomic analysis was used. Then, melanin content, tyrosinase and tissue transglutaminase activities as differentiation markers and actin re-organization through confocal microscopy were evaluated. Furthermore, a secretome profile of MICs after Theo treatments was performed by multiplex immunoassay. KEY FINDINGS Obtained results demonstrate inhibitory effects of Theo on melanoma cell proliferation and migration, mainly in MICs, together with the induction of differentiation parameters. Moreover, our data indicate that the known anti-melanoma effect of Theo is due also to its ability to interfere with cytoskeleton dynamics and to induce the secretion of inflammatory molecules involved in recruitment of immunosuppressive cells in tumor microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCE Data strongly suggest that Theo supplement, either as drug or as dietary supply, may represent a potent additional weapon against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cordella
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Tabolacci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Senatore
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Rossi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carla Lintas
- Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neurogenetics, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Eramo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Valitutti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Francesco Facchiano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Methylation level of Rap1GAP and the clinical significance in MDS. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:7287-7294. [PMID: 30546468 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) have identified multiple associated gene mutations, including mutations of tetmethylcytosinedioxygenase 2, isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP(+)] 1 cytosolic, isocitrate dehydrogenase [NADP(+)] 2 mitochondrial and additional sex combs like 1 transcriptional regulator, all of which may be considered epigenetic regulators. Furthermore, mutations of RAS type GTPase family genes have been identified in 10-15% patients with MDS. The authors' previous study on the gene expression profile of cluster of differentiation 34+ cells using microarray analysis identified elevated expression of RAP1GTPase activating protein 1 (Rap1GAP) in patients with MDS compared with that in non-malignant blood diseases (NM) control group. To further investigate the mechanism of increased Rap1GAP expression, the methylation pattern of the promoter of this gene was determined in 86 patients with MDS (n=29), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (n=31) or NM (n=26) using bisulfite-specific polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. The results demonstrated that the methylation of Rap1GAP occurred in all 29 patients with MDS at multiple CpG sites. The methylation level of Rap1GAP in patients with MDS was decreased compared with that in patients with NM. Significant differences at 4CpG sites (5,7,8 and 12) of Rap1GAP promoter were identified between MDS and NM. Furthermore, based on the present clinical records of the patient cohort, the methylation status of Rap1GAP promoter did not appear to be associated with the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with MDS, including age, gender and International Prognosis Score System. The difference in methylation level at CpG site 8 of Rap1GAP promoter was identified to be significantly increased in patients with MDS-refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts compared with that in the MDS-refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia or MDS-unclassified groups. The results of the present study suggest that patients with MDS exhibit a lower overall methylation level within Rap1GAP promoter compared with patients with NM or AML. In addition, the methylation level at the four identified CpG sites can distinguish between MDS and NM.
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Shah S, Brock EJ, Jackson RM, Ji K, Boerner JL, Sloane BF, Mattingly RR. Downregulation of Rap1Gap: A Switch from DCIS to Invasive Breast Carcinoma via ERK/MAPK Activation. Neoplasia 2018; 20:951-963. [PMID: 30144784 PMCID: PMC6106701 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) presents a challenge since we cannot yet distinguish those cases that would remain indolent and not require aggressive treatment from cases that may progress to invasive ductal cancer (IDC). The purpose of this study is to determine the role of Rap1Gap, a GTPase activating protein, in the progression from DCIS to IDC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of samples from breast cancer patients shows an increase in Rap1Gap expression in DCIS compared to normal breast tissue and IDCs. In order to study the mechanisms of malignant progression, we employed an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) model that more accurately recapitulates both structural and functional cues of breast tissue. Immunoblotting results show that Rap1Gap levels in MCF10.Ca1D cells (a model of invasive carcinoma) are reduced compared to those in MCF10.DCIS (a model of DCIS). Retroviral silencing of Rap1Gap in MCF10.DCIS cells activated extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), induced extensive cytoskeletal reorganization and acquisition of mesenchymal phenotype, and enhanced invasion. Enforced reexpression of Rap1Gap in MCF10.DCIS-Rap1GapshRNA cells reduced Rap1 activity and reversed the mesenchymal phenotype. Similarly, introduction of dominant negative Rap1A mutant (Rap1A-N17) in DCIS-Rap1Gap shRNA cells caused a reversion to nonmalignant phenotype. Conversely, expression of constitutively active Rap1A mutant (Rap1A-V12) in noninvasive MCF10.DCIS cells led to phenotypic changes that were reminiscent of Rap1Gap knockdown. Thus, reduction of Rap1Gap in DCIS is a potential switch for progression to an invasive phenotype. The Graphical Abstract summarizes these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Shah
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ethan J Brock
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ryan M Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kyungmin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Julie L Boerner
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Bonnie F Sloane
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Raymond R Mattingly
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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12
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Zhao J, Mai C, Weng D, Chen C, Zhou Z, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Wang P. Reduced expression of Rap1GAP as a prognostic biomarker for primary gastric cancer patients. Cancer Biomark 2018; 22:375-384. [PMID: 29758923 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rap1GAP, a member of the family of GTPase-activating proteins, is reported to be involved in cancer development and progression. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate the expression and prognostic value of Rap1GAP in gastric cancer patients. METHODS Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to examine Rap1GAP expression in tumorous and matched adjacent non-tumorous gastric tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was used to analyze Rap1GAP expression in 456 gastric cancer tissues. The correlation between Rap1GAP expression level and clinicopathological features as well as gastric cancer prognosis was analyzed. RESULTS Rap1GAP expression was remarkably decreased in tumor tissues at mRNA (p= 0.012) and protein (p= 0.034) level. Clinicopathological analysis revealed that low Rap1GAP expression was significantly correlated with tumor size (p= 0.033), histological grade (p= 0.034), T classification (p= 0.012), N classification (p= 0.006) and clinical stage (p= 0.005). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed the association between low Rap1GAP expression and poor survival in gastric cancer patients. Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Rap1GAP expression was an independent prognostic factor (p= 0.02). CONCLUSION Rap1GAP may play a significant role in gastric cancer progression and act as a valuable prognostic marker for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Mai
- Department of Abdominal Oncosurgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Desheng Weng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changlong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziqi Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Gastric and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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13
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Gao WL, Ye GC, Liu LW, Wei L. The downregulation of Rap1 GTPase-activating protein is associated with a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer and may impact on tumor progression. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7661-7668. [PMID: 29725465 PMCID: PMC5920375 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rap1 GTPase-activating protein (Rap1GAP) has been reported to serve an important role in various types of cancer by specific stimulation as a negative regulator of Rap1 activity. However, the role of Rap1GAP in colorectal cancer (CRC) has yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of Rap1GAP in CRC tissues and to elucidate its clinical significance. The expression of Rap1GAP, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) and E-cadherin in 227 CRC tissues and paired para-carcinoma tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Associations between Rap1GAP expression and clinicopathological characteristics, and between Rap1GAP expression and prognostic value (OS + DFS) in CRC were investigated. Furthermore, associations between Rap1GAP expression and MMP-9 expression, and between Rap1GAP expression and E-cadherin expression were also investigated. Rap1GAP expression was markedly downregulated in CRC tissues compared with para-carcinoma tissues. Decreased expression of Rap1GAP was significantly associated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, advanced Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage and a poor prognosis in patients with CRC following surgery. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that Rap1GAP was an independent poor prognostic factor for disease-free survival and overall survival. In addition, Rap1GAP expression was negatively associated with MMP-9 and positively associated with E-cadherin in 227 CRC samples. In brief, the results of the present study suggested that Rap1GAP may be involved in tumor progression in CRC and may serve as a potential target for prognostic prediction of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Chao Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
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Yang Y, Zhang J, Yan Y, Cai H, Li M, Sun K, Wang J, Liu X, Wang J, Duan X. Low expression of Rap1GAP is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:8057-8068. [PMID: 28009991 PMCID: PMC5352382 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rap1GAP is a crucial tumor suppressor, but its role in gastric cancer (GC) is little investigated. In this study, we found that the expression of Rap1GAP was decreased in GC. Low expression of Rap1GAP was positively correlated with advanced pTNM stage, Borrmann types, tumor diameter and poor prognosis in patients with GC. Low expression of Rap1GAP correlated with loss of E-cadherin expression, and anomalous positivity of MMP2 expression. Multivariate analysis showed that low expression of Rap1GAP was an independent prognostic factor. Ectopic expression of Rap1GAP impaired cell migration and invasion, promoted the expression of E-cadherin and decreased the expression of MMP2. These results suggest that Rap1GAP functions as a novel suppressor of EMT and tumor metastasis in GC, and loss of Rap1GAP predicts poor prognosis in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Yang
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Department III of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Yan
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Li
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kai Sun
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jizhao Wang
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Liu
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiansheng Wang
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyi Duan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
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Huang R, Liao X, Li Q. Identification of key pathways and genes in TP53 mutation acute myeloid leukemia: evidence from bioinformatics analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 11:163-173. [PMID: 29343974 PMCID: PMC5749383 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s156003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutations are not only a risk factor in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but also a potential biomarker for individualized treatment options. This study aimed to investigate potential pathways and genes associated with TP53 mutations in adult de novo AML. Methods An RNA sequencing dataset of adult de novo AML was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by edgeR of the R platform. Key pathways and genes were identified using the following bioinformatics tools: gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), gene ontology (GO), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins, and Molecular Complex Detection. Results GSEA suggested that TP53 mutations were significantly associated with cell differentiation, proliferation, cell adhesion biological processes, and MAPK pathway. In total, 1,287 genes were identified as DEGs. GO and KEGG analysis suggested that upregulation of DEGs was significantly enriched in categories associated with cell adhesion biological processes, Ras-associated protein 1, PI3K-Akt pathway, and cell adhesion molecules. The top ten genes ranked by degree, CDH1, BMP2, KDR, LEP, CASR, ITGA2B, APOE, MNX1, NMU, and TRH, were identified as hub genes from the protein-protein interaction network. Survival analysis suggested that patients with TP53 mutations had a significantly increased risk of death, while the mRNA expression level in patients with TP53 mutation was similar to those carrying TP53 wild type. Conclusion Our findings have indicated that multiple genes and pathways may play a crucial role in TP53 mutation AML, offering candidate targets and strategies for TP53 mutation AML individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Ras-associated protein-1 (Rap1), a small GTPase in the Ras-related protein family, is an important regulator of basic cellular functions (e.g., formation and control of cell adhesions and junctions), cellular migration, and polarization. Through its interaction with other proteins, Rap1 plays many roles during cell invasion and metastasis in different cancers. The basic function of Rap1 is straightforward; it acts as a switch during cellular signaling transduction and regulated by its binding to either guanosine triphosphate (GTP) or guanosine diphosphate (GDP). However, its remarkably diverse function is rendered by its interplay with a large number of distinct Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factors and Rap GTPase activating proteins. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which Rap1 signaling can regulate cell invasion and metastasis, focusing on its roles in integrin and cadherin regulation, Rho GTPase control, and matrix metalloproteinase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ruo-Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ken Cheng
- Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Brian Z Ring
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.,Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518063, China
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Nussinov R, Tsai CJ, Muratcioglu S, Jang H, Gursoy A, Keskin O. Principles of K-Ras effector organization and the role of oncogenic K-Ras in cancer initiation through G1 cell cycle deregulation. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:669-82. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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