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Chen J, Li G, Sun D, Li H, Chen L. Research progress of hexokinase 2 in inflammatory-related diseases and its inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115986. [PMID: 38011767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinase 2 (HK2) is a crucial enzyme involved in glycolysis, which converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate and plays a significant role in glucose metabolism. HK2 can mediate glycolysis, which is linked to the release of inflammatory factors. The over-expression of HK2 increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, exacerbating the inflammatory reaction. Consequently, HK2 is closely linked to various inflammatory-related diseases affecting multiple systems, including the digestive, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive systems, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. HK2 is regarded as a novel therapeutic target for inflammatory-related diseases, and this article provides a comprehensive review of its roles in these conditions. Furthermore, the development of potent HK2 inhibitors has garnered significant attention in recent years. Therefore, this review also presents a summary of potential HK2 inhibitors, offering promising prospects for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guirong Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dejuan Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Kaissis GA, Lohöfer FK, Hörl M, Heid I, Steiger K, Munoz-Alvarez KA, Schwaiger M, Rummeny EJ, Weichert W, Paprottka P, Braren R. Combined DCE-MRI- and FDG-PET enable histopathological grading prediction in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol 2020; 124:108848. [PMID: 32006931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.108848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test combined dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and 18F-FDG positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)-derived parameters for prediction of histopathological grading in a rat Diethyl Nitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model. METHODS 15 male Wistar rats, aged 10 weeks were treated with oral DEN 0.01 % in drinking water and monitored until HCCs were detectable. DCE-MRI and PET were performed consecutively on small animal scanners. 38 tumors were identified and manually segmented based on HCC-specific contrast enhancement patterns. Grading (G2/3: 24 tumors, G1:14 tumors) alongside other histopathological parameters, tumor volume, contrast agent and 18F-FDG uptake metrics were noted. Class imbalance was addressed using SMOTE and collinearity was removed using hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis. A logistic regression model was fit separately to the individual parameter groups (DCE-MRI-derived, PET-derived, tumor volume) and the combined parameters. RESULTS The combined model using all imaging-derived parameters achieved a mean ± STD sensitivity of 0.88 ± 0.16, specificity of 0.70 ± 0.20 and AUC of 0.90 ± 0.03. No correlation was found between tumor grading and tumor volume, morphology, necrosis, extracellular matrix, immune cell infiltration or underlying liver fibrosis. CONCLUSION A combination of DCE-MRI- and 18F-FDG-PET-derived parameters provides high accuracy for histopathological grading of hepatocellular carcinoma in a relevant translational model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios A Kaissis
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Fabian K Lohöfer
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Marie Hörl
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Irina Heid
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Kim Agnes Munoz-Alvarez
- Clinic and Policlinic for Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Clinic and Policlinic for Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Ernst J Rummeny
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Philipp Paprottka
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Rickmer Braren
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, D-81675 München, Germany.
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Qin X, Yang T, Huang Z, Long L, Zhou Z, Li W, Gao Y, Wang M, Zhang X. Hepatocellular carcinoma grading and recurrence prediction using T 1 mapping on gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2322-2329. [PMID: 31404322 PMCID: PMC6676719 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the value of T1 mapping on gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for grading hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and predicting its recurrence rate. A retrospective study was performed that included 75 patients (66 men and 9 women; mean age, 52.89 years; age range, 23-79 years) with HCC who had undergone Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI with T1 mapping before surgery. The T1 relaxation time of the 81 lesions and non-tumorous liver parenchyma in 75 patients with HCC were measured before Gd-EOB-DTPA was injected and then at 5, 10 and 20 min after administration, respectively. T1[lesion (L)-hepatic parenchyma (H)]/H (%) was calculated as the increment rate of the T1 value in the lesions relative to the non-tumorous liver parenchyma. One-way analysis of variance and Spearman's correlation analysis was used to compare the differences and relationship of T1 mapping values among the three grades of HCC. A total of 81 lesions were divided into well-differentiated HCC (grades I; n=21), moderately differentiated HCC (grades II; n=40) and poorly differentiated HCC (grades III; n=20) according to the histopathology. The T1(L-H)/H (%) value among grades I, II and III HCC on pre-contrast results and on post-contrast results at the 5-, 10- and 20-min hepatobiliary phase (HBP) were significantly different (P<0.05), and T1(L-H)/H (%) was correlated with the histological grade of HCC at each time point (r=0.637, r=0.554, r=0.499 and r=0.560, respectively, P<0.001). A total of 41 recurrence cases [grade I (n=5), grade II (n=23) and grade III (n=13)] were verified by imaging (CT, MRI or ultrasound) or reoperation. Patients with grade III and grade II HCC had higher recurrence rates compared with that in patients with grade I HCC (P<0.05; median recurrence times were 258 days, 605 days and undefined, respectively). According to the optimal cut-off point for the T1(L-H)/H (%) of the three grades of HCC, patients with HCC in the low T1(L-H)/H (%) value group (≤155.15%) had lower cumulative recurrence rates compared with that in the medium (T1(L-H)/H (%) >155.15% and T1(L-H)/H (%) ≤241.20%) and high (T1(L-H)/H (%) >241.20%) value groups at the 20-min HBP (P<0.05; median recurrence times were undefined, 530 days and 447 days, respectively). These results indicate that the parameters of T1 mapping would be beneficial for predicting the grading and recurrence of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Qin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Tengfei Yang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhongkui Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Liling Long
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Wenmei Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yinjuan Gao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Mengzhu Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthineers, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510620, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Scientific Marketing, Siemens Healthineers, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510620, P.R. China
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Levy CDS, Costa FGDB, Faria DDP, Stefano JT, Cogliati B, Oliveira CP. 18F-FDG PET/CT AS AN ASSESSMENT TOOL OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA SECONDARY TO NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2019; 56:45-50. [PMID: 31141073 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.201900000-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be the last step of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) evolution. Experimental models are crucial to elucidate the pathogenesis of HCC secondary to NAFLD. The 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) plays an important role in evaluating HCC development and progression. OBJECTIVE To standardize the imaging method of PET/CT with 18F-FDG as an evaluation tool of the experimental model of HCC secondary to NAFLD. METHODS Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with choline-deficient high-fat diet and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in the drinking water for 16 weeks and then received 1 mL of saline solution (0.9%) daily by gavage for three weeks. At the 16th and 19th weeks, abdominal ultrasonography (USG) was performed. 18F-FDG PET/CT images were obtained before the beginning of experiment (week 0) and at the end (week 19). Histological and immunohistochemically analysis were also performed. RESULTS The USG results showed a homogeneous group at the 16th week with an average of 4.6±2.74 nodules per animal. At the 19th week, PET/CT findings demonstrated an average of 8.5±3.7 nodules per animal. The mean values of SUVmed and SUVmax were 2.186±0.1698 and 3.8±1.74, respectively. The average number of nodules per animal in the histological analysis was 5.5±1.5. From all nodules, 4.6% were classified as well-differentiated HCC and 81.8% were classified as poorly-differentiated HCC. CONCLUSION 18F-FDG PET/CT was able to evaluate the development of HCC in an experimental model of NAFLD non-invasively. From the standardization of PET/CT in this model, it is possible to use this tool in future studies to monitor, in vivo and non-invasively, the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio de Souza Levy
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterologia (LIM-07) e Laboratório de Medicina Nuclear (LIM-43), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia. Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Patologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Fernando Gomes de Barros Costa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterologia (LIM-07) e Laboratório de Medicina Nuclear (LIM-43), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia. Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Patologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Daniele de Paula Faria
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterologia (LIM-07) e Laboratório de Medicina Nuclear (LIM-43), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia. Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Patologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Jose Tadeu Stefano
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterologia (LIM-07) e Laboratório de Medicina Nuclear (LIM-43), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia. Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Patologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterologia (LIM-07) e Laboratório de Medicina Nuclear (LIM-43), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia. Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Patologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Claudia P Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterologia (LIM-07) e Laboratório de Medicina Nuclear (LIM-43), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia. Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Patologia. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Chen R, Li J, Zhou X, Liu J, Huang G. Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase 1 Reduces 18F FDG Uptake in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Radiology 2017; 284:844-853. [PMID: 28387640 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017161607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1) expression is associated with fluorine 18 (18F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) accumulation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to investigate how FBP1 expression and 18F FDG uptake are related to tumor differentiation grade and metabolism and whether the molecular mechanism involves hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF1A) transcriptional activity. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board with informed consent. Eighty-five patients with HCC underwent 18F FDG combined positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT). The relationship between maximum standardized uptake (SUVmax) and expression of FBP1, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), and hexokinase 2 (HK2) was analyzed with immunohistochemical analysis. In vitro FBP1 overexpression in HCC cells was used to examine the role of FBP1 in tumor metabolism, and its effect on HIF1A transcriptional activity was investigated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and luciferase reporter assay. Spearman rank correlation was applied to determine the association between FBP1 expression and SUVmax. Results There was an inverse relationship between FBP1 expression and SUVmax (P = .003). SUVmax was higher in patients with poorly differentiated HCC (mean, 6.7 ± 3.6 [standard deviation]) than in those with well- (mean, 2.6 ± 0.7, P < .001) or moderately (mean, 4.1 ± 2.3, P < .001) differentiated HCC. FBP1 expression was significantly lower in patients with poorly differentiated HCC (mean, 0.6 ± 0.2) than in those with well- (mean, 1.4 ± 0.6, P = .006) or moderately (mean, 1.2 ± 0.2, P = .007) differentiated HCC. FBP1 overexpression in HCC cells led to a significant decrease in GLUT1 expression (P = .034), 18F FDG uptake (P = .023), and HIF1A transcriptional activity (P = .001). Conclusion SUVmax in patients with HCC is inversely associated with FBP1 expression, and FBP1 may inhibit 18F FDG uptake via the HIF1A pathway. SUVmax is higher in patients with poorly differentiated HCC than in those with well- or moderately differentiated HCC, which could be the result of lower FBP1 expression in the former. © RSNA, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohua Chen
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Rd, Shanghai 200127, China (R.C., J. Li, X.Z., J. Liu, G.H.); Department of Cancer Metabolism, Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (G.H.); and Department of Cancer Metabolism, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China (G.H.)
| | - Jiajin Li
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Rd, Shanghai 200127, China (R.C., J. Li, X.Z., J. Liu, G.H.); Department of Cancer Metabolism, Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (G.H.); and Department of Cancer Metabolism, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China (G.H.)
| | - Xiang Zhou
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Rd, Shanghai 200127, China (R.C., J. Li, X.Z., J. Liu, G.H.); Department of Cancer Metabolism, Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (G.H.); and Department of Cancer Metabolism, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China (G.H.)
| | - Jianjun Liu
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Rd, Shanghai 200127, China (R.C., J. Li, X.Z., J. Liu, G.H.); Department of Cancer Metabolism, Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (G.H.); and Department of Cancer Metabolism, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China (G.H.)
| | - Gang Huang
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1630 Dongfang Rd, Shanghai 200127, China (R.C., J. Li, X.Z., J. Liu, G.H.); Department of Cancer Metabolism, Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (G.H.); and Department of Cancer Metabolism, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China (G.H.)
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Jang SJ, Kang JH, Lee YJ, Kim KI, Lee TS, Choe JG, Lim SM. Detection of metastatic tumors after γ-irradiation using longitudinal molecular imaging and gene expression profiling of metastatic tumor nodules. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1361-8. [PMID: 26892334 PMCID: PMC4777593 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A few recent reports have indicated that metastatic growth of several human cancer cells could be promoted by radiotherapy. C6-L cells expressing the firefly luciferase (fLuc) gene were implanted subcutaneously into the right thigh of BALB/c nu/nu mice. C6-L xenograft mice were treated locally with 50-Gy γ-irradiation (γ-IR) in five 10-Gy fractions. Metastatic tumors were evaluated after γ-IR by imaging techniques. Total RNA from non-irradiated primary tumor (NRPT), γ-irradiated primary tumor (RPT), and three metastatic lung nodule was isolated and analyzed by microarray. Metastatic lung nodules were detected by BLI and PET/CT after 6–9 weeks of γ-IR in 6 (17.1%) of the 35 mice. The images clearly demonstrated high [18F]FLT and [18F]FDG uptake into metastatic lung nodules. Whole mRNA expression patterns were analyzed by microarray to elucidate the changes among NRPT, RPT and metastatic lung nodules after γ-IR. In particular, expression changes in the cancer stem cell markers were highly significant in RPT. We observed the metastatic tumors after γ-IR in a tumor-bearing animal model using molecular imaging methods and analyzed the gene expression profile to elucidate genetic changes after γ-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Jang
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Kang
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sup Lee
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gol Choe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Moo Lim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
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