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Kerkhove L, Geirnaert F, Dufait I, De Ridder M. Ferroptosis: Frenemy of Radiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3641. [PMID: 38612455 PMCID: PMC11011408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, it was established that ferroptosis, a type of iron-dependent regulated cell death, plays a prominent role in radiotherapy-triggered cell death. Accordingly, ferroptosis inducers attracted a lot of interest as potential radio-synergizing drugs, ultimately enhancing radioresponses and patient outcomes. Nevertheless, the tumor microenvironment seems to have a major impact on ferroptosis induction. The influence of hypoxic conditions is an area of interest, as it remains the principal hurdle in the field of radiotherapy. In this review, we focus on the implications of hypoxic conditions on ferroptosis, contemplating the plausibility of using ferroptosis inducers as clinical radiosensitizers. Furthermore, we dive into the prospects of drug repurposing in the domain of ferroptosis inducers and radiosensitizers. Lastly, the potential adverse effects of ferroptosis inducers on normal tissue were discussed in detail. This review will provide an important framework for subsequent ferroptosis research, ascertaining the feasibility of ferroptosis inducers as clinical radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark De Ridder
- Department of Radiotherapy, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (L.K.); (F.G.); (I.D.)
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Rahiminezhad Z, Tamaddon A, Dehshahri A, Borandeh S, Abolmaali SS, Najafi H, Azarpira N. PLGA-graphene quantum dot nanocomposites targeted against α vβ 3 integrin receptor for sorafenib delivery in angiogenesis. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 137:212851. [PMID: 35929279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a vital step in many severe diseases such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, and rheumatoid arthritis. Sorafenib (SFB), a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has recently been shown to inhibit tumor progression and suppress angiogenesis. Its narrow therapeutic window, however, has limited its clinical application and therapeutic efficacy. Accordingly, in this study, a nanocomposite formulation comprising of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and poly (D, l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles was functionalized with an integrin-targeting ligand (RGD peptide) to improve SFB delivery for the treatment of angiogenesis. Physicochemical and biological properties of the targeted nanocomposite were evaluated in terms of chemical structure, morphology, particle size, zeta potential, photoluminescence, and cell toxicity. The loading capacity of the nanocomposite was optimized at different drug-to-PLGA ratios. Drug release behavior was also investigated at 37 °C in pH = 7.4. The SFB-to-PLGA ratio of 1:3 was selected as the optimum condition which resulted in the encapsulation efficiency and encapsulation capacity of 68.93 ± 1.39 and 18.77 ± 0.46, respectively. Photoluminescence properties of GQD in nanocomposite were used to track the delivery system. The results indicated that conjugating targeting ligand could enhance cellular uptake of nanocomposite in cells overexpressing integrin receptors. In vivo anti-angiogenesis activity of targeted nanocomposite was investigated in chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). The findings showed that SFB loaded in the targeted nanocomposite reduced VEGF secretion in vitro and its anti-angiogenic effect surpass free SFB. Thanks to its unique therapeutic and bioimaging properties, the developed nanocomposite could be an effective drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rahiminezhad
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department, School of Pharmay, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - AliMohammad Tamaddon
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department, School of Pharmay, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran; Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran.
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Borandeh
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Samira Sadat Abolmaali
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department, School of Pharmay, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran; Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Najafi
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department, School of Pharmay, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Thymoquinone Radiosensitizes Human Colorectal Cancer Cells in 2D and 3D Culture Models. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061363. [PMID: 35326517 PMCID: PMC8945905 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of cancer cells and normal tissue toxicity of ionizing radiation (IR) are known to limit the success of radiotherapy. There is growing interest in using IR with natural compounds to sensitize cancer cells and spare healthy tissues. Thymoquinone (TQ) was shown to radiosensitize several cancers, yet no studies have investigated its radiosensitizing effects on colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we combined TQ with IR and determined its effects in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture models derived from HCT116 and HT29 CRC cells, and in patient-derived organoids (PDOs). TQ sensitized CRC cells to IR and reduced cell viability and clonogenic survival and was non-toxic to non-tumorigenic intestinal cells. TQ sensitizing effects were associated with G2/M arrest and DNA damage as well as changes in key signaling molecules involved in this process. Combining a low dose of TQ (3 µM) with IR (2 Gy) inhibited sphere formation by 100% at generation 5 and this was associated with inhibition of stemness and DNA repair. These doses also led to ~1.4- to ~3.4-fold decrease in organoid forming ability of PDOs. Our findings show that combining TQ and IR could be a promising therapeutic strategy for eradicating CRC cells.
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Kefayat A, Ghahremani F, Safavi A, Hajiaghababa A, Moshtaghian J. C-phycocyanin: a natural product with radiosensitizing property for enhancement of colon cancer radiation therapy efficacy through inhibition of COX-2 expression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19161. [PMID: 31844085 PMCID: PMC6915779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Different chemical and nanomaterial agents have been introduced for radiosensitizing purposes. However, many researchers believe these agents are far away from clinical application due to side effects and limited knowledge about their behavior in the human body. In this study, C-phycocyanin (C-PC) was used as a natural radiosensitizer for enhancement of radiation therapy (RT) efficacy. C-PC treatment's effect on the COX-2 expression of cancer cells was investigated by flow cytometry, western blot, qRT-PCR analyses in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, the radiosensitizing effect of C-PC treatment was investigated by MTT and clonogenic cell survival assays for CT-26, DLD-1, HT-29 colon cancer cell lines and the CRL-1831 as normal colonic cells. In addition, the C-PC treatment effect on the radiation therapy efficacy was evaluated according to CT-26 tumor's growth progression and immunohistochemistry analyses of Ki-67 labeling index. C-PC treatment (200 µg/mL) could significantly enhance the radiation therapy efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Synergistic interaction was detected at C-PC and radiation beams co-treatment based on Chou and Talalay formula (combination index <1), especially at 200 µg/mL C-PC and 6 Gy radiation dosages. The acquired DEF of C-PC treatment was 1.39, 1.4, 1.63, and 1.05 for CT-26, DLD-1, HT-29, and CRL-1831 cells, respectively. Also, C-PC + RT treated mice exhibited 35.2% lower mean tumors' volume and about 6 days more survival time in comparison with the RT group (P < 0.05). In addition, C-PC + RT group exhibited 54% lower Ki-67 index in comparison with the RT group. Therefore, C-PC can exhibit high radiosensitizing effects. However, the potential cardiovascular risks of C-PC as a COX-2 inhibitor should be evaluated with extensive preclinical testing before developing this agent for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhosein Kefayat
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghahremani
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiotherapy, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, 38481-76941, Iran.
| | - Ashkan Safavi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jamal Moshtaghian
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Beizaei K, Gleißner L, Hoffer K, Bußmann L, Vu AT, Steinmeister L, Laban S, Möckelmann N, Münscher A, Petersen C, Rothkamm K, Kriegs M. Receptor tyrosine kinase MET as potential target of multi-kinase inhibitor and radiosensitizer sorafenib in HNSCC. Head Neck 2018; 41:208-215. [PMID: 30552828 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib displays antitumoral effects in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); however, the targeted kinases are unknown. Here we aimed to identify those kinases to determine the mechanism of sorafenib-mediated effects and establish candidate biomarkers for patient stratification. METHODS The effects of sorafenib and MET inhibitors crizotinib and SU11274 were analyzed using a slide-based antibody array, Western blotting, proliferation, and survival assays. X-rays were used for irradiations. RESULTS Sorafenib inhibited auto-phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor and MET, which has not been described previously. MET expression in HNSCC cells was not always associated with activity/phosphorylation. Furthermore, sorafenib-dependent cell kill and radiosensitization was not associated with MET level. Although MET inhibitors blocked proliferation, they caused only mild cytotoxicity and no radiosensitization. CONCLUSION We identified MET as a new potential target of sorafenib. However, MET inhibition is not the cause for sorafenib-mediated cytotoxicity or radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaweh Beizaei
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum-University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Gleißner
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum-University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hoffer
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum-University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Lara Bußmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum-University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Anh Thu Vu
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum-University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Leonhard Steinmeister
- Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum-University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Simon Laban
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Möckelmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum-University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Adrian Münscher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum-University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Cordula Petersen
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum-University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum-University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum-University Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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Zhao M, Lee SH, Song JG, Kim HY, Han HK. Enhanced oral absorption of sorafenib via the layer-by-layer deposition of a pH-sensitive polymer and glycol chitosan on the liposome. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:14-20. [PMID: 29655795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to design the effective formulation of sorafenib (SF) to enhance the oral drug absorption. Three liposomal formulations of SF were prepared including uncoated liposome (SF-Lip), glycol chitosan-coated liposome (GC-SF-Lip), and Eudragit S100-glycol-chitosan coated liposome (SGC-SF-Lip). All formulations showed a narrow size distribution with a high encapsulation efficiency. Both GC-SF-Lip and SGC-SF-Lip exhibited good stability at acidic and neutral pHs without any significant drug leakage, while SF-Lip appeared to be unstable at pH 1.2. In the case of double coated SGC-SF-Lip, its size changed significantly at pH 7.4, due to the dissolution of Eudragit S100 coating layer into the surrounding medium. Compared to SF solution, all liposomal formulations demonstrated a higher cellular uptake in Caco-2 cells. In particular, SGC-SF-Lip displayed a lower cellular uptake than GC-SF-Lip at pH 6.5, but it achieved a similar cellular uptake to GC-SF-Lip at pH 7.4. Consistently, SGC-SF-Lip was less cytotoxic than GC-SF-Lip at pH 6.5, whereas it showed a comparable cytotoxicity to GC-SF-Lip at pH 7.4, implying the removal of the Eudragit S100 coating layer at pH 7.4. After an oral administration to rats, SGC-SF-Lip significantly improved the systemic exposure of SF, where its Cmax and AUC were approximately fourfold higher than the untreated drug. Collectively, SGC-SF-Lip appeared to be promising to enhance the oral absorption of SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Dongguk-ro-32, Ilsan-Donggu, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Dongguk-ro-32, Ilsan-Donggu, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Geun Song
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Dongguk-ro-32, Ilsan-Donggu, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Dongguk-ro-32, Ilsan-Donggu, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyung Han
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Dongguk-ro-32, Ilsan-Donggu, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
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von Moos R, Koeberle D, Schacher S, Hayoz S, Winterhalder RC, Roth A, Bodoky G, Samaras P, Berger MD, Rauch D, Saletti P, Plasswilm L, Zwahlen D, Meier UR, Yan P, Izzo P, Klingbiel D, Bärtschi D, Zaugg K. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy combined with capecitabine and sorafenib in patients with advanced KRAS-mutated rectal cancer: A phase I/II trial (SAKK 41/08). Eur J Cancer 2017; 89:82-89. [PMID: 29241084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND KRAS mutation occurs in ∼40% of locally advanced rectal cancers (LARCs). The multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib has radiosensitising effects and might improve outcomes for standard preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with KRAS-mutated LARC. METHODS Adult patients with KRAS-mutated T3/4 and/or N1/2M0 LARC were included in this phase I/II study. The phase I dose-escalation study of capecitabine plus sorafenib and radiotherapy was followed by a phase II study assessing efficacy and safety. Primary end-points were to: establish the maximum tolerated dose of the regimen in phase I; determine the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate in phase II defined as Dworak regression grade 3 and 4. RESULTS Fifty-four patients were treated at 18 centres in Switzerland and Hungary; 40 patients were included in the single-arm phase II study. Recommended doses from phase I comprised radiotherapy (45 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks) with capecitabine 825 mg/m2 twice daily × 33 plus sorafenib 400 mg/d. Median daily dose intensity in phase II was radiotherapy 100%, capecitabine 98.6%, and sorafenib 100%. The pCR rate (Dworak 3/4) was 60% (95% CI, 43.3-75.1%) by central independent pathologic review. Sphincter preservation was achieved in 89.5%, R0 resection in 94.7%, and downstaging in 81.6%. The most common grade 3 toxicities during phase II included diarrhoea (15.0%), skin toxicity outside radiotherapy field (12.5%), pain (7.5%), skin toxicity in radiotherapy field, proctitis, fatigue and cardiac ischaemia (each 5%). CONCLUSIONS Combining sorafenib and standard chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine is highly active in patients with KRAS-mutated LARC with acceptable toxicity and deserves further investigation. www.clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00869570.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Arnaud Roth
- University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ludwig Plasswilm
- Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Urs R Meier
- Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Pu Yan
- University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Eckert F, Jelas I, Oehme M, Huber SM, Sonntag K, Welker C, Gillies SD, Strittmatter W, Zips D, Handgretinger R, Schilbach K. Tumor-targeted IL-12 combined with local irradiation leads to systemic tumor control via abscopal effects in vivo. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1323161. [PMID: 28680762 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1323161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NHS-IL12 is an immunocytokine, a fusion protein of IL12's functional domains and a necrosis-targeting antibody, which has shown significant effects against human rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts in a humanized tumor model, including terminal growth arrest and differentiation of the tumor cells. Here, we locally irradiated the tumors, increasing necrosis and consequently intratumoral immune cytokine availability, and asked whether this effect may surmount efficacy of single treatment modality. Humanized mice bearing bilateral rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts were evaluated for tumor burden and survival after irradiation, systemic NHS-IL12 therapy or a combination of both. Intratumoral immune compartments were characterized by immunohistochemistry and molecular methods. TH1-cytokine dependency of underlying effector mechanisms were investigated in vitro in several human tumor cell lines. NHS-IL12 when combined with irradiation terminally arrested tumor growth and significantly improved survival. Combination treatment induced dense intratumoral T-cell infiltrates, clonal epitope-specific T-cell expansions, expression of cytotoxins, decreased pro-tumorigenic cytokines and induced senescence and differentiation in the cancer cells. Senescence and differentiation were reproduced in vitro and confirmed to be dependent on TH1 cytokines IFNγ and TNF-α. NHS-IL12 and irradiation together induced broad intratumoral TH1 biased NK and T-cell compartments, established antitumoral cytokine profiles and irreversibly growth arrested tumor cells, leading to systemic cancer control and improved survival. For the first time, we describe immune-induced senescence as a novel mechanism resulting from a treatment regimen combining irradiation with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ivan Jelas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Oehme
- Department of General Pediatrics, Oncology/Hematology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan M Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Sonntag
- Department of General Pediatrics, Oncology/Hematology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Welker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Oncology/Hematology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniel Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rupert Handgretinger
- Department of General Pediatrics, Oncology/Hematology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Schilbach
- Department of General Pediatrics, Oncology/Hematology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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TLR9-ERK-mTOR signaling is critical for autophagic cell death induced by CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 107 combined with irradiation in glioma cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27104. [PMID: 27251306 PMCID: PMC4890034 DOI: 10.1038/srep27104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides (CpG ODN) function as potential radiosensitizers for glioma treatment, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. It was observed that CpG ODN107, when combined with irradiation, did not induce apoptosis. Herein, the effect of CpG ODN107 + irradiation on autophagy and the related signaling pathways was investigated. In vitro, CpG ODN107 + irradiation induced autophagosome formation, increased the ratio of LC3 II/LC3 I, beclin 1 and decreased p62 expression in U87 cells. Meanwhile, CpG ODN107 also increased LC3 II/LC3 I expression in U251 and CHG-5 cells. In vivo, CpG ODN107 combined with local radiotherapy induced autophagosome formation in orthotopic transplantation tumor. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms demonstrated that CpG ODN107 + irradiation increased the levels of TLR9 and p-ERK, and decreased the level of p-mTOR in glioma cells. Further, TLR9-specific siRNA could affect the expressions of p-ERK and autophagy-related proteins in glioma cells. Taken together, CpG ODN107 combined with irradiation could induce autophagic cell death, and this effect was closely related to the TLR9-ERK-mTOR signaling pathway in glioma cells, providing new insights into the investigation mechanism of CpG ODN.
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Radiation recall dermatitis induced by sorafenib. Strahlenther Onkol 2016; 192:342-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00066-016-0950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kim R, Prithviraj GK, Shridhar R, Hoffe SE, Jiang K, Zhao X, Chen DT, Almhanna K, Strosberg J, Campos T, Shibata D. Phase I study of pre-operative continuous 5-FU and sorafenib with external radiation therapy in locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma. Radiother Oncol 2016; 118:382-6. [PMID: 26861740 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The standard of care in locally advanced rectal cancer is preoperative treatment with fluoropyrimidine-based chemoradiotherapy. Sorafenib works synergistically with radiation and inhibits Ras/Raf, PDFGR, and VEGFR. This phase I study evaluated the safety and efficacy of sorafenib with infusional 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and radiation in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS Patients with confirmed stage II or III rectal cancer were recruited in 4 cohorts of 3 patients per dose level, with an expansion cohort at the maximum tolerated dose. A 3+3 dose escalation design was used. Radiation was given in 28 fractions at 1.8 Gy (50.4 Gy) day 1-5 at all dose levels. Initial dose of sorafenib was 200mg qd and titrated up to 400mg BID to determine the MTD. Standard dose of infusional 5-FU was used (225 mg/m(2)/24h). Patients underwent surgery 6-10 weeks after neoadjuvant therapy. RESULTS Between August 2011 and August 2014, 17 patients (median age of 54 years) were enrolled. After toxicities requiring dose interruptions were observed in cohort 1 (2 patients with grade 2 (G2) and grade 3 (G3) hand foot skin reaction and 1 patient with G2 mucositis), the protocol was amended, changing administration of chemotherapy and sorafenib from daily to days 1-5 only. With the amended protocol, the primary G3 toxicity was hypertension in 2 patients at the 200-mg adjusted dose level (day1-5) and 1 patient at the 400-mg twice daily dose level. One patient had G3 ALT elevation at 400mg, and no grade IV toxicities were observed. G1 and G2 toxicities included hand-foot skin reaction, diarrhea, mucositis, nausea, fatigue, and proctitis. No perioperative complications were seen. Two patients refused to undergo surgery. The pathological complete remission (pCR) rate was 33%, and downstaging was observed in 85.7% of patients. Median neoadjuvant rectal cancer score was 8.7. CONCLUSIONS With the changed dosing schedule, this regimen was very well tolerated. The tumor pCR and downstaging rates are encouraging and support further clinical investigation of this regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kim
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA.
| | - Gopi Kesaria Prithviraj
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Ravi Shridhar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Sarah E Hoffe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Kun Jiang
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Dung-Tsa Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Khaldoun Almhanna
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Jonathan Strosberg
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - Tiffany Campos
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
| | - David Shibata
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
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