1
|
Zhang Z, Zheng Y, Zhang B, Wang R, Chen L, Wang Y, Feng W, Zheng X, Li K, Zhou N. Untargeted serum and gastric metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis reveal the superior efficacy of zingiberis rhizoma recens-/euodiae fructus-processed Coptidis Rhizoma on gastric ulcer rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118376. [PMID: 38782310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zingiberis rhizoma recens-/wine-/euodiae fructus-processed Coptidis Rhizoma (CR, zCR/wCR/eCR) are the commonly used processed products of CR in clinic. After being processed with different excipients, the efficacy of CR will change accordingly. I.e., wCR could resolve excessive heat of the upper energizer, zCR could eliminate gastric heat and harmonize the stomach, eCR could smooth the liver and harmonize the stomach. However, the underlying mechanisms were still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To further verify the differential efficacy of the three processed CR products and compare the mechanisms on gastric ulcer. MATERIAL AND METHODS First, a GU model, whose onset is closely related to the heat in stomach and the disharmony between liver and stomach, was established, and the therapeutic effects of zCR/wCR/eCR/CR were evaluated by pathologic observation and measurement of cytokine levels. Second, metabolomics analysis and network pharmacology were conducted to reveal the differential intervening mechanism of zCR/eCR on GU. Third, the predicted mechanisms from metabolomics analysis and network pharmacology were validated using western blotting, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS zCR/wCR/eCR/CR could alleviate the pathologic damage to varying degrees. In metabolomics research, fewer metabolic pathways were enriched in serum samples, and most of them were also present in the results of gastric tissue samples. The gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects of zCR/wCR/eCR/CR might be due to their interference on histidine, arachidonic acid, and glycerophospholipids metabolism. Quantitative results indicated that zCR/eCR had a better therapeutic effect than wCR/CR in treating GU. A comprehensive analysis of metabolomics and network pharmacology revealed that zCR and eCR exerted anti-GU effects via intervening in five core targets, including AKT, TNF, IL6, IL1B and PPARG. In the validation experiment, zCR/eCR could significantly reverse the abnormal expression of proteins related to apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, gastric function, as well as the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. CONCLUSION zCR and eCR could offer gastroprotective benefits by resisting inflammation and apoptosis, inhibiting gastric-acid secretion, as well as strengthening gastric mucosal defense and antioxidant capacity. Integrating network pharmacology and metabolomics analysis could reveal the acting mechanism of drugs and promote the development of medications to counteract GU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkai Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yajuan Zheng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Bingxian Zhang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Long Chen
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases By Henan & Education Ministry of PR China, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases By Henan & Education Ministry of PR China, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
| | - Kai Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
| | - Ning Zhou
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Research and Development on the Whole Industry Chain of Yu-Yao, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China; Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases By Henan & Education Ministry of PR China, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li W, Zou L, Huang S, Miao H, Liu K, Geng Y, Liu Y, Wu W. The anticancer activity of bile acids in drug discovery and development. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1362382. [PMID: 38444942 PMCID: PMC10912613 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1362382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) constitute essential components of cholesterol metabolites that are synthesized in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and excreted into the intestine through the biliary system. They play a crucial role in nutrient absorption, lipid and glucose regulation, and the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. In additional, BAs have demonstrated the ability to attenuate disease progression such as diabetes, metabolic disorders, heart disease, and respiratory ailments. Intriguingly, recent research has offered exciting evidence to unveil their potential antitumor properties against various cancer cell types including tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, gastric cancer, colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, gallbladder cancer, neuroblastoma, and others. Up to date, multiple laboratories have synthesized novel BA derivatives to develop potential drug candidates. These derivatives have exhibited the capacity to induce cell death in individual cancer cell types and display promising anti-tumor activities. This review extensively elucidates the anticancer activity of natural BAs and synthetic derivatives in cancer cells, their associated signaling pathways, and therapeutic strategies. Understanding of BAs and their derivatives activities and action mechanisms will evidently assist anticancer drug discovery and devise novel treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Li
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zou
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Miao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Geng
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenguang Wu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Xu H, Zhang X, Ma J, Xue S, Shentu D, Mao T, Li S, Yue M, Cui J, Wang L. The Role of Bile Acids in Pancreatic Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:1005-1014. [PMID: 38284711 DOI: 10.2174/0115680096281168231215060301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids are well known to promote the digestion and absorption of fat, and at the same time, they play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism. More studies have found that bile acids such as ursodeoxycholic acid also have anti-inflammatory and immune-regulating effects. Bile acids have been extensively studied in biliary and intestinal tumors but less in pancreatic cancer. Patients with pancreatic cancer, especially pancreatic head cancer, are often accompanied by biliary obstruction and elevated bile acids caused by tumors. Elevated total bile acid levels in pancreatic cancer patients usually have a poor prognosis. There has been controversy over whether elevated bile acids are harmful or beneficial to pancreatic cancer. Still, there is no doubt that bile acids are important for the occurrence and development of pancreatic cancer. This article summarizes the research on bile acid as a biomarker and regulation of the occurrence, development and chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer, hoping to provide some inspiration for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wang
- Oncology Department and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Oncology Department and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Oncology Department and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jingyu Ma
- Oncology Department and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Shengbai Xue
- Oncology Department and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Daiyuan Shentu
- Oncology Department and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Tiebo Mao
- Oncology Department and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Shumin Li
- Oncology Department and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ming Yue
- Oncology Department and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jiujie Cui
- Oncology Department and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Oncology Department and State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer of Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miolo G, Buonadonna A, Scalone S, Lombardi D, Della Puppa L, Steffan A, Corona G. Metabolic Clues to Bile Acid Patterns and Prolonged Survival in Patients with Metastatic Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Treated with Trabectedin. Metabolites 2023; 13:1035. [PMID: 37887360 PMCID: PMC10608628 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic soft-tissue sarcomas (mSTS) encompass a highly heterogeneous group of rare tumours characterized by different clinical behaviours and outcomes. Currently, prognostic factors for mSTS are very limited, posing significant challenges in predicting patient survival. Within a cohort of 39 mSTS patients undergoing trabectedin treatment, it was remarkable to find one patient who underwent 73 cycles of trabectedin achieving an unforeseen clinical outcome. To identify contributing factors to her exceptional long-term survival, we have explored circulation metabolomics and biohumoral biomarkers to uncover a potential distinct host biochemical phenotype. The long-term survival patient compared with the other mSTS patients exhibited a distinctive metabolic profile characterized by remarkably higher levels of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) derivatives and vitamin D and lower levels of lithocholic acid (LCA) derivatives, as well as reduced levels of inflammatory C-Reactive Protein 4 (C-RP4) biomarker. Despite its exploratory nature, this study reveals a potential association between specific bile acid metabolic profiles and mSTS patients' prognosis. Enhanced clinical understanding of the interplay between bile acid metabolism and disease progression could pave the way for new targeted therapeutic interventions which may improve the overall survival of mSTS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianmaria Miolo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Unit of Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS Aviano, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Angela Buonadonna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Unit of Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS Aviano, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Simona Scalone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Unit of Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS Aviano, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Davide Lombardi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Unit of Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS Aviano, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Lara Della Puppa
- Unit of Oncogenetics and Functional Oncogenomics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS Aviano, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS Aviano, 33081 Aviano, Italy, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Corona
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS Aviano, 33081 Aviano, Italy, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song P, Zhang X, Feng W, Xu W, Wu C, Xie S, Yu S, Fu R. Biological synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1140662. [PMID: 36910199 PMCID: PMC9998936 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1140662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a fundamental treatment drug for numerous hepatobiliary diseases that also has adjuvant therapeutic effects on certain cancers and neurological diseases. Chemical UDCA synthesis is environmentally unfriendly with low yields. Biological UDCA synthesis by free-enzyme catalysis or whole-cell synthesis using inexpensive and readily available chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), cholic acid (CA), or lithocholic acid (LCA) as substrates is being developed. The free enzyme-catalyzed one-pot, one-step/two-step method uses hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH); whole-cell synthesis, mainly uses engineered bacteria (mainly Escherichia coli) expressing the relevant HSDHs. To further develop these methods, HSDHs with specific coenzyme dependence, high enzyme activity, good stability, and high substrate loading concentration, P450 monooxygenase with C-7 hydroxylation activity and engineered strain harboring HSDHs must be exploited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Chaoyun Wu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Shaoqing Xie
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Sisi Yu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Rongzhao Fu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jang JY, Im E, Choi YH, Kim ND. Mechanism of Bile Acid-Induced Programmed Cell Death and Drug Discovery against Cancer: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7184. [PMID: 35806184 PMCID: PMC9266679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are major signaling molecules that play a significant role as emulsifiers in the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids. Bile acids are amphiphilic molecules produced by the reaction of enzymes with cholesterol as a substrate, and they are the primary metabolites of cholesterol in the body. Bile acids were initially considered as tumor promoters, but many studies have deemed them to be tumor suppressors. The tumor-suppressive effect of bile acids is associated with programmed cell death. Moreover, based on this fact, several synthetic bile acid derivatives have also been used to induce programmed cell death in several types of human cancers. This review comprehensively summarizes the literature related to bile acid-induced programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis, and the status of drug development using synthetic bile acid derivatives against human cancers. We hope that this review will provide a reference for the future research and development of drugs against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yoon Jang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.Y.J.); (E.I.)
| | - Eunok Im
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.Y.J.); (E.I.)
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea;
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.Y.J.); (E.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Režen T, Rozman D, Kovács T, Kovács P, Sipos A, Bai P, Mikó E. The role of bile acids in carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:243. [PMID: 35429253 PMCID: PMC9013344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBile acids are soluble derivatives of cholesterol produced in the liver that subsequently undergo bacterial transformation yielding a diverse array of metabolites. The bulk of bile acid synthesis takes place in the liver yielding primary bile acids; however, other tissues have also the capacity to generate bile acids (e.g. ovaries). Hepatic bile acids are then transported to bile and are subsequently released into the intestines. In the large intestine, a fraction of primary bile acids is converted to secondary bile acids by gut bacteria. The majority of the intestinal bile acids undergo reuptake and return to the liver. A small fraction of secondary and primary bile acids remains in the circulation and exert receptor-mediated and pure chemical effects (e.g. acidic bile in oesophageal cancer) on cancer cells. In this review, we assess how changes to bile acid biosynthesis, bile acid flux and local bile acid concentration modulate the behavior of different cancers. Here, we present in-depth the involvement of bile acids in oesophageal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian cancer. Previous studies often used bile acids in supraphysiological concentration, sometimes in concentrations 1000 times higher than the highest reported tissue or serum concentrations likely eliciting unspecific effects, a practice that we advocate against in this review. Furthermore, we show that, although bile acids were classically considered as pro-carcinogenic agents (e.g. oesophageal cancer), the dogma that switch, as lower concentrations of bile acids that correspond to their serum or tissue reference concentration possess anticancer activity in a subset of cancers. Differences in the response of cancers to bile acids lie in the differential expression of bile acid receptors between cancers (e.g. FXR vs. TGR5). UDCA, a bile acid that is sold as a generic medication against cholestasis or biliary surge, and its conjugates were identified with almost purely anticancer features suggesting a possibility for drug repurposing. Taken together, bile acids were considered as tumor inducers or tumor promoter molecules; nevertheless, in certain cancers, like breast cancer, bile acids in their reference concentrations may act as tumor suppressors suggesting a Janus-faced nature of bile acids in carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fu J, Yu M, Xu W, Yu S. Research Progress of Bile Acids in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:778258. [PMID: 35127481 PMCID: PMC8810494 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.778258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) were originally known as detergents to facilitate the digestion and absorption of lipids. And our current knowledge of BAs has been extended to potential carcinogenic or cancer suppressor factors due to constant research. In fact, BAs were regarded as a tumor promoters as early as the 1940s. Differential bile acid signals emitted by various bile acid profiles can produce distinct pathophysiological traits, thereby participating in the occurrence and development of tumors. Nevertheless, in recent years, more and more studies have noticed the value of BAs as therapeutic targets. And several studies have applied BAs as a therapeutic agent for various diseases including cancer. Based on the above evidence, we acknowledge that the role of BAs in cancer has yet to be exploited, although considerable efforts have been made to probe the functions of BAs. In this review, we describe the characteristics of BAs as a double-edged sword in cancer, hoping to provide references for future cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Fu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Shian Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
- *Correspondence: Shian Yu,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiu T, Guo Q, Jing FB. Facing Cell Autophagy in Gastric Cancer - What Do We Know so Far? Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:1647-1659. [PMID: 33976565 PMCID: PMC8104978 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s298705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process by which misfolded proteins and damaged organelles in the lysosomes of tumor cells were degraded reusing decomposed substances and avoiding accumulation of large amounts of harmful substances. Here, the role of autophagy in the development of malignant transformation of gastric tumors, and the underlying mechanisms involved in autophagy formation, and the application of targeted autophagy in the treatment of gastric cancer were summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qie Guo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan-Bo Jing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kouroumalis E, Voumvouraki A, Augoustaki A, Samonakis DN. Autophagy in liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:6-65. [PMID: 33584986 PMCID: PMC7856864 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the liver cell energy recycling system regulating a variety of homeostatic mechanisms. Damaged organelles, lipids and proteins are degraded in the lysosomes and their elements are re-used by the cell. Investigations on autophagy have led to the award of two Nobel Prizes and a health of important reports. In this review we describe the fundamental functions of autophagy in the liver including new data on the regulation of autophagy. Moreover we emphasize the fact that autophagy acts like a two edge sword in many occasions with the most prominent paradigm being its involvement in the initiation and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma. We also focused to the implication of autophagy and its specialized forms of lipophagy and mitophagy in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. We analyzed autophagy not only in well studied diseases, like alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver and liver fibrosis but also in viral hepatitis, biliary diseases, autoimmune hepatitis and rare diseases including inherited metabolic diseases and also acetaminophene hepatotoxicity. We also stressed the different consequences that activation or impairment of autophagy may have in hepatocytes as opposed to Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells or hepatic stellate cells. Finally, we analyzed the limited clinical data compared to the extensive experimental evidence and the possible future therapeutic interventions based on autophagy manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Liver Research Laboratory, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Argryro Voumvouraki
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Augoustaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Samonakis
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
West RJH, Ugbode C, Fort-Aznar L, Sweeney ST. Neuroprotective activity of ursodeoxycholic acid in CHMP2B Intron5 models of frontotemporal dementia. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 144:105047. [PMID: 32801000 PMCID: PMC7491204 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is one of the most prevalent forms of early-onset dementia. It represents part of the FTD-Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) spectrum, a continuum of genetically and pathologically overlapping disorders. FTD-causing mutations in CHMP2B, a gene encoding a core component of the heteromeric ESCRT-III Complex, lead to perturbed endosomal-lysosomal and autophagic trafficking with impaired proteostasis. While CHMP2B mutations are rare, dysfunctional endosomal-lysosomal signalling is common across the FTD-ALS spectrum. Using our established Drosophila and mammalian models of CHMP2BIntron5 induced FTD we demonstrate that the FDA-approved compound Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) conveys neuroprotection, downstream of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction in both Drosophila and primary mammalian neurons. UDCA exhibited a dose dependent rescue of neuronal structure and function in Drosophila pan-neuronally expressing CHMP2BIntron5. Rescue of CHMP2BIntron5 dependent dendritic collapse and apoptosis with UDCA in rat primary neurons was also observed. UDCA failed to ameliorate aberrant accumulation of endosomal and autophagic organelles or ubiquitinated neuronal inclusions in both models. We demonstrate the neuroprotective activity of UDCA downstream of endosomal-lysosomal and autophagic dysfunction, delineating the molecular mode of action of UDCA and highlighting its potential as a therapeutic for the treatment of FTD-ALS spectrum disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J H West
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK; Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Chris Ugbode
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Sean T Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gebril SM, Ito Y, Shibata MA, Maemura K, Abu-Dief EE, Hussein MRA, Abdelaal UM, Elsayed HM, Otsuki Y, Higuchi K. Indomethacin can induce cell death in rat gastric parietal cells through alteration of some apoptosis- and autophagy-associated molecules. Int J Exp Pathol 2020; 101:230-247. [PMID: 32985762 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical medicine, indomethacin (IND, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) is used variously in the treatment of severe osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis. A common complication found alongside the therapeutic characteristics is gastric mucosal damage. This complication is mediated through apoptosis and autophagy of the gastrointestinal mucosal epithelium. Apoptosis and autophagy are critical homeostatic pathways catalysed by caspases downstream of the gastrointestinal mucosal epithelial injury. Both act through molecular signalling pathways characterized by the initiation, mediation, execution and regulation of the cell regulatory cycle. In this study we hypothesized that dysregulated apoptosis and autophagy are associated with IND-induced gastric damage. We examined the spectra of in vivo experimental gastric ulcers in male Sprague-Dawley rats through gastric gavage of IND. Following an 18-hour fast, IND was administered to experimental rats. They were sacrificed at 3-, 6- and 12-hour intervals. Parietal cells (H+ , K+ -ATPase β-subunit assay) and apoptosis (TUNEL assay) were determined. The expression of apoptosis-signalling caspase (caspases 3, 8, 9 and 12), DNA damage (anti-phospho-histone H2A.X) and autophagy (MAP-LC3, LAMP-1 and cathepsin B)-related molecules in gastric mucosal cells was examined. The administration of IND was associated with gastric mucosal erosions and ulcerations mainly involving the gastric parietal cells (PCs) of the isthmic and upper neck regions and a time-dependent gradual increase in the number of apoptotic PCs with the induction of both apoptotic (upregulation of caspases 3 and 8) cell death and autophagic (MAP-LC3-II, LAMP-1 and cathepsin B) cell death. Autophagy induced by fasting and IND 3 hours initially prompted the degradation of caspase 8. After 6 and 12 hours, damping down of autophagic activity occurred, resulting in the upregulation of active caspase 8 and its nuclear translocation. In conclusion we report that IND can induce time-dependent apoptotic and autophagic cell death of PCs. Our study provides the first indication of the interactions between these two homeostatic pathways in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar M Gebril
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Yuko Ito
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Shibata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Maemura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eman E Abu-Dief
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | | | - Usama M Abdelaal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sohag University Hospital, Sohag, Egypt.,Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hoda M Elsayed
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Yoshinori Otsuki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Higuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ranjan A, Kaushik I, Srivastava SK. Pimozide Suppresses the Growth of Brain Tumors by Targeting STAT3-Mediated Autophagy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092141. [PMID: 32971907 PMCID: PMC7563195 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are considered as one of the most aggressive and incurable forms of cancer. The majority of the patients with brain tumors have a median survival rate of 12%. Brain tumors are lethal despite the availability of advanced treatment options such as surgical removal, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. In this study, we have evaluated the anti-cancer effects of pimozide, which is a neuroleptic drug used for the treatment of schizophrenia and chronic psychosis. Pimozide significantly reduced the proliferation of U-87MG, Daoy, GBM 28, and U-251MG brain cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis with IC50 (Inhibitory concentration 50) ranging from 12 to 16 μM after 48 h of treatment. Our Western blotting analysis indicated that pimozide suppressed the phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 and Src at Tyr416, and it inhibited the expression of anti-apoptotic markers c-Myc, Mcl-1, and Bcl-2. Significant autophagy induction was observed with pimozide treatment. LC3B, Beclin-1, and ATG5 up-regulation along with autolysosome formation confirmed the induction of autophagy with pimozide treatment. Inhibiting autophagy using 3-methyladenine or LC3B siRNA significantly blocked the apoptosis-inducing effects of pimozide, suggesting that pimozide mediated its apoptotic effects by inducing autophagy. Oral administration of 25 mg/kg pimozide suppressed the intracranially implanted U-87MG tumor growth by 45% in athymic nude mice. The chronic administration of pimozide showed no general signs of toxicity, and the behavioral activity of the mice remained unchanged. Taken together, these results indicate that pimozide inhibits the growth of brain cancer by autophagy-mediated apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Ranjan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (A.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Itishree Kaushik
- Department of Biomedical Science, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (A.R.); (I.K.)
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
| | - Sanjay K. Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Science, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; (A.R.); (I.K.)
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Center for Tumor Immunology and Targeted Cancer Therapy, Abilene, TX 79601, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +325-696-0464; Fax: +325-676-3875
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mollinedo F, Gajate C. Lipid rafts as signaling hubs in cancer cell survival/death and invasion: implications in tumor progression and therapy: Thematic Review Series: Biology of Lipid Rafts. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:611-635. [PMID: 33715811 PMCID: PMC7193951 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr119000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol/sphingolipid-rich membrane domains, known as lipid rafts or membrane rafts, play a critical role in the compartmentalization of signaling pathways. Physical segregation of proteins in lipid rafts may modulate the accessibility of proteins to regulatory or effector molecules. Thus, lipid rafts serve as sorting platforms and hubs for signal transduction proteins. Cancer cells contain higher levels of intracellular cholesterol and lipid rafts than their normal non-tumorigenic counterparts. Many signal transduction processes involved in cancer development (insulin-like growth factor system and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT) and metastasis [cluster of differentiation (CD)44] are dependent on or modulated by lipid rafts. Additional proteins playing an important role in several malignant cancers (e.g., transmembrane glycoprotein mucin 1) are also being detected in association with lipid rafts, suggesting a major role of lipid rafts in tumor progression. Conversely, lipid rafts also serve as scaffolds for the recruitment and clustering of Fas/CD95 death receptors and downstream signaling molecules leading to cell death-promoting raft platforms. The partition of death receptors and downstream signaling molecules in aggregated lipid rafts has led to the formation of the so-called cluster of apoptotic signaling molecule-enriched rafts, or CASMER, which leads to apoptosis amplification and can be pharmacologically modulated. These death-promoting rafts can be viewed as a linchpin from which apoptotic signals are launched. In this review, we discuss the involvement of lipid rafts in major signaling processes in cancer cells, including cell survival, cell death, and metastasis, and we consider the potential of lipid raft modulation as a promising target in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faustino Mollinedo
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain. mailto:
| | - Consuelo Gajate
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ke X, Qin Q, Deng T, Liao Y, Gao SJ. Heterogeneous Responses of Gastric Cancer Cell Lines to Tenovin-6 and Synergistic Effect with Chloroquine. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020365. [PMID: 32033497 PMCID: PMC7072542 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death. Approximately 15% of GC is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). GC is largely incurable with a dismal five-year survival rate. There is an urgent need to identify new therapeutic agents for the treatment of GC. Tenovin-6 was initially identified as a p53 activator, but it was later found to inhibit autophagy flux, and the protein deacetylase activity of sirtuins. Tenovin-6 shows promising therapeutic effect in various malignancies. However, it remains unknown whether Tenovin-6 is effective for GC. In this study, we found that EBV-positive and -negative GC cell lines were sensitive to Tenovin-6 but with different response times and doses. Tenovin-6 suppressed anchorage-independent growth of GC cells. Tenovin-6 induced different levels of apoptosis and phases of cell-cycle arrest depending on the cell lines with some manifesting gap 1 (G1) and others showing synthesis (S) phase cell-cycle arrest. Mechanistically, Tenovin-6 induced autophagy or p53 activation in GC cells depending on the status of TP53 gene. However, initiation of autophagy following treatment with Tenovin-6 conferred some protective effect on numerous cells. Combined treatment with Tenovin-6 and autophagy inhibitor chloroquine increased the cytotoxic effect by inducing microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B)-II accumulation, and by enhancing apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. These results indicated that Tenovin-6 can be used as a potential therapeutic agent for GC, but the genetic background of the cancer cells might determine the response and mechanism of action. Treatment with Tenovin-6 alone or in combination with chloroquine could be a promising therapeutic approach for GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Ke
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China; (X.K.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qingsong Qin
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China; (X.K.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (Q.Q.); (S.-J.G.); Tel.: +86-0754-88900474 (Q.Q.); +1-412-339-9484 (S.-J.G.)
| | - Tianyi Deng
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China; (X.K.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yueyan Liao
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China; (X.K.); (T.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Correspondence: (Q.Q.); (S.-J.G.); Tel.: +86-0754-88900474 (Q.Q.); +1-412-339-9484 (S.-J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ye HL, Zhang JW, Chen XZ, Wu PB, Chen L, Zhang G. Ursodeoxycholic acid alleviates experimental liver fibrosis involving inhibition of autophagy. Life Sci 2019; 242:117175. [PMID: 31843528 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been widely used in the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) with chronic liver fibrosis, but its detailed mechanism remains unclear. This study was aimed to determine whether autophagic signaling is involved in the therapeutic effect of UDCA on liver fibrosis. METHODS By using hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line LX2 and CCl4-induced fibrotic rat model, autophagy signaling was investigated by western blotting and mRFP-EGFP-LC3 tandem fluorescent tagged plasmid (ptfLC3) transfection technique. Anti-fibrotic profile was determined by western blotting, qRT-PCR, MTT assay, trypan blue, hydroxyproline assay and Masson staining. KEY FINDINGS TGFβ1 treatment decreased P62 accumulation and increased both autophagosomes and autolysosomes in LX2 cells, thereby elevated autophagic flux. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), antagonist of autophagy, was found to dramatically inhibit COL1A2 mRNA expression and cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. This coincides with the effect of UDCA intervention on collagen aggradation and cell viability. Meanwhile, UDCA inhibited TGFβ1-induced autophagy flux. And rapamycin, agonist of autophagy, was found to impair the anti-fibrotic effect of UDCA. Moreover, study in vivo showed that UDCA alone or in combination with HCQ restored the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in rodent models with autophagy inhibited profile. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our study revealed that UDCA displays anti-fibrotic role by protecting HSC against production of collagen and inhibiting cellular viability involving autophagy inhibition and provide a new insight into the pharmacological basis of UDCA treatment for hepatic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lan Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China; Department of Internal Medicine, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Ji-Wang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xing-Zhou Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Peng-Bo Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- New Drug Research & Development Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Guo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Goossens JF, Bailly C. Ursodeoxycholic acid and cancer: From chemoprevention to chemotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 203:107396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
18
|
Cao Y, Luo Y, Zou J, Ouyang J, Cai Z, Zeng X, Ling H, Zeng T. Autophagy and its role in gastric cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 489:10-20. [PMID: 30472237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, which is tightly regulated by a series of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), is a vital intracellular homeostatic process through which defective proteins and organelles are degraded and recycled under starvation, hypoxia or other specific cellular stress conditions. For both normal cells and tumour cells, autophagy not only sustains cell survival but can also promote cell death. Autophagy-related signalling pathways include mTOR-dependent pathways, such as the AMPK/mTOR and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, and non-mTOR dependent pathways, such as the P53 pathway. Additionally, autophagy plays a dual role in gastric carcinoma (GC), including a tumour-suppressor role and a tumour-promoter role. Long-term Helicobacter pylori infection can impair autophagy, which may eventually promote tumourigenesis of the gastric mucosa. Moreover, Beclin1, LC3 and P62/SQSTM1 are regarded as autophagy-related markers with GC prognostic value. Autophagy inhibitors and autophagy inducers show promise for GC treatment. This review describes research progress regarding autophagy and its significant role in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Yichen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Juan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Zhihong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Tiebing Zeng
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yu H, Fu QR, Huang ZJ, Lin JY, Chen QX, Wang Q, Shen DY. Apoptosis induced by ursodeoxycholic acid in human melanoma cells through the mitochondrial pathway. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:213-223. [PMID: 30542709 PMCID: PMC6278461 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a type of hydrophilic bile acid extracted from animal bile with a wide range of biological functions. The present results demonstrated that UDCA could effectively inhibit the proliferation of two human melanoma cell line (M14 and A375) with time‑ and concentration‑dependence. Following exposure to various concentrations of UDCA, M14 cells exhibited typical morphological changes and weaker ability of colony forming. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that UDCA could induce a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in M14 cells. The cell cycle was arrested in the G2/M phase, which was confirmed by the decrease of cyclin‑dependent kinase 1 and cyclinB1 at the protein level. However, when M14 cells were treated with UDCA and Z‑VAD‑FMK (caspase inhibitor) synchronously, the apoptosis rate of the cells was reduced significantly. In addition, it was demonstrated that UDCA induced apoptosis of human melanoma M14 cells through the ROS‑triggered mitochondrial‑associated pathway, which was indicated by the increased expression of cleaved‑caspase‑3, cleaved‑caspase‑9, apoptotic protease activating factor‑1, cleaved‑poly (ADP‑ribose) polymerase 1 and the elevation of B cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2) associated X protein/Bcl‑2 ratio associated with apoptosis. Therefore, UDCA may be a potential drug for the treatment of human melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yu
- Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Rui Fu
- Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Yu Lin
- Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of The Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Yan Shen
- Department of Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fu ZY. Role of ATP-binding cassette transporters, apoptosis, and long non-coding RNAs in gastric cancer multidrug resistance. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:2838-2850. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i32.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer multidrug resistance refers to the cross resistance of cancer cells to a variety of anticancer drugs, which can be primary or secondary. Several mechanisms attribute to cancer multidrug resistance. In this paper, the recent progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of multi-drug resistance of gastric cancer cells with regard to the role of adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporters, apoptosis, and long non-coding RNAs is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Ying Fu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qian HR, Yang Y. Functional role of autophagy in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17641-51. [PMID: 26910278 PMCID: PMC4951239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated catabolic pathway responsible for the degradation of long-lived proteins and damaged intracellular organelles. Perturbations in autophagy are found in gastric cancer. In host gastric cells, autophagy can be induced by Helicobacter pylori (or H. pylori) infection, which is associated with the oncogenesis of gastric cancer. In gastric cancer cells, autophagy has both pro-survival and pro-death functions in determining cell fate. Besides, autophagy modulates gastric cancer metastasis by affecting a wide range of pathological events, including extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor angiogenesis, and tumor microenvironment. In addition, some of the autophagy-related proteins, such as Beclin 1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1-LC3), and p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) have certain prognostic values for gastric cancer. In this article, we review the recent studies regarding the functional role of autophagy in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-ran Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu W, Wang X, Sun J, Yang Y, Li W, Song J. Parthenolide suppresses pancreatic cell growth by autophagy-mediated apoptosis. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:453-461. [PMID: 28176967 PMCID: PMC5271392 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s117250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignancy and is unresponsive to conventional chemotherapies. Parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from feverfew, has exhibited potent anticancer effects against various cancers. The purpose of this report was to investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of parthenolide in human pancreatic cancer Panc-1 and BxPC3 cells. The results demonstrated that parthenolide suppressed the growth and induced apoptosis of Panc-1 and BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cells with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging between 7 and 9 μM after 24 h of treatment. Significant autophagy was induced by parthenolide treatment in pancreatic cancer cells. Parthenolide treatment concentration-dependently increased the percentage of autophagic cells and significantly increased the expression levels of p62/SQSTM1, Beclin 1, and LC3II in Panc-1 cells. Punctate LC3II staining confirmed autophagy. Furthermore, inhibiting autophagy by chloroquine, 3-methyladenine, or LC3II siRNA significantly blocked parthenolide-induced apoptosis, suggesting that parthenolide induced apoptosis through autophagy in this study. In conclusion, these studies established that parthenolide inhibits pancreatic cell growth by autophagy-mediated apoptosis. Data of the present study suggest that parthenolide can serve as a potential chemotherapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinshuai Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luo Yang, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Induction of MAPK- and ROS-dependent autophagy and apoptosis in gastric carcinoma by combination of romidepsin and bortezomib. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4454-67. [PMID: 26683357 PMCID: PMC4826218 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can synergistically induce apoptotic cell death in certain cancer cell types but their combinatorial effect on the induction of autophagy remains unknown. Here, we investigated the combinatorial effects of a proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, and an HDAC inhibitor, romidepsin, on the induction of apoptotic and autophagic cell death in gastric carcinoma (GC) cells. Isobologram analysis showed that low nanomolar concentrations of bortezomib/romidepsin could synergistically induce killing of GC cells. The synergistic killing was due to the summative effect of caspase-dependent intrinsic apoptosis and caspase-independent autophagy. The autophagic cell death was dependent on the activation of MAPK family members (ERK1/2 and JNK), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but was independent of Epstein-Barr virus infection. In vivo, bortezomib/romidepsin also significantly induced apoptosis and autophagy in GC xenografts in nude mice. This is the first report demonstrating the potent effect of combination of HDAC and proteasome inhibitors on the induction of MAPK- and ROS-dependent autophagy in addition to caspase-dependent apoptosis in a cancer type.
Collapse
|
24
|
Alkyl ether lipids, ion channels and lipid raft reorganization in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:114-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
25
|
Muraki M. Preparation of a functional fluorescent human Fas ligand extracellular domain derivative using a three-dimensional structure guided site-specific fluorochrome conjugation. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:997. [PMID: 27398274 PMCID: PMC4936993 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Human Fas ligand extracellular domain has been investigated as an important target protein in the field of medical biotechnology. In a recent study, the author developed an effective method to produce biologically active human Fas ligand extracellular domain derivatives using site-specific chemical modifications. Findings A human Fas ligand extracellular domain derivative containing a reactive cysteine residue within its N-terminal tag sequence, which locates not proximal to the binding interface between the ligand and the receptor in terms of the three-dimensional structure, was modified by Fluorescein-5-Maleimide without impairing the specific binding activity toward human Fas receptor extracellular domain. The purified protein sample free of low molecular-weight contaminants showed a characteristic fluorescence spectrum derived from the attached Fluorescein moieties, and formed a stable binding complex with human Fas receptor extracellular domain—human IgG1 Fc domain fusion protein in solution. The conjugation number of the fluorochrome was estimated to be 2.5 per a single human Fas ligand extracellular domain trimer from the ratio of the absorbance value at 280 nm to that at 495 nm. Conclusions A functional fluorescent human Fas ligand extracellular domain derivative was prepared via a site-specific conjugation of fluorochrome, which was guided by the three-dimensional structure information on the ligand-receptor complex. Fluorescent derivatives created by this method may contribute to the development of an improved diagnosis system for the diseases related to Fas receptor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2673-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiro Muraki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, 305-8566 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ranjan A, Srivastava SK. Penfluridol suppresses pancreatic tumor growth by autophagy-mediated apoptosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26165. [PMID: 27189859 PMCID: PMC4870635 DOI: 10.1038/srep26165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic tumors exhibit enhanced autophagy as compared to any other cancer, making it resistant to chemotherapy. We evaluated the effect of penfluridol against pancreatic cancer. Penfluridol treatment induced apoptosis and inhibited the growth of Panc-1, BxPC-3 and AsPC-1, pancreatic cancer cells with IC50 ranging between 6-7 μM after 24 h of treatment. Significant autophagy was induced by penfluridol treatment in pancreatic cancer cells. Punctate LC3B and autophagosomes staining confirmed autophagy. Inhibiting autophagy by chloroquine, bafilomycin, 3-methyladenine or LC3BsiRNA, significantly blocked penfluridol-induced apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy lead to apoptosis in our model. Penfluridol treatment suppressed the growth of BxPC-3 tumor xenografts by 48% as compared to 17% when treated in combination with chloroquine. Similarly, penfluridol suppressed the growth of AsPC-1 tumors by 40% versus 16% when given in combination with chloroquine. TUNEL staining and caspase-3 cleavage revealed less apoptosis in the tumors from mice treated with penfluridol and chloroquine as compared to penfluridol alone. Penfluridol treatment also suppressed the growth of orthotopically implanted Panc-1 tumors by 80% by inducing autophagy-mediated apoptosis in the tumors. These studies established that penfluridol inhibits pancreatic tumor growth by autophagy-mediated apoptosis. Since penfluridol is already in clinic, positive findings from our study will accelerate its clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Ranjan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Joyce SA, Gahan CGM. Bile Acid Modifications at the Microbe-Host Interface: Potential for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Interventions in Host Health. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:313-33. [PMID: 26772409 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids have emerged as important signaling molecules in the host, as they interact either locally or systemically with specific cellular receptors, in particular the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and TGR5. These signaling functions influence systemic lipid and cholesterol metabolism, energy metabolism, immune homeostasis, and intestinal electrolyte balance. Through defined enzymatic activities, the gut microbiota can significantly modify the signaling properties of bile acids and therefore can have an impact upon host health. Alterations to the gut microbiota that influence bile acid metabolism are associated with metabolic disease, obesity, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Clostridium difficile infection, colorectal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we examine the regulation of this gut-microbiota-liver axis in the context of bile acid metabolism and indicate how this pathway represents an important target for the development of new nutraceutical (diet and/or probiotics) and targeted pharmaceutical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Joyce
- APC Microbiome Institute.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
| | - Cormac G M Gahan
- APC Microbiome Institute.,School of Microbiology.,School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; ,
| |
Collapse
|