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Agarwal K, Gupta N, Malhotra H. Hypercalcemia in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: An Unusual Presentation. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractHypercalcemia in CML is an unusual paraneoplastic syndrome and is associated with worse prognosis and reduced survival. It usually seen in blast crisis or accelerated phase but can also indicate bony infiltration by cancer cells. Multiple mechanisms can be involved in a patient. We present a case of hypercalcemia in CML in chronic phase without bony infiltration or increased parathormone levels. Increased calcium levels may also be first indication of tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. Patient was managed symptomatically with subsequent change of the drug for managing CML. He is currently stable at six months follow-up. Therefore, careful evaluation of the cause of hypercalcemia is necessary for appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Agarwal
- Department of Oncolgy, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Naveen Gupta
- Department of Oncolgy, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hemant Malhotra
- Department of Oncolgy, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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2
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Narasimhan M, Khamkar V, Tilwani S, Dalal SN, Shetty D, Subramanian PG, Gupta S, Govekar R. Atypical activation of signaling downstream of inactivated Bcr-Abl mediates chemoresistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:207-222. [PMID: 34596797 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) epitomises successful targeted therapy, where inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity of oncoprotein Bcr-Abl1 by imatinib, induces remission in 86% patients in initial chronic phase (CP). However, in acute phase of blast crisis, 80% patients show resistance, 40% among them despite inhibition of Bcr-Abl1 activity. This implies activation of either Bcr-Abl1- independent signalling pathways or restoration of signalling downstream of inactive Bcr-Abl1. In the present study, mass spectrometry and subsequent in silico pathway analysis of differentiators in resistant CML-CP cells identified key differentiators, 14-3-3ε and p38 MAPK, which belong to Bcr-Abl1 pathway. Their levels and activity respectively, indicated active Bcr-Abl1 pathway in CML-BC resistant cells, though Bcr-Abl1 is inhibited by imatinib. Further, contribution of these components to resistance was demonstrated by inhibition of Bcr-Abl1 down-stream signalling by knocking-out of 14-3-3ε and inhibition of p38 MAPK activity. The observations merit clinical validation to explore their translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythreyi Narasimhan
- Rukmini Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Vaishnavi Khamkar
- Rukmini Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Sarika Tilwani
- Sorab Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Sorab N Dalal
- Sorab Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Dhanlaxmi Shetty
- Department of Cancer Cytogenetics, , ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - P G Subramanian
- Hematopathology Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Gupta Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Rukmini Govekar
- Rukmini Lab, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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3
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Rodríguez-Hernández MA, de la Cruz-Ojeda P, López-Grueso MJ, Navarro-Villarán E, Requejo-Aguilar R, Castejón-Vega B, Negrete M, Gallego P, Vega-Ochoa Á, Victor VM, Cordero MD, Del Campo JA, Bárcena JA, Padilla CA, Muntané J. Integrated molecular signaling involving mitochondrial dysfunction and alteration of cell metabolism induced by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101510. [PMID: 32593127 PMCID: PMC7322178 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have unlimited replicative potential, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, cellular stress, and sustained angiogenesis, invasiveness and metastatic potential. Cancer cells adequately adapt cell metabolism and integrate several intracellular and redox signaling to promote cell survival in an inflammatory and hypoxic microenvironment in order to maintain/expand tumor phenotype. The administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) constitutes the recommended therapeutic strategy in different malignancies at advanced stages. There are important interrelationships between cell stress, redox status, mitochondrial function, metabolism and cellular signaling pathways leading to cell survival/death. The induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest widely related to the antitumoral properties of TKIs result from tightly controlled events involving different cellular compartments and signaling pathways. The aim of the present review is to update the most relevant studies dealing with the impact of TKI treatment on cell function. The induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and Ca2+ disturbances, leading to alteration of mitochondrial function, redox status and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways that involve cell metabolism reprogramming in cancer cells will be covered. Emphasis will be given to studies that identify key components of the integrated molecular pattern including receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) downstream signaling, cell death and mitochondria-related events that appear to be involved in the resistance of cancer cells to TKI treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Rodríguez-Hernández
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - P de la Cruz-Ojeda
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Mª José López-Grueso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elena Navarro-Villarán
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Requejo-Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Beatriz Castejón-Vega
- Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - María Negrete
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Paloma Gallego
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital University "Nuestra Señora de Valme", Sevilla, Spain
| | - Álvaro Vega-Ochoa
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Victor M Victor
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital University "Doctor Peset", Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario D Cordero
- Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Armilla, Spain
| | - José A Del Campo
- Unit for the Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases, Hospital University "Nuestra Señora de Valme", Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Antonio Bárcena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - C Alicia Padilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), IBiS/Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Department of General Surgery, Hospital University "Virgen del Rocío"/IBiS/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
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4
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Li Y, Gu J, Ding Y, Gao H, Li Y, Sun Y, He M, Zhang W, Yin J, Bai C, Gao Y. A small molecule compound IX inhibits telomere and attenuates oncogenesis of drug-resistant leukemia cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:8843-8857. [PMID: 32433826 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902651rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a common obstacle in leukemia treatment and failing to eradicate leukemia stem cells is the main cause of leukemia relapse. Previous studies have demonstrated that telomerase activity is associated with deregulated self-renewal of leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Here, we identified a novel compound IX, an imatinib derivative with a replacement fragment of a telomerase inhibitor, which can effectively eradicate LSCs but had no influence on normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) survival. We showed that compound IX can decrease the viability of drug-resistant K562/G cells and blast crisis CML primary patient cells. Besides, IX can affect LSC survival, inhibit the colony-forming ability, and reduce LSC frequency. In vivo results showed that IX can relieve the tumor burden in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model and prolong the lifespan. We observed that compound IX can not only decrease telomerase activity, but also affect the alternative lengthening of telomeres. In addition, IX can inhibit both the canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways. Our data suggested this novel compound IX as a promising candidate for drug-resistant leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yahui Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huier Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yafang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei He
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingjing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuigai Bai
- High-throughput Molecular Drug Discovery Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of BioMedicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yingdai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, PUMC Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, CAMS Key Laboratory of Gene Therapy for Blood Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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Yang F, Hu M, Chang S, Huang J, Si Y, Wang J, Cheng S, Jiang WG. Alteration in the sensitivity to crizotinib by Na +/H + exchanger regulatory factor 1 is dependent to its subcellular localization in ALK-positive lung cancers. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:202. [PMID: 32164629 PMCID: PMC7068933 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-6687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) is an important scaffold protein participates in the modulation of a variety of intracellular signal pathways. NHERF1 was able to enhance the effects of chemo-drugs in breast and cervical cancer cells. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion mutations are validated molecules targeted therapy in lung cancers, where crizotinib can be used as the specific inhibitor to suppress tumor progression. However, due to the less frequent occurrence of ALK mutations and the complexity for factors to determine drug responses, the genes that could alter crizotinib sensitivity are unclear. Methods Both ALK-translocated and ALK-negative lung adenocarcinoma specimens in tissue sections were collected for immunohistochemistry. The possible mechanisms of NHERF1 and its role in the cell sensitivity to crizotinib were investigated using an ALK-positive and crizotinib-sensitive lung adenocarcinoma cell line H3122. Either a NHERF1 overexpression vector or agents for NHERF1 knockdown was used for crizotinib sensitivity measures, in association with cell viability and apoptosis assays. Results The expression level of NHERF1 in ALK-translocated NSCLC was significantly higher than that in other lung cancer tissues. NHERF1 expression in ALK positive lung cancer cells was regulated by ALK activities, and was in return able to alter the sensitivity to crizotinib. The function of NHERF1 to influence crizotinib sensitivity was depending on its subcellular distribution in cytosol instead of its nucleus localized form. Conclusion Ectopically overexpressed NHERF1 could be a functional protein for consideration to suppress lung cancers. The determination of NHERF1 levels in ALK positive NSCLC tissues might be useful to predict crizotinib resistance, especially by distinguishing cytosolic or nuclear localized NHERF1 for the overexpressed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglian Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mu Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing, 100053, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Chang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Si
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing, 101149, P.R. China
| | - Shan Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wen G Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer & Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Deregulation of calcium homeostasis in Bcr-Abl-dependent chronic myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26309-26327. [PMID: 29899861 PMCID: PMC5995172 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) results from hematopoietic stem cell transformation by the bcr-abl chimeric oncogene, encoding a 210 kDa protein with constitutive tyrosine kinase activity. In spite of the efficiency of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI; Imatinib), other strategies are explored to eliminate CML leukemia stem cells, such as calcium pathways. Results In this work, we showed that Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) and thrombin induced calcium influx were decreased in Bcr-Abl expressing 32d cells (32d-p210). The 32d-p210 cells showed modified Orai1/STIM1 ratio and reduced TRPC1 expression that could explain SOCE reduction. Decrease in SOCE and thrombin induced calcium entry was associated to reduced Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT) nucleus translocation in 32d-p210 cells. We demonstrated that SOCE blockers enhanced cell mobility of 32d-p210 cells and reduced the proliferation rate in both 32d cell lines. TKI treatment slightly reduced the thrombin-induced response, but imatinib restored SOCE to the wild type level. Bcr-Abl is also known to deregulate Protein Kinase C (PKC), which was described to modulate calcium entries. We showed that PKC enhances SOCE and thrombin induced calcium entries in control cells while this effect is lost in Bcr-Abl-expressing cells. Conclusion The tyrosine kinase activity seems to regulate calcium entries probably not directly but through a global cellular reorganization involving a PKC pathway. Altogether, calcium entries are deregulated in Bcr-Abl-expressing cells and could represent an interesting therapeutic target in combination with TKI.
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Centonze M, Saponaro C, Mangia A. NHERF1 Between Promises and Hopes: Overview on Cancer and Prospective Openings. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:374-390. [PMID: 29455084 PMCID: PMC5852411 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1) is a scaffold protein, with two tandem PDZ domains and a carboxyl-terminal ezrin-binding (EB) region. This particular sticky structure is responsible for its interaction with different molecules to form multi-complexes that have a pivotal role in a lot of diseases. In particular, its involvement during carcinogenesis and cancer progression has been deeply analyzed in different tumors. The role of NHERF1 is not unique in cancer; its activity is connected to its subcellular localization. The literature data suggest that NHERF1 could be a new prognostic/predictive biomarker from breast cancer to hematological cancers. Furthermore, the high potential of this molecule as therapeutical target in different carcinomas is a new challenge for precision medicine. These evidences are part of a future view to improving patient clinical management, which should allow different tumor phenotypes to be treated with tailored therapies. This article reviews the biology of NHERF1, its engagement in different signal pathways and its involvement in different cancers, with a specific focus on breast cancer. It also considers NHERF1 potential role during inflammation related to most human cancers, designating new perspectives in the study of this "Janus-like" protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Centonze
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS-Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Saponaro
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS-Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Anita Mangia
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS-Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
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