1
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Luan W, Lu X, Peng H, Shen X, Rao M, Ruan H. Exosomal miR-19a derived from melanoma cell promotes the vemurafenib resistance of malignant melanoma through directly targeting LRIG1 to reactivate AKT and MAPK pathway. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155410. [PMID: 38955119 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes derived from neighboring v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 inhibitor (BRAFi)-resistant melanoma cells mediate the formation of resistance in melanoma cells sensitive to BRAFi. The function and molecular mechanisms of exosomal miRNA in BRAFi resistance of melanoma have not been studied. We found that the expression of miR-19a in BRAFi resistant melanoma cells was significantly higher than that in sensitive cells, and miR-19a contributes to the resistance of melanoma cells to BRAFi by targeting immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 (LRIG1). miR-19a was highly enriched in exosomes secreted from BRAFi resistant melanoma cells, and these exosomal miR-19a promote the spread of BRAFi resistant. The reactivation of Protein kinase B (AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways is the main reason for the BRAFi resistant of melanoma cells. We demonstrated that exosomal miR-19a derived from melanoma cell promotes the formation and spread of BRAFi resistant in melanoma through targeting LRIG1 to reactivate AKT and MAPK pathway. Therefore, miR-19a may serve as a potential therapeutic target in melanoma patients with acquired drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkang Luan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiyong Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuanlin Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital (Changshu Hospital affiliated the NanTong University), Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China
| | - Min Rao
- Hepatobiliary surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongru Ruan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Jevšinek Skok D, Bolha L, Hauptman N. Preservation of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Levels in LRIG1 across Genomic DNA and Cell-Free DNA in Glioma Patients. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:535. [PMID: 38790164 PMCID: PMC11120963 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has recently emerged as a promising minimally invasive diagnostic biomarker for various cancers. In this study, our aim was to identify cfDNA biomarkers by investigating genes that displayed significant differences between glioma patients and their corresponding controls. To accomplish this, we utilized publicly available data from the Gene Expression Omnibus, focusing on 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) profiles in both cfDNA and genomic DNA (gDNA) from glioma patients and healthy individuals. The intersection of gene lists derived from these comparative analyses unveiled LRIG1 and ZNF703 as the two genes with elevated 5hmC levels in both the cfDNA of glioma patients and gDNA of glioma tissue compared to their respective controls. The gene expression data revealed both genes were upregulated in glioma tissue compared to normal brain tissue. Integration of 5hmC data revealed a strong positive correlation in the glioma tissue group between 5hmC and the gene expression of the LRIG1 gene. Furthermore, exploration using the AmiCa web tool indicated that LRIG1 gene expression was elevated compared to 17 other cancers included in the database, emphasizing its potential as a distinctive biomarker across multiple cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daša Jevšinek Skok
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Luka Bolha
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Nina Hauptman
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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3
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KARABULUT UZUNÇAKMAK S, ŞAHİN A, TAVACI ÖZÇELİK A, HALICI Z. LRIG1 Levels in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.1230714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Nasal polyps (NPs), usually occurring together with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), are benign masses of mucosal origin arising from inflammation. The transmembrane protein known as leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (Lrig1) is a member of the Lrig family. Lrig1 is frequently expressed in the respiratory tract and epithelial tissues and can inhibit several signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to determine Lrig1 levels in NP tissues of patients with CRS.
Material and Methods: This study included 36 patients with CRS and NPs and 15 patients who underwent rhinoplasty as the control group. The Lrig1 levels of all participants were measured by the ELISA method.
Results: This study revealed that Lrig1 levels were significantly lower in NP tissues than in tissues of the control group. The mean level of Lrig1 of the NP tissues was 22.2 ng/ml, while the mean level of the control group was 28.5 ng/ml. According to the results of ROC analysis, Lrig1 levels have the power to distinguish polyp tissues from control tissues (AUC=0.794). Lrig1 levels were higher in tissues with scores of 4-8 than in tissues with scores of 16-20 based on the results of computed tomography scoring. According to endoscopic evaluations, Lrig1 levels of tissues with scores of 5-8 or 9-11 were relatively lower than those of tissues with scores of 2-4.
Conclusion: Lrig1 levels were found to be decreased in NP tissues. Thus, Lrig1 may be used to confirm the presence of NPs. Lrig1 may also be helpful in NP grading. Increasing the Lrig1 levels in cases of NPs has the potential to become a targetable treatment modality.
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Ferguson KM, Blin C, Alfazema N, Gangoso E, Pollard SM, Marques-Torrejon MA. Lrig1 regulates the balance between proliferation and quiescence in glioblastoma stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:983097. [PMID: 36420140 PMCID: PMC9677454 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.983097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) face a dismal prognosis. GBMs are driven by glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) that display a neural stem cell (NSC)-like phenotype. These glioblastoma stem cells are often in a quiescent state that evades current therapies, namely debulking surgery and chemo/radiotherapy. Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG) proteins have been implicated as regulators of growth factor signalling across many tissue stem cells. Lrig1 is highly expressed in gliomas and importantly, polymorphisms have been identified that are risk alleles for patients with GBM, which suggests some functional role in gliomagenesis. We previously reported that Lrig1 is a gatekeeper of quiescence exit in adult mouse neural stem cells, suppressing epidermal growth factor receptor signalling prior to cell cycle re-entry. Here, we perform gain- and loss-of-function studies to understand the function of Lrig1 in glioblastoma stem cells. Using a novel mouse glioblastoma stem cell model, we show that genetic ablation of Lrig1 in cultured GBM stem cells results in higher proliferation and loss of quiescence. In vivo, mice transplanted with glioblastoma stem cells lacking Lrig1 display lower survival compared to Lrig1 WT glioblastoma stem cells, with tumours displaying increased proportions of proliferative cells and reduced quiescent subpopulations. In contrast, Lrig1 overexpression in mouse glioblastoma stem cells results in enhanced quiescence and reduced proliferation, with impaired tumour formation upon orthotopic transplantation. Mechanistically, we find that Lrig1-null cells have a deficiency in BMP signalling responses that may underlie their lack of responsiveness to quiescence cues in vivo. These findings highlight important roles for Lrig1 in controlling responsiveness to both epidermal growth factor receptor and BMPR signalling, and hence the proportions of quiescent and proliferative subpopulations in GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M. Ferguson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Blin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neza Alfazema
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ester Gangoso
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Steven M. Pollard
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Angeles Marques-Torrejon
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Predepartment Unit of Medicine. Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
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Ji Y, Kumar R, Gokhale A, Chao HP, Rycaj K, Chen X, Li Q, Tang DG. LRIG1, a regulator of stem cell quiescence and a pleiotropic feedback tumor suppressor. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 82:120-133. [PMID: 33476721 PMCID: PMC8286266 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
LRIG1, leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1, was discovered more than 20 years ago and has been shown to be downregulated or lost, and to function as a tumor suppressor in several cancers. Another well-reported biological function of LRIG1 is to regulate and help enforce the quiescence of adult stem cells (SCs). In both contexts, LRIG1 regulates SC quiescence and represses tumor growth via, primarily, antagonizing the expression and activities of ERBB and other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We have recently reported that in treatment-naïve human prostate cancer (PCa), LRIG1 is primarily regulated by androgen receptor (AR) and is prominently overexpressed. In castration-resistant PCa (CRPC), both LRIG1 and AR expression becomes heterogeneous and, frequently, discordant. Importantly, in both androgen-dependent PCa and CRPC models, LRIG1 exhibits tumor-suppressive functions. Moreover, LRIG1 induction inhibits the growth of pre-established AR+ and AR− PCa. Here, upon a brief introduction of the LRIG1 and the LRIG family, we provide an updated overview on LRIG1 functions in regulating SC quiescence and repressing tumor development. We further highlight the expression, regulation and functions of LRIG1 in treatment-naïve PCa and CRPC. We conclude by offering the perspectives of identifying novel cancer-specific LRIG1-interacting signaling partners and developing LRIG1-based anti-cancer therapeutics and diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Ji
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Abhiram Gokhale
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Hseu-Ping Chao
- Department of Epigenetics & Mol. Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Kiera Rycaj
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Department of Epigenetics & Mol. Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Qiuhui Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Department of Epigenetics & Mol. Carcinogenesis, the University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
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6
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarabi A, Hushmandi K, Moghadam ER, Hashemi F, Daneshi S, Hashemi F, Tavakol S, Mohammadinejad R, Najafi M, Dudha N, Garg M. C-Myc Signaling Pathway in Treatment and Prevention of Brain Tumors. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:2-20. [PMID: 33069197 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666201016121005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several factors such as the presence of blood-brain barrier (BBB), sensitive location in the brain, and unique biological features challenge the treatment of brain tumors. The conventional drugs are no longer effective in the treatment of brain tumors, and scientists are trying to find novel therapeutics for brain tumors. In this way, identification of molecular pathways can facilitate finding an effective treatment. c-Myc is an oncogene signaling pathway capable of regulation of biological processes such as apoptotic cell death, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and so on. These pleiotropic effects of c-Myc have resulted in much fascination with its role in different cancers, particularly brain tumors. In the present review, we aim to demonstrate the upstream and down-stream mediators of c-Myc in brain tumors such as glioma, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and medulloblastoma. The capacity of c-Myc as a prognostic factor in brain tumors will be investigated. Our goal is to define an axis in which the c-Myc signaling pathway plays a crucial role and to provide direction for therapeutic targeting in these signaling networks in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Universite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanli, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Hashemi
- DVM. Graduated, Young Researcher and Elite Club, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroon, Iran
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Fardin Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of physiotherapy, Faculty of rehabilitation, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Namrata Dudha
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, School of Sciences, Noida International University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity of Molecular Medicine and Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida-201313, India
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7
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Dong M, Xiao Q, Hu J, Cheng F, Zhang P, Zong W, Tang Q, Li X, Mao F, He Y, Yu X, Wan F, Lei T, Guo D, Wang B. Targeting LRIG2 overcomes resistance to EGFR inhibitor in glioblastoma by modulating GAS6/AXL/SRC signaling. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 27:878-897. [PMID: 31988476 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene amplification and mutation occurs most frequently in glioblastoma (GBM). However, EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including gefitinib, have not yet shown clear clinical benefit and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. We previously demonstrated that LRIG2 plays a protumorigenic role and functions as a modulator of multiple oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in GBM. We therefore hypothesized that LRIG2 might mediate the resistance to EGFR inhibitor through modulating other RTK signaling. In this study, we report that LRIG2 is induced by EGFR inhibitor in gefitinib-treated GBM xenografts or cell lines and promotes resistance to EGFR inhibition by driving cell cycle progression and inhibiting apoptosis in GBM cells. Mechanistically, LRIG2 increases the secretion of growth-arrest specific 6 (GAS6) and stabilizes AXL by preventing its proteasome-mediated degradation, leading to enhancement of the gefitinib-induced activation of AXL and then reactivation of the gefitinib-inhibited SRC. Targeting LRIG2 significantly sensitizes the GBM cells to gefitinib, and inhibition of the downstream GAS6/AXL/SRC signaling abrogates LRIG2-mediated gefitinib resistance in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings uncover a novel mechanism in resistance to EGFR inhibition and provide a potential therapeutic strategy to overcome resistance to EGFR inhibition in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhai Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Qungen Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jinyang Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Fangling Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Po Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Weifeng Zong
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Qiaoying Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xingjiang Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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8
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Cheng F, Zhang P, Xiao Q, Li Y, Dong M, Wang H, Kuang D, He Y, Duan Q, Mao F, Wang B, Guo D. The Prognostic and Therapeutic Potential of LRIG3 and Soluble LRIG3 in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:447. [PMID: 31245283 PMCID: PMC6563081 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly lethal type of primary brain tumor that exhibits unrestricted growth and aggressive invasion capabilities, leading to a dismal prognosis despite a multitude of therapies. Multiple alterations in the expression level of genes and/or proteins have been identified in glioblastomas, including the activation of oncogenes and/or silencing of tumor-suppressor genes. Nevertheless, there are still no effective targeted therapies associated with these changes. In this study, we investigated the expression of human leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 3 (LRIG3) in human glioma specimens through immunohistochemical analysis. The results showed that LRIG3 was weakly expressed in high-grade gliomas (WHO [World Health Organization] grades III and IV) compared with that in low-grade gliomas (WHO grade II). Survival analysis of these patients with glioma indicated that LRIG3 is an important prognostic marker for better survival. Moreover, we confirmed the existence of soluble ectodomain of LRIG3 (sLRIG3) in the cell culture supernatant, serum, and in tumor cystic fluid of patients with glioma. Molecular mechanistic investigation demonstrated that both LRIG3 and sLRIG3 inhibit the growth and invasion capabilities of GL15, U87, and PriGBM cells and tumor xenografts in nude mice through regulating the MET/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the positive correlation between serum sLRIG3 protein levels and overall survival time in patients with high-grade gliomas. Taken together, our data for the first time demonstrate the existence of sLRIG3 and that both LRIG3 and sLRIG3 are potent tumor suppressors, which could be used as prognostic markers for better overall survival and therapeutic agents for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neuro-oncology of Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Po Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neuro-oncology of Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qungen Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Youwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neuro-oncology of Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minhai Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Chinese-German Lab of Molecular Neuro-oncology of Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heping Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Kuang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuhong Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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LRIG1 acts as a critical regulator of melanoma cell invasion, migration, and vasculogenic mimicry upon hypoxia by regulating EGFR/ERK-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181165. [PMID: 30487162 PMCID: PMC6328857 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral hypoxia is a well-known feature of solid cancers and constitutes a major contributor to cancer metastasis and poor outcomes including melanoma. Leucine-rich repeats and Ig-like domains 1 (LRIG1) participate in the aggressive progression of several tumors, where its expression is frequently decreased. In the present study, hypoxia exposure aggravated melanoma cell invasion, migration, vasculogenic mimicry (VM), and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). During this process, LRIG1 expression was also decreased. Importantly, overexpression of LRIG1 notably counteracted hypoxia-induced invasion, migration, and VM, which was further augmented after LRIG1 inhibition. Mechanism analysis corroborated that LRIG1 elevation muted hypoxia-induced EMT by suppressing E-cadherin expression and increasing N-cadherin expression. Conversely, cessation of LRIG1 further potentiated hypoxia-triggered EMT. Additionally, hypoxia stimulation activated the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ERK pathway, which was dampened by LRIG1 up-regulation but further activated by LRIG1 inhibition. More important, blocking this pathway with its antagonist erlotinib abrogated LRIG1 suppression-induced EMT, and subsequently cell invasion, migration, and VM of melanoma cells under hypoxia. Together, these findings suggest that LRIG1 overexpression can antagonize hypoxia-evoked aggressive metastatic phenotype by suppressing cell invasion, migration, and VM via regulating EGFR/ERK-mediated EMT process. Therefore, these findings may provide a promising target for melanoma therapy.
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10
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Liang C, Ma Y, Yong L, Yang C, Wang P, Liu X, Zhu B, Zhou H, Liu X, Liu Z. Y-box binding protein-1 promotes tumorigenesis and progression via the epidermal growth factor receptor/AKT pathway in spinal chordoma. Cancer Sci 2018; 110:166-179. [PMID: 30426615 PMCID: PMC6317961 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordomas are rare bone tumors with a poor prognosis and no approved targeted therapy. Y‐box binding protein‐1 (YBX1) promotes tumor growth, invasion and drug resistance. However, the role of YBX1 in chordoma is unclear. In this study, we examined the expression of YBX1 using immunohistochemistry and found that YBX1 was significantly upregulated in 32 chordoma tissues compared to distant normal tissues. In addition, YBX1 upregulation was associated with surrounding tissue invasion, recurrence and poor prognosis. Biological function studies demonstrated that YBX1 promoted cell proliferation and invasion, accelerated G1/S phase transition, and inhibited apoptosis. Further investigation revealed that YBX1 enhanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transcription by directly binding to its promoter in chordoma cells. YBX1 regulated protein expression of p‐EGFR, p‐AKT and its downstream target genes that influenced cell apoptosis, cell cycle transition and cell invasion. YBX1 activated the EGFR/AKT pathway in chordoma and YBX1‐induced elevated expression of key molecules in the EGFR/AKT pathway were downregulated by EGFR and AKT pathway inhibitors. These in vitro results were further confirmed by in vivo data. These data showed that YBX1 promoted tumorigenesis and progression in spinal chordoma via the EGFR/AKT pathway. YBX1 might serve as a prognostic and predictive biomarker, as well as a rational therapeutic target, for chordoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- Center for Pain Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yong
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chenlong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Center for Pain Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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11
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Wang W, Zhang A, Hao Y, Wang G, Jia Z. The emerging role of miR-19 in glioma. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4611-4616. [PMID: 30073755 PMCID: PMC6156349 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma has been regarded as the most common, highly proliferative and invasive brain tumour. Advances in research of miRNAs in glioma are toward further understanding of the pathogenesis of glioma. MiR‐19, a member of miR‐17~92 cluster, was reported to play an oncogenic role in tumourigenesis. Here we review the identified data about the effect of miR‐19 on proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of glioma cells, the target genes regulated by miR‐19, and correlation of miR‐19 with the sensitivity of glioma cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It is concluded that miR‐19 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of glioma and can be a potential target for gene therapy of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Anling Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Yubing Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangxiu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifan Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, China
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12
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Xiao Q, Dong M, Cheng F, Mao F, Zong W, Wu K, Wang H, Xie R, Wang B, Lei T, Guo D. LRIG2 promotes the proliferation and cell cycle progression of glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo through enhancing PDGFRβ signaling. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1069-1082. [PMID: 30015847 PMCID: PMC6065455 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG) gene family, comprising LRIG1, 2 and 3, encodes integral membrane proteins. It has been well established that LRIG1 negatively regulates multiple growth factor signaling pathways and is considered to be a tumor suppressor; however, the biological functions of LRIG2 remain largely unexplored. It was previously demonstrated that LRIG2 positively regulates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, the most common aberrant receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which promotes GBM growth. In the present study, the effect of LRIG2 on the proliferation of GBM cells was further addressed, as well as the possible mechanisms underlying the regulatory effect of LRIG2 on platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) signaling, another common oncogenic RTK signaling pathway in GBM. First, the expression levels of endogenous LRIG2 and PDGFRβ were found to vary notably in human GBM, and the LRIG2 expression level was positively correlated with the expression level of PDGFRβ. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that LRIG2 promoted the PDGF-BB-induced proliferation of GBM cells in vitro and in vivo through regulating the PDGFRβ signaling-mediated cell cycle progression. Mechanistically, LRIG2 has the ability to physically interact with PDGFRβ, promoting the total expression and the activation of PDGFRβ, and enhancing its downstream signaling pathways of Akt and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and the effectors of key regulators of cell cycle progression, resulting in increased GBM cell proliferation. Collectively, these data indicated that LRIG2 may serve as a tumor promoter gene in gliomagenesis by positively regulating PDGFRβ signaling, another important oncogenic RTK signaling pathway, in addition to the previously reported EGFR signaling in GBM modulated by LRIG2, and validated LRIG2 as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of GBM characterized by multiple aberrant RTK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qungen Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Minhai Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Fangling Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Feng Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Zong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Kang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Heping Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ruifan Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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13
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Mao F, Wang B, Xiao Q, Cheng F, Lei T, Guo D. LRIG proteins in glioma: Functional roles, molecular mechanisms, and potential clinical implications. J Neurol Sci 2017; 383:56-60. [PMID: 29246624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common intracranial tumors of the nervous system. These tumors are characterized by unlimited cell proliferation and excessive invasiveness. Despite the advances in diagnostic imaging, microneurosurgical techniques, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, significant increases in the progression free survival of glioma patients have not been achieved. Improvements in our understanding of the molecular subtypes of gliomas and the underlying alterations in specific signaling pathways may impact both the diagnosis and the treatment strategies for patients with gliomas. Growth factors and their corresponding receptor tyrosine kinases are associated with oncogenesis and development of tumors in numerous human cancer types, including glioma. Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG) are integral membrane proteins which contain three vertebrate members including LRIG1, LRIG2 and LRIG3. They mainly function as regulators of growth factor signaling. Specifically, LRIG1 has been identified as a tumor suppressor in human cancers. In contrast, LRIG2 appears to function as a tumor promoter, while LRIG3 appears to have a function similar to that of LRIG1. In the present review, we summarize the functional roles, molecular mechanisms, and clinical perspectives of LRIG proteins in gliomas and propose that these proteins may be useful in the future as targets for treatment and prognostication in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qungen Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangling Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery and Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery and Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongsheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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14
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Chen L, Wang W, Zhu S, Jin X, Wang J, Zhu J, Zhou Y. MicroRNA-590-3p enhances the radioresistance in glioblastoma cells by targeting LRIG1. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1818-1824. [PMID: 28810655 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNA (miR)-590 has been found to serve potential roles in cancer development; however, the expression and function of miR-590 in human gliomas remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of miR-590 in human glioma tissues and radioresistant human glioblastoma cells (U251R), and to determine the effect and related molecular mechanism of miR-590-3p on the radiosensitivity of U251R cells in vitro. The results from reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that miR-590-3p was upregulated in human glioma tissues and radioresistant human glioblastoma cells, and that miR-590-3p expression was higher in high grade than in low grade gliomas. In vitro experiments revealed that the miR-590-3p inhibitor enhanced the radiosensitivity of U251R cells by suppressing cell viability, decreasing colony formation capacity and increasing cell apoptosis rate, as demonstrated by MTT, colony formation and flow cytometry analyses. A luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 (LRIG1) was a direct target of miR-590-3p. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the effect of miR-590-3p suppression on cell viability, colony formation capacity and cell apoptosis rate was attenuated by the knockdown of LRIG1 in the U251R cells. In conclusion, the present study revealed that miR-590-3p was upregulated in human glioma tissues and radioresistant human glioblastoma cells, and miR-590-3p contributes to the radioresistance of human glioblastoma cells by directly targeting LRIG1. These findings may provide potential therapeutic strategies to prevent radioresistance in human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Shengqiang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Xuegang Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Jianfang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Youxin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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15
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Yang B, Dai C, Tan R, Zhang B, Meng X, Ye J, Wang X, Wei L, He F, Chen Z. Lrig1 is a positive prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:7071-7079. [PMID: 27895499 PMCID: PMC5117876 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing worldwide. As a consequence, there is an urgent need for identifying molecular markers of HCC development and progression. Recently, several studies have suggested that the Lrig1 may have prognostic implications in various cancer types, but its clinical value in HCC is not well evaluated. Materials and methods In this study, the expression level of Lrig1 was examined in 133 HCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, potential associations between Lrig1 expression and the carcinoma clinical parameters were investigated, including recurrence and survival rate. We silenced the Lrig1 in the normal liver cell line (LO2) and liver cancer cell line (Hep-G2) in vitro by the small interference RNA and detected its influence on proliferation, migration, and invasion. Results The expression of Lrig1 was significantly downregulated in liver cancer tissues and cell lines, and its expression levels were related to tumor size, tumor–node–metastasis staging and tumor recurrence. Furthermore, analysis of 6-year survival of 133 HCC patients showed that those with stronger Lrig1 expression had significantly longer overall survival time than those with weaker Lrig1 expression. In addition, decreased expression of Lrig1 in vitro promoted the growth, migration, or invasion of normal liver cells and cancer cells. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that Lrig1 could serve as a potential marker in the prognosis of patients with HCC. We also revealed that Lrig1 might be involved in the metastatic progression of liver cancer. However, its clinical value should be further investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Dai
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Rumeng Tan
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Meng
- Department of Pathology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Pathology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lai Wei
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan He
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhishui Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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16
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Xu L, Liu H, Yu J, Wang Z, Zhu Q, Li Z, Zhong Q, Zhang S, Qu M, Lan Q. Methylation-induced silencing of maspin contributes to the proliferation of human glioma cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:57-64. [PMID: 27177016 PMCID: PMC4899031 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maspin, a member of the serpin superfamily of serine protease inhibitors, has been reported to be involved in cancer initiation and progression. However, the expression of maspin and its expression regulation in glioma remain unknown. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the function of maspin in glioma cells and its regulatory mechanism. We found that the expression of maspin was silenced in glioma cells and tissues. Although maspin had no effect on the migration and invasion of human glioma cells in vitro, overexpression of maspin inhibited cell growth in U87 cells. We showed that the methylase inhibitor 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine induced the expression of maspin in glioma cell lines. Furthermore, both U87 and U251 cells showed hypermethylation in the maspin promoter. In addition, bisulphite sequencing analysis indicated that 16 CpG sites in the promoter were completely methylated in glioma cells and cancerous tissues, while CpG dinucleotides in the maspin promoter were unmethylated in normal brain tissues. Our data suggest that methylation-induced silencing of maspin contributes to the proliferation of human glioma cells, and maspin may be a potential therapeutic target in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Hongyuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
| | - Ju Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Zongping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Mingqi Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
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17
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Yokdang N, Hatakeyama J, Wald JH, Simion C, Tellez JD, Chang DZ, Swamynathan MM, Chen M, Murphy WJ, Carraway Iii KL, Sweeney C. LRIG1 opposes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and inhibits invasion of basal-like breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2015; 35:2932-47. [PMID: 26387542 PMCID: PMC4805527 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
LRIG1, a member of the LRIG family of transmembrane leucine rich repeat-containing proteins, is a negative regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and a tumor suppressor. LRIG1 expression is broadly decreased in human cancer and in breast cancer, low expression of LRIG1 has been linked to decreased relapse-free survival. Recently, low expression of LRIG1 was revealed to be an independent risk factor for breast cancer metastasis and death. These findings suggest that LRIG1 may oppose breast cancer cell motility and invasion, cellular processes which are fundamental to metastasis. However, very little is known of LRIG1 function in this regard. In this study, we demonstrate that LRIG1 is down-regulated during epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human mammary epithelial cells, suggesting that LRIG1 expression may represent a barrier to EMT. Indeed, depletion of endogenous LRIG1 in human mammary epithelial cells expands the stem cell population, augments mammosphere formation and accelerates EMT. Conversely, expression of LRIG1 in highly invasive Basal B breast cancer cells provokes a mesenchymal to epithelial transition accompanied by a dramatic suppression of tumorsphere formation and a striking loss of invasive growth in three-dimensional culture. LRIG1 expression perturbs multiple signaling pathways and represses markers and effectors of the mesenchymal state. Furthermore, LRIG1 expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells significantly slows their growth as tumors, providing the first in vivo evidence that LRIG1 functions as a growth suppressor in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yokdang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - J Hatakeyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - J H Wald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - C Simion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - J D Tellez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - D Z Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - M M Swamynathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - M Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - W J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - K L Carraway Iii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - C Sweeney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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18
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Zhang X, Song Q, Wei C, Qu J. LRIG1 inhibits hypoxia-induced vasculogenic mimicry formation via suppression of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human glioma SHG-44 cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:631-41. [PMID: 25860915 PMCID: PMC4463919 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1) is a pan-negative regulator of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanism of LRIG1 in the regulation of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation in glioma cells. We constructed an enhanced green fluorescent protein plasmid (pEGFP) system, pEGFP-C1-LRIG1, for overexpression of LRIG1, and transfected it into human glioma cell line SHG-44. Under hypoxic conditions induced by CoCl2, we investigated the effects of LRIG1 overexpression on VM formation and VM-dependent malignant behaviors including migration, invasion, and proliferation. Additionally, we explored the effects of LRIG1 on the expression levels of major components of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway as well as E-cadherin and vimentin. We found that LRIG1 overexpression is able to inhibit hypoxia-induced VM formation, migration, invasion, and proliferation. Furthermore, LRIG1 overexpression counteracts hypoxia-induced increase in the expression of phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR), PI3K (pPI3K), and AKT (pAKT) and reverts hypoxia-induced alteration in E-cadherin and vimentin expression levels. In LRIG1 knockdown SHG-44 cells, however, hypoxia-induced VM formation and alteration in E-cadherin and vimentin expression levels were exacerbated. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of LRIG1 are most likely mediated by suppression of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Our findings provide compelling evidence implicating LRIG1 in glioma pathophysiology, suggesting that gene therapy using LRIG1 may serve as a treatment for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- />Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Qian Song
- />Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Chunyan Wei
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi Province China
| | - Jianqiang Qu
- />Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi Province China
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19
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Nagaraj SH, Waddell N, Madugundu AK, Wood S, Jones A, Mandyam RA, Nones K, Pearson JV, Grimmond SM. PGTools: A Software Suite for Proteogenomic Data Analysis and Visualization. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2255-66. [PMID: 25760677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We describe PGTools, an open source software suite for analysis and visualization of proteogenomic data. PGTools comprises applications, libraries, customized databases, and visualization tools for analysis of mass-spectrometry data using combined proteomic and genomic backgrounds. A single command is sufficient to search databases, calculate false discovery rates, group and annotate proteins, generate peptide databases from RNA-Seq transcripts, identify altered proteins associated with cancer, and visualize genome scale peptide data sets using sophisticated visualization tools. We experimentally confirm a subset of proteogenomic peptides in human PANC-1 cells and demonstrate the utility of PGTools using a colorectal cancer data set that led to the identification of 203 novel protein coding regions missed by conventional proteomic approaches. PGTools should be equally useful for individual proteogenomic investigations as well as international initiatives such as chromosome-centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP). PGTools is available at http://qcmg.org/bioinformatics/PGTools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anil K Madugundu
- ∥Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560 066, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sean M Grimmond
- §Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1BD, United Kingdom
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Guo D, Yang H, Guo Y, Xiao Q, Mao F, Tan Y, Wan X, Wang B, Lei T. LRIG3 modulates proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of glioblastoma cells as a potent tumor suppressor. J Neurol Sci 2015; 350:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Wei J, Qi X, Zhan Q, Zhou D, Yan Q, Wang Y, Mo L, Wan Y, Xie D, Xie J, Yang S. miR-20a mediates temozolomide-resistance in glioblastoma cells via negatively regulating LRIG1 expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 71:112-8. [PMID: 25960225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) is a major obstacle in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). MiRNAs is considered as an important modulator of drug resistance in many cancers. Here, we aimed to elucidate the relationship between miR-20a, its predicted target genes leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1) and TMZ resistance in GBM. MAIN METHODS Real-time PCR or western blot was used to measure the levels of miR-20a and LRIG1. The cell viability was obtained to investigate the sensitivity of U251 cells and TMZ-resistant U251 (U251/TMZ) cells to TMZ. MiR-20a inhibitor or miR-20a mimic was used to down-regulate or up-regulate miR-20a expression. The interaction between miR-20a and its predicted target gene LRIG1 was confirmed by 3'-UTR dual-luciferase reporter assay. pcDNA-LRIG1 was used to overexpress LRIG1 [corrected]. A xenograft tumor model was used to investigate the in vivo antitumor activity. KEY FINDINGS MiR-20a was highly expressed and LRIG1 lowly expressed in U251/TMZ cells. Knockdown of miR-20a by treatment with miR-20a inhibitor restored sensitivity of U251/TM cells to TMZ in vivo and in vitro, whereas overexpression of miR-20a by treatment with miR-20a mimic resulted in increased TMZ resistance. The levels of LRIG1 were inversely related to miR-20a levels. And the luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-20a directly targeted the 3'UTR of LRIG1. In addition, functional knock-down of LRIG1 by gene specific siRNA reversed the effect of miR-20a inhibitor. SIGNIFICANCE MiR-20a mediated TMZ-resistance in glioblastoma cells through negatively regulating LRIG1 expression, which suggesting that miR-20a and LRIG1 would be potential therapeutic targets for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wei
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xuchen Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Qitao Zhan
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Daoyang Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Qingfeng Yan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yirong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Lianjie Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yingfeng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Dajiang Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jixi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Shuxu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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22
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Construction of human LRIG1-TAT fusions and TAT-mediated LRIG1 protein delivery. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 69:396-401. [PMID: 25661388 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG1) is a tumor suppressor in animals and also functions as an endogenous suppressor in human tumor. The level of LRIG1 expression is highly associated with patient survival in clinic. The exploration of LRIG1 as a protein drug is an important task. HIV-1 transactivator of transcription peptide (TAT) is an excellent candidate for protein transduction. In this study, human LRIG1 was cloned and LRIG1-TAT fusion gene was constructed. The fusion proteins were produced by an Escherichia coli strain and purified by Ni(2+)-resin. Western blot assay and immunofluorescence microscopy were employed for monitoring LRIG1-TAT protein transduction into human neuroblastoma cells. Cell proliferation and invasion were measured for evaluating the effect of LRIG1-TAT on neuroblastoma cell. Our data showed that LRIG1 protein can be delivered into cells or organs in living animals by TAT. One-time transduction of LRIG1 proteins into human neuroblastoma cells enhanced cell proliferation and increased cell invasion. In vivo transduction showed that LRIG1-TAT protein can be presented in living animal organs. Our experiments provide a new vision on LRIG1 applications and also offer a therapy window for revealing the intrinsic function of LRIG1 on cells.
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Soluble LRIG2 ectodomain is released from glioblastoma cells and promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo in a similar manner to the full-length LRIG2. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111419. [PMID: 25353163 PMCID: PMC4213030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG) gene family contains LRIG1, 2 and 3, encoding integral membrane proteins with an ectodomain, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tail. LRIG1 negatively regulates multiple receptor tyrosine kinases signaling including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and is a proposed tumor suppressor. The soluble LRIG1 ectodomain is demonstrated to be shed naturally and inhibit the progression of glioma. However, little is known regarding the functions of LRIG2. In oligodendroglioma, LRIG2 expression is associated with poor survival, suggesting that LRIG2 might have different functions compared with LRIG1. Since soluble LRIG1 ectodomain has a similar function to the full-length LRIG1, we hypothesize that the different roles exerted by LRIG2 and LRIG1 result from the difference of their ectodomains. Here, we addressed the functions of LRIG2 and LRIG2 ectodomain in the proliferation and apoptosis of glioma and the possible underlying mechanisms. Firstly, we found that LRIG2 expression levels positively correlated with the grade of glioma. Further, we demonstrated for the first time that soluble LRIG2 ectodomain was capable of being released from glioblastoma cells and exerted a pro-proliferative effect. Overexpression of LRIG2 ectodomain promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo in a similar manner to the full-length LRIG2. Both full-length LRIG2 and LRIG2 ectodomain were found to physically interact with EGFR, enhance the activation of EGFR and its downstream PI3 K/Akt pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that soluble LRIG2 ectodomain is capable of being released from glioblastoma cells and exerts a similar role to the full-length LRIG2 in the regulation of EGFR signaling in the progression of glioblastoma. LRIG2 ectodomain, with potent pro-tumor effects, holds promise for providing a new therapeutic target for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Nagata M, Nakamura T, Sotozono C, Inatomi T, Yokoi N, Kinoshita S. LRIG1 as a potential novel marker for neoplastic transformation in ocular surface squamous neoplasia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93164. [PMID: 24709893 PMCID: PMC3977825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The leucine rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like protein 1 (LRIG1) is a newly discovered negative regulator of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and a proposed tumor suppressor. It is not universally downregulated in human cancers, and its role in neoplastic transformation and tumorigenesis is not well-documented. In this study, we show the expression of LRIG1 as a novel potential marker for neoplastic transformation in ocular-surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). The following two groups were included in this study: 1) benign group (3 cases; 1 with papilloma and 2 with dysplasia) and 2) malignant group (3 cases with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)). In both groups, immunofluorescence analysis was firstly performed for keratins 4, 12, 13, and 15 to characterize the state of differentiation, and for Ki67 to evaluate the proliferation activity. Subsequently, LRIG1 and EGFR expression was analyzed. Either keratin 4 and/or 13, both non-keratinized epithelial cell markers, were generally expressed in both groups, except for 1 severe SCC case. Keratin 15, an undifferentiated basal cell marker, was more strongly expressed in the malignant cases than in the benign cases. The Ki67 index was significantly higher (P<0.002) in the malignant group (33.2%) than in the benign group (10.9%). LRIG1 expression was limited to basal epithelial cells in normal corneal epithelial tissue. Interestingly, LRIG1 was expressed throughout the epithelium in all the benign cases. In contrast, its expression was limited or totally disappeared in the malignant cases. Inversely, EGFR staining was faintly expressed in the benign cases, yet strongly expressed in the malignant cases. Malignant tissue with proliferative potential presented EGFR overexpression and inverse downregulation of LRIG1, consistent with LRIG1 being a suppressor of neoplastic transformation by counteracting the tumor growth property of EGFR. Our findings indicate that downregulation of LRIG1 is possibly a novel potential marker of transformation and tumorigenesis in OSSN cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Nagata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Chie Sotozono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Inatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Simion C, Cedano-Prieto ME, Sweeney C. The LRIG family: enigmatic regulators of growth factor receptor signaling. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R431-43. [PMID: 25183430 PMCID: PMC4182143 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains (LRIG) family of transmembrane proteins contains three vertebrate members (LRIG1, LRIG2 and LRIG3) and one member each in flies (Lambik) and worms (Sma-10). LRIGs have stepped into the spotlight as essential regulators of growth factor receptors, including receptor tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases. LRIGs have been found to both negatively (LRIG1 and LRIG3) and positively (Sma-10 and LRIG3) regulate growth factor receptor expression and signaling, although the precise molecular mechanisms by which LRIGs function are not yet understood. The most is known about LRIG1, which was recently demonstrated to be a tumor suppressor. Indeed, in vivo experiments reinforce the essential link between LRIG1 and repression of its targets for tissue homeostasis. LRIG1 has also been identified as a stem cell marker and regulator of stem cell quiescence in a variety of tissues, discussed within. Comparably, less is known about LRIG2 and LRIG3, although studies to date suggest that their functions are largely distinct from that of LRIG1 and that they likely do not serve as growth/tumor suppressors. Finally, the translational applications of expressing soluble forms of LRIG1 in LRIG1-deficient tumors are being explored and hold tremendous promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Simion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of Medicine, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Maria Elvira Cedano-Prieto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of Medicine, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Colleen Sweeney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of Medicine, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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Winther M, Walmod PS. Neural cell adhesion molecules belonging to the family of leucine-rich repeat proteins. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:315-95. [PMID: 25300143 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) are motifs that form protein-ligand interaction domains. There are approximately 140 human genes encoding proteins with extracellular LRRs. These encode cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), proteoglycans, G-protein-coupled receptors, and other types of receptors. Here we give a brief description of 36 proteins with extracellular LRRs that all can be characterized as CAMs or putative CAMs expressed in the nervous system. The proteins are involved in multiple biological processes in the nervous system including the proliferation and survival of cells, neuritogenesis, axon guidance, fasciculation, myelination, and the formation and maintenance of synapses. Moreover, the proteins are functionally implicated in multiple diseases including cancer, hearing impairment, glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Thus, LRR-containing CAMs constitute a large group of proteins of pivotal importance for the development, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system.
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Koringa PG, Jakhesara SJ, Bhatt VD, Patel AB, Dash D, Joshi CG. Transcriptome analysis and SNP identification in SCC of horn in (Bos indicus) Indian cattle. Gene 2013; 530:119-26. [PMID: 23978612 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) have become the marker of choice for genome wide association studies. In order to provide the best genome coverage for the analysis of disease, production and performance traits, a large number of relatively evenly distributed SNPs are needed. The main objective of present work was to identify large numbers of gene-associated SNPs using high-throughput sequencing in squamous cell carcinoma of horn. RNA-seq analysis was conducted on 2 tissues viz. Horn Cancer (HC) and Horn Normal (HN) in Kankrej breed of cattle. A total of 909,362 reads with average read length of 405 bp for HC and 583,491 reads with average read length of 411 bp for HN were obtained. We found 9532 and 7065 SNPs as well as 1771 and 1172 Indels in HC and HN, respectively, from which, 7889 SNPs and 1736 Indels were uniquely present in HC, 5886 SNPs and 1146 Indels were uniquely present in HN and reported first time in Bos indicus, whereas the rest are already reported in Bos taurus dbSNP database. The gene-associated SNPs and Indels were high in upregulated genes of HC as compared to HN. Analysis of differentially expressed genes was identified, these genes are involved in regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, gene transcription, cell survival and metabolism through various metabolic pathways. The result of transcriptome expression profiling was validated using Real Time quantitative PCR in nine randomly selected genes. We identified numbers aberrant signaling pathways responsible for carcinogenesis in HC which are also commonly altered in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of lung in human being. We conclude that a large number of altered genes and dysfunction of multiple pathways are involved in the development of Horn Cancer. The present findings contribute to theoretical information for further screening of genes and identification of markers for early diagnosis of HC as well as SNPs identified in this report provide a much needed resource for genetic studies in B. indicus and shall contribute to the development of a high density SNP array. Validation and testing of these SNPs using SNP arrays will form the material basis for gene associated SNPs in HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash G Koringa
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand 388001, Gujarat, India.
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Qi XC, Xie DJ, Yan QF, Wang YR, Zhu YX, Qian C, Yang SX. LRIG1 dictates the chemo-sensitivity of temozolomide (TMZ) in U251 glioblastoma cells via down-regulation of EGFR/topoisomerase-2/Bcl-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:565-72. [PMID: 23850692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we aimed to understand the potential role of leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1 (LRIG1) in TMZ-resistance of U251 glioma cells. We established TMZ-resistant U251 clones (U251/TMZ cells), which expressed low level of LRIG1, but high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), topoisomerase-2 (Topo-2) and Bcl-2. Depletion of LRIG1 by the targeted RNA interference (RNAi) upregulated EGFR/Topo-2/Bcl-2 in U251 cells, and the cells were resistant to TMZ. Reversely, over-expression of LRIG1 in U251 cells downregulated EGFR/Topo-2/Bcl-2 expressions, and cells were hyper-sensitive to TMZ. Our data suggested EGFR-dependent mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation was important for Topo-2 and Bcl-2 expressions in U251/TMZ cells. The EGFR inhibitor and the mTOR inhibitor downregulated Topo-2/Bcl-2 expressions, both inhibitors also restored TMZ sensitivity in U251/TMZ cells. Finally, inhibition of Topo-2 or Bcl-2 by targeted RNAi(s) knockdown or by the corresponding inhibitor re-sensitized U251/TMZ cells to TMZ, indicating that both Topo-2 and Bcl-2 were important for TMZ resistance in the resistant U251 cells. Based on these results, we concluded that LRIG1 inhibits EGFR expression and the downstream signaling activation, interferes with Bcl-2/Topo-2 expressions and eventually sensitizes glioma cells to TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-chen Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Gambogic acid induces EGFR degradation and Akt/mTORC1 inhibition through AMPK dependent-LRIG1 upregulation in cultured U87 glioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:397-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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