1
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Miao W, Liu F, Guo Y, Zhang R, Wang Y, Xu J. Research progress on prognostic factors of gallbladder carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:447. [PMID: 39369366 PMCID: PMC11456552 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the biliary system, and has a poor overall prognosis. Poor prognosis in patients with gallbladder carcinoma is associated with the aggressive nature of the tumor, subtle clinical symptoms, ineffective adjuvant treatment, and lack of reliable biomarkers. PURPOSE Therefore, evaluating the prognostic factors of patients with gallbladder carcinoma can help improve diagnostic and treatment methods, allowing for tailored therapies that could benefit patient survival. METHODS This article systematically reviews the factors affecting the prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma, with the aim of evaluating prognostic risk in patients. CONCLUSION A comprehensive and in-depth understanding of prognostic indicators affecting patient survival is helpful for assessing patient survival risk and formulating personalized treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Miao
- First Clinical Medical School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 031000, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yarong Guo
- Department of Digestive System Oncology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan City, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- First Clinical Medical School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Liver Transplantation Center, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan City, 030001, Shanxi Province, China.
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2
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Liu Y, Wu Y, Yang M, Yang J, Tong R, Zhao W, Wu F, Tian Y, Li X, Luo J, Zhou H. Ionizing radiation-induced "zombie" carcinoma-associated fibroblasts with suppressed pro-radioresistance on OSCC cells. Oral Dis 2023; 29:563-573. [PMID: 34324756 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was to investigate the effect of ionizing radiation (IR) on oral carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and to further explore subsequent effects of IR-induced "zombie" CAFs on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three primary CAFs and one primary normal-associated fibroblasts (NAFs) were separated from human OSCC and normal oral mucosa tissues, identified by immunocytochemistry. Cells were exposed to IR by X-ray irradiator under different doses. The DNA damage, proliferation, and migration of irradiated CAFs were, respectively, detected by immunofluorescence and wound healing assay, while senescence was detected by β-galactosidase staining. Finally, the effect of irradiated CAFs on biological behavior and radioresistance of Cal-27 cells were determined via assays mentioned above. RESULTS Oral CAFs were sensitive to IR with DNA damage increasing and proliferation decreasing. 18 Gy IR could not kill oral CAFs but induce them to "zombies," with arrested proliferation, increased senescence, and reduced migration. "Zombie" CAFs (zCAFs) could enhance proliferation, migration, and invasion of Cal-27 cells, and show suppressed pro-radioresistance by reducing DNA damage and facilitating survival. CONCLUSIONS IR-induced zCAFs could continuously promote radioresistance of OSCC cells though being suppressed, suggesting the potential promoting effect on tumor relapse post-radiotherapy that needed further exploring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of General Dentistry, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruizhan Tong
- Department of Thoracic Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanglong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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De P, Aske J, Dey N. Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Functions as a Road-Block in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5246. [PMID: 34680395 PMCID: PMC8534063 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The journey of a normal resident fibroblast belonging to the tumor microenvironment (TME) from being a tumor pacifier to a tumor patron is fascinating. We introduce cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) as a crucial component of the TME. Activated-CAF partners with tumor cells and all components of TME in an established solid tumor. We briefly overview the origin, activation, markers, and overall functions of CAF with a particular reference to how different functions of CAF in an established tumor are functionally connected to the development of resistance to cancer therapy in solid tumors. We interrogate the role of CAF in mediating resistance to different modes of therapies. Functional diversity of CAF in orchestrating treatment resistance in solid tumors portrays CAF as a common orchestrator of treatment resistance; a roadblock in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nandini Dey
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA; (P.D.); (J.A.)
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4
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Custódio M, Biddle A, Tavassoli M. Portrait of a CAF: The story of cancer-associated fibroblasts in head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2020; 110:104972. [PMID: 33011636 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Complex interactions take place during cancer formation and progression. In this regard, there has been increasing focus on the non-malignant cells that make up the tumour microenvironment (TME), and how they interact with malignant tumour cells. TME is highly heterogeneous and has a major influence on tumour behaviour and therapy response. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), one of the main components of the TME, establish dangerous liaisons with cancer cells and other components of the TME to shape a tumour-supportive environment in many types of cancer. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) encompass the malignant neoplasms arising from the mucosal lining of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. The TME of HNSCC contributes to tumour progression and this stromal compartment may be an interesting target for treatment. There is an emerging picture of the behaviour of CAFs in HNSCC; how they affect and are affected by the TME. We aim to summarise and discuss the current understanding of CAFs in head and neck cancer, exploring CAF activation and heterogeneity, and interaction with cancer cells and other cells within the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Custódio
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Adrian Biddle
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Mahvash Tavassoli
- Head and Neck Oncology Group, Centre for Host Microbiome Interaction, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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5
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Organotypic Co-Cultures as a Novel 3D Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082330. [PMID: 32824777 PMCID: PMC7463661 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are phenotypically and molecularly heterogeneous and frequently develop therapy resistance. Reliable patient-derived 3D tumor models are urgently needed to further study the complex pathogenesis of these tumors and to overcome treatment failure. Methods: We developed a three-dimensional organotypic co-culture (3D-OTC) model for HNSCC that maintains the architecture and cell composition of the individual tumor. A dermal equivalent (DE), composed of healthy human-derived fibroblasts and viscose fibers, served as a scaffold for the patient sample. DEs were co-cultivated with 13 vital HNSCC explants (non-human papillomavirus (HPV) driven, n = 7; HPV-driven, n = 6). Fractionated irradiation was applied to 5 samples (non-HPV-driven, n = 2; HPV-driven n = 3). To evaluate expression of ki-67, cleaved caspase-3, pan-cytokeratin, p16INK4a, CD45, ∝smooth muscle actin and vimentin over time, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were performed Patient checkup data were collected for up to 32 months after first diagnosis. Results: All non-HPV-driven 3D-OTCs encompassed proliferative cancer cells during cultivation for up to 21 days. Proliferation indices of primaries and 3D-OTCs were comparable and consistent over time. Overall, tumor explants displayed heterogeneous growth patterns (i.e., invasive, expansive, silent). Cancer-associated fibroblasts and leukocytes could be detected for up to 21 days. HPV DNA was detectable in both primary and 3D-OTCs (day 14) of HPV-driven tumors. However, p16INK4a expression levels were varying. Morphological alterations and radioresistant tumor cells were detected in 3D-OTC after fractionated irradiation in HPV-driven and non-driven samples. Conclusions: Our 3D-OTC model for HNSCC supports cancer cell survival and proliferation in their original microenvironment. The model enables investigation of invasive cancer growth and might, in the future, serve as a platform to perform sensitivity testing upon treatment to predict therapy response.
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6
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Wang FT, Sun W, Zhang JT, Fan YZ. Cancer-associated fibroblast regulation of tumor neo-angiogenesis as a therapeutic target in cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3055-3065. [PMID: 30867734 PMCID: PMC6396119 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate blood supply is essential for tumor survival, growth and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is dynamic and complex, comprising cancer cells, cancer-associated stromal cells and their extracellular products. The TME serves an important role in tumor progression. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the principal component of stromal cells within the TME, and contribute to tumor neo-angiogenesis by altering the proteome and degradome. The present paper reviews previous studies of the molecular signaling pathways by which CAFs promote tumor neo-angiogenesis and highlights therapeutic response targets. Also discussed are potential strategies for antitumor neo-angiogenesis to improve tumor treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Tao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Tao Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Zu Fan
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
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7
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Kalal BS, Fathima F, Pai VR, Sanjeev G, Krishna CM, Upadhya D. Inhibition of ERK1/2 or AKT Activity Equally Enhances Radiation Sensitization in B16F10 Cells. World J Oncol 2018; 9:21-28. [PMID: 29581812 PMCID: PMC5862079 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1088w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the radiation sensitizing ability of ERK1/2, PI3K-AKT and JNK inhibitors in highly radiation resistant and metastatic B16F10 cells which carry wild-type Ras and Braf. Methods Mouse melanoma cell line B16F10 was exposed to 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 Gy of electron beam radiation. Phosphorylated ERK1/2, AKT and JNK levels were estimated by ELISA. Cells were exposed to 2.0 and 3.0 Gy of radiation with or without prior pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2, AKT as well as JNK pathways. Cell death induced by radiation as well as upon inhibition of these pathways was measured by TUNEL assay using flow cytometry. Results Exposure of B16F10 cells to 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 Gy of electron beam irradiation triggered an increase in all the three phosphorylated proteins compared to sham-treated and control groups. B16F10 cells pre-treated with either ERK1/2 or AKT inhibitors equally enhanced radiation-induced cell death at 2.0 as well as 3.0 Gy (P < 0.001), while inhibition of JNK pathway increased radiation-induced cell death to a lesser extent. Interestingly combined inhibition of ERK1/2 or AKT pathways did not show additional cell death compared to individual ERK1/2 or AKT inhibition. This indicates that ERK1/2 or AKT mediates radiation resistance through common downstream molecules in B16F10 cells. Conclusions Even without activating mutations in Ras or Braf genes, ERK1/2 and AKT play a critical role in B16F10 cell survival upon radiation exposure and possibly act through common downstream effector/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvanesh Sukhlal Kalal
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India.,Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
| | - Faraz Fathima
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
| | - Vinitha Ramanath Pai
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
| | - Ganesh Sanjeev
- Department of Physics, Mangalore University, Mangalore, India
| | | | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India.,Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
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8
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Chang L, Graham P, Hao J, Ni J, Deng J, Bucci J, Malouf D, Gillatt D, Li Y. Cancer stem cells and signaling pathways in radioresistance. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11002-17. [PMID: 26716904 PMCID: PMC4905454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the most important strategies in cancer treatment. Radioresistance (the failure to RT) results in locoregional recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, it is critically important to investigate the mechanisms leading to cancer radioresistance to overcome this problem and increase patients' survival. Currently, the majority of the radioresistance-associated researches have focused on preclinical studies. Although the exact mechanisms of cancer radioresistance have not been fully uncovered, accumulating evidence supports that cancer stem cells (CSCs) and different signaling pathways play important roles in regulating radiation response and radioresistance. Therefore, targeting CSCs or signaling pathway proteins may hold promise for developing novel combination modalities and overcoming radioresistance. The present review focuses on the key evidence of CSC markers and several important signaling pathways in cancer radioresistance and explores innovative approaches for future radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chang
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Graham
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jingli Hao
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jie Ni
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Junli Deng
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph Bucci
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - David Malouf
- Department of Urology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
| | - David Gillatt
- Department of Urology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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9
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Gehrke T, Scherzad A, Hackenberg S, Ickrath P, Schendzielorz P, Hagen R, Kleinsasser N. Long-term changes in the properties of skin-derived fibroblasts following irradiation of the head and neck. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:3780-3786. [PMID: 28927147 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor stroma performs an important role in carcinogenesis. It predominantly consists of fibroblasts and the connective tissue produced by them, and undergoes a multitude of interactions with the surrounding cancer cells. Since irradiation is part of the majority of therapeutic strategies for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, more information regarding the effects of a previous irradiation on the tumor stroma is desirable. In the present study, fibroblasts were cultivated from human non-irradiated and pre-irradiated skin of the neck for 48 h. Subsequently, analyses of cell viability, apoptosis, necrosis and motility were conducted via MTT assay, Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, electronic cell counting for 4 consecutive days, and scratch assay. Pre-irradiated fibroblasts exhibited a significantly slower growth rate as well as increased rates of apoptosis and necrosis. They also exhibited significantly decreased motility compared with non-irradiated fibroblasts. These results indicated the long-term effects of irradiation on fibroblasts, which may affect cancer recurrence in the irradiated region via the tumor stroma. More information, such as that regarding the secretory capacities of pre-irradiated fibroblasts, is required to evaluate the possible therapeutic implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gehrke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Ickrath
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Schendzielorz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Kleinsasser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Affolter A, Hess J. [Preclinical models in head and neck tumors : Evaluation of cellular and molecular resistance mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment]. HNO 2017; 64:860-869. [PMID: 27837212 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-016-0276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are characterized by a distinct intertumorigenic and intratumorigenic heterogeneity, they often show substantial differences in the response to established therapy strategies. At present, a multitude of biologics and new pharmacological compounds for targeted therapies are available that allow more efficient and less toxic treatment. There is increasing pressure to establish predictive assays not only for ex ante analysis of the individual patient response to combined chemoradiotherapy and targeted therapies but also for investigation of the efficacy of new drugs. In this respect it is essential to maintain the pathophysiological tissue composition as it is known that paracrine tumor-stroma cell interactions may influence tumor reactivity to treatment. More complex models for individualized sensitivity testing have recently been described and the results are promising to pave the way for personalized cancer therapy. This review article focuses on different systems for maintaining the tumor microenvironment and hence the individual cellular composition, such as 3D organotypic models, organotypic multicellular spheroids, patient-derived xenografts and ex vivo tissue cultures and discusses the advantages and disadvantages in terms of translation into clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Affolter
- Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Klinik des Universitätsklinikums Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
| | - J Hess
- Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Klinik des Universitätsklinikums Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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11
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Gehrke T, Scherzad A, Hackenberg S, Schendzielorz P, Hagen R, Kleinsasser N. Differences in tumor stroma derived from irradiated versus non-irradiated fibroblasts in a co-culture model with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3549-3554. [PMID: 27900035 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have a variety of interactions with neighboring connective tissue, and this activity primarily involves fibroblasts. Co-culture of fibroblasts derived from human skin with cancer cells results in the conversion of fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts, which are known to support tumor growth and invasiveness. To evaluate the effect of radiation on tumor-fibroblast interactions, the present study co-cultivated fibroblasts from pre-irradiated and non-irradiated human skin with FaDu head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells for 3 days. Subsequently, cells were analyzed for tumor viability, apoptosis, and secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and -8 by performing an MTT assay, Annexin V-propidium iodide test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Co-culture of FaDu cells with pre-irradiated fibroblasts resulted in a significant decrease in tumor viability, a notable increase in apoptosis and significantly lower levels of IL-8 compared with FaDu cells cultured with non-irradiated fibroblasts. Therefore, we propose that pre-irradiation changes the properties of fibroblasts and their effects on co-cultivated tumor cells, and, thus may lead to an improved understanding of the therapeutic options for patients that have already undergone irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gehrke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agmal Scherzad
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Schendzielorz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Kleinsasser
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Pal S, Yadav P, Sainis KB, Shankar BS. TNF-α and IGF-1 differentially modulate ionizing radiation responses of lung cancer cell lines. Cytokine 2016; 101:89-98. [PMID: 27344406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which tumor microenvironment derived cytokine network modulates therapy response is of great concern in lung cancer but is not completely understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) on response of lung cancer cell lines to ionizing radiation (IR). While TNF-α increased radio sensitivity and inhibited cell migration, treatment with IGF-1 promoted cell growth and increased migration. These effects of TNF- α were mediated by increased immediate activation of stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK)/jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38. IR induced DNA damage was increased by TNF- α and not altered by IGF-1. However, in IGF-1 treated cells, there was decreased γ- H2AX along with an increase in mitotic index, resulting in abnormal chromosomal segregation in the cells. Bio informatics analysis of 982 lung cancer patients revealed that higher expression of TNF- α was associated with low risk of cancer progression while overexpression of IGF-1 was correlated with high risk. Collectively, these results reveal that the cytokines in the tumor microenvironment differentially modulate radiation therapy through a variety of signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyama Pal
- Immunology Section, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Poonam Yadav
- Immunology Section, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - K B Sainis
- Immunology Section, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Bhavani S Shankar
- Immunology Section, Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.
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13
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Choi SH, Nam JK, Jang J, Lee HJ, Lee YJ. Pirfenidone enhances the efficacy of combined radiation and sunitinib therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:138-43. [PMID: 25935484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a widely used treatment for many tumors. Combination therapy using anti-angiogenic agents and radiation has shown promise; however, these combined therapies are reported to have many limitations in clinical trials. Here, we show that radiation transformed tumor endothelial cells (ECs) to fibroblasts, resulting in reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) response and increased Snail1, Twist1, Type I collagen, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β release. Irradiation of radioresistant Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumors greater than 250 mm³ increased collagen levels, particularly in large tumor vessels. Furthermore, concomitant sunitinib therapy did not show a significant difference in tumor inhibition versus radiation alone. Thus, we evaluated multimodal therapy that combined pirfenidone, an inhibitor of TGF-induced collagen production, with radiation and sunitinib treatment. This trimodal therapy significantly reduced tumor growth, as compared to radiation alone. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that radiation-induced collagen deposition and tumor microvessel density were significantly reduced with trimodal therapy, as compared to radiation alone. These data suggest that combined therapy using pirfenidone may modulate the radiation-altered tumor microenvironment, thereby enhancing the efficacy of radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hyun Choi
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Nam
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jang
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon-Jin Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Mahale J, Smagurauskaite G, Brown K, Thomas A, Howells LM. The role of stromal fibroblasts in lung carcinogenesis: A target for chemoprevention? Int J Cancer 2015; 138:30-44. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Mahale
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary; Leicester LE2 7LX United Kingdom
| | - Gintare Smagurauskaite
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary; Leicester LE2 7LX United Kingdom
| | - Karen Brown
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary; Leicester LE2 7LX United Kingdom
| | - Anne Thomas
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary; Leicester LE2 7LX United Kingdom
| | - Lynne M. Howells
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine; University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary; Leicester LE2 7LX United Kingdom
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