1
|
Chen X, Yan Y, Liu Y, Yi Q, Xu Z. Tabersonine Enhances Olaparib Sensitivity through FHL1-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in an Ovarian Tumor. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:837-848. [PMID: 38417401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OVC) is one of the most aggressive gynecological malignancies worldwide. Although olaparib treatment has shown favorable outcomes against the treatment of OVC, its effectiveness remains limited in some OVC patients. Investigating new strategies to improve the therapeutic efficacy of olaparib against OVC is imperative. Our study identified tabersonine, a natural indole alkaloid, for its potential to increase the chemosensitivity of olaparib in OVC. The combined treatment of olaparib and tabersonine synergistically inhibited cell proliferation in OVC cells and suppressed tumor growth in A2780 xenografts. The combined treatment effectively suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by altering the expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin and induced DNA damage responses. Integrating quantitative proteomics, FHL1 was identified as a potential regulator to modulate EMT after tabersonine treatment. Increased expression of FHL1 was induced by tabersonine treatment, while downregulation of FHL1 reversed the inhibitory effects of tabersonine on OVC cells by mediating EMT. In vivo findings further reflected that the combined treatment of tabersonine and olaparib significantly inhibited tumor growth and OVC metastasis through upregulation of FHL1. Our findings reveal the role of tabersonine in improving the sensitivity of olaparib in OVC through FHL1-mediated EMT, suggesting that tabersonine holds promise for future application in OVC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Qiaoli Yi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Wang T, Wang H, Liu W, Li X, Wang X, Zhang Y. A mechanistic updated overview on Cepharanthine as potential anticancer agent. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115107. [PMID: 37423171 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The antitumor effects of traditional drugs have received increasing attention and active antitumor components extracted from traditional drugs have shown good efficacy with minimal adverse events. Cepharanthine(CEP for short) is an active component derived from the Stephania plants of Menispermaceae, which can regulate multiple signaling pathways alone or in combination with other therapeutic drugs to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, regulate autophagy, and inhibit angiogenesis, thereby inhibiting tumor progression. Therefore, we retrieved studies concerning CEP's antitumor effects in recent years and summarized the antitumor mechanism and targets, in order to gain new insights and establish a theoretical basis for further development and application of CEP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YingZheng Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250355, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - HuaXin Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250355, China
| | - WeiDong Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250355, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250355, China
| | - XiaoYan Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250355, China
| | - YaNan Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250355, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu K, Hong B, Wang S, Lou F, You Y, Hu R, Shafqat A, Fan H, Tong Y. Pharmacological Activity of Cepharanthine. Molecules 2023; 28:5019. [PMID: 37446681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cepharanthine, a natural bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBIQ) alkaloid isolated from the plant Stephania Cephalantha Hayata, is the only bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid approved for human use and has been used in the clinic for more than 70 years. Cepharanthine has a variety of medicinal properties, including signaling pathway inhibitory activities, immunomodulatory activities, and antiviral activities. Recently, cepharanthine has been confirmed to greatly inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, we aimed to describe the pharmacological properties and mechanisms of cepharanthine, mainly including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-pathogen activities, inhibition of bone resorption, treatment of alopecia, treatment of snake bite, and other activities. At the same time, we analyzed and summarized the potential antiviral mechanism of cepharanthine and concluded that one of the most important anti-viral mechanisms of cepharanthine may be the stability of plasma membrane fluidity. Additionally, we explained its safety and bioavailability, which provides evidence for cepharanthine as a potential drug for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Finally, we further discuss the potential new clinical applications of cepharanthine and provide direction for its future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bixia Hong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fuxing Lou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yecheng You
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruolan Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Amna Shafqat
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pharmacological Effects and Clinical Prospects of Cepharanthine. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248933. [PMID: 36558061 PMCID: PMC9782661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cepharanthine is an active ingredient separated and extracted from Stephania cepharantha Hayata, a Menispermaceae plant. As a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, cepharanthine has various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitumoral, and antiviral effects. Following the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), cepharanthine has been found to have excellent anti-COVID-19 activity. In this review, the important physicochemical properties and pharmacological effects of cepharanthine, particularly the antiviral effect, are systematically described. Additionally, the molecular mechanisms and novel dosage formulations for the efficient, safe, and convenient delivery of cepharanthine are summarized.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang C, Mai Z, Liu C, Yin S, Cai Y, Xia C. Natural Products in Preventing Tumor Drug Resistance and Related Signaling Pathways. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113513. [PMID: 35684449 PMCID: PMC9181879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is still an obstacle in cancer therapy, leading to the failure of tumor treatment. The emergence of tumor drug resistance has always been a main concern of oncologists. Therefore, overcoming tumor drug resistance and looking for new strategies for tumor treatment is a major focus in the field of tumor research. Natural products serve as effective substances against drug resistance because of their diverse chemical structures and pharmacological effects. We reviewed the signaling pathways involved in the development of tumor drug resistance, including Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Renin-angiotensin system (Ras), Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), Wnt, Notch, Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and their specific signaling pathway inhibitors derived from natural products. This can provide new ideas for the prevention of drug resistance in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuansheng Yang
- Department of Head-Neck and Breast Surgery, Yuebei People’s Hospital of Shantou University, Shaoguan 512027, China;
| | - Zhikai Mai
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Chlid Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.M.); (C.L.); (S.Y.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Can Liu
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Chlid Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.M.); (C.L.); (S.Y.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuanghong Yin
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Chlid Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.M.); (C.L.); (S.Y.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yantao Cai
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Chlid Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.M.); (C.L.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (C.X.)
| | - Chenglai Xia
- Affiliated Foshan Maternity and Chlid Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.M.); (C.L.); (S.Y.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (C.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang R, Huang L, Pan D, Zhang W. Sunitinib induced resistance of endothelial cells by up-regulating P-glycoprotein and PI3K/Akt pathway. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e191102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Limin Huang
- People’s Hospital of Guizhou Province, China
| | - Di Pan
- Guizhou Medical University, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Teng H, Deng H, He Y, Lv Q, Chen L. The role of dietary flavonoids for modulation of ATP binding cassette transporter mediated multidrug resistance. EFOOD 2021. [DOI: 10.53365/efood.k/144604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are widely existing compounds with enormous pharmacological effects from food and medicine. However, the low bioavailability in intestinal absorption and metabolism limits their clinical application. Intestinal efflux ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporters, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), act as "pumping doors" to regulate the efflux of flavonoids from intestinal epithelial cells into the intestinal cavity or the systemic circulation. The present review describes the critical effect of ABC transporters involved in the efflux of flavonoids which depend on its efflux direction. And the role of flavonoids for modulation of intestinal ABC transporters was emphasized and several examples were given. We summarized that the resistance effect of flavonoid-mediated multidrug on ABC transporters may influence the bioavailability of drugs, bioactive ingredients and/or toxic compounds upon dietary uptake. Meanwhile, flavonoids functionalized as reversing agents of the ABC transporter may be an important mechanism for unexpected food-drug, food-toxin or food-food interactions. The overview also indicates that elucidation of the action and mechanism of the intestinal metabolic enzymes-efflux transporters coupling will lay a foundation for improving the bioavailability of flavonoids <i>in vivo</i> and increasing their clinical efficacy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sui M, Yang H, Guo M, Li W, Gong Z, Jiang J, Li P. Cajanol Sensitizes A2780/Taxol Cells to Paclitaxel by Inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:783317. [PMID: 34955854 PMCID: PMC8694871 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.783317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological malignancy, and one of the most deadly. The bottleneck restricting the treatment of ovarian cancer is its multi-drug resistance to chemotherapy. Cajanol is an isoflavone from pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) that has been reported to have anti-tumor activity. In this work, we evaluate the effect of cajanol in reversing paclitaxel resistance of the A2780/Taxol ovarian cancer cell line in vitro and in vivo, and we discuss its mechanism of action. We found that 8 μM cajanol significantly restored the sensitivity of A2780/Taxol cells to paclitaxel, and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the combination of 0.5 mM/kg paclitaxel and 2 mM/kg cajanol significantly inhibited the growth of A2780/Taxol metastatic tumors in mice. Flow cytometry, fluorescence quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemical staining methods were used to study the mechanism of reversing paclitaxel resistance with cajanol. First, we determined that cajanol inhibits paclitaxel efflux in A2780/Taxol cells by down-regulating permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) expression, and further found that cajanol can inhibit P-gp transcription and translation through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway. The results of this work are expected to provide a new candidate compound for the development of paclitaxel sensitizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hairong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, China
| | - Mingqi Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, China
| | - Wenle Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peiling Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chaisit S, Jianmongkol S. Rhinacanthin-C enhances chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells via the downregulation of P-glycoprotein through inhibition of Akt/NF-kappa B signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF HERBMED PHARMACOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.34172/jhp.2022.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: High expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has been linked to multidrug resistance (MDR) and chemotherapeutic failure. Previously, we demonstrated that rhinacanthin-C, a naphthoquinone from Rhinacanthus nasutus, was able to enhance the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin against breast cancer MCF-7 cells via direct P-gp inhibition. In this study, we looked at its effect on P-gp downregulation and the mechanism involved in the resistance of MCF-7 cells to doxorubicin. Methods: Doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/DOX) cells were exposed to rhinacanthin-C for 24-48 hours prior to the assessment of their chemosensitivity via MTT assay, P-gp activity via calcein-AM uptake assay, P-gp expression, and signaling via qRT-PCR and western blot analyses. Results: Pretreatment with 1 µM of rhinacanthin-C for 48 hours significantly enhanced cytotoxicity of doxorubicin, as well as camptothecin and etoposide, to MCF-7/DOX cells. In the rhinacanthin-C-treated cells, reduction of MDR1 mRNA and P-gp levels and increased intracellular calcein were observed. Moreover, phosphorylation of Akt, NF-ᴋB and IκB-α, along with YB-1 expression, significantly decreased after 24-hour treatment with rhinacanthin-C. In contrast, the naphthoquinone had no effect on expression levels of ERK1/2 and phosphorylated ERK1/2 under similar conditions. Conclusion: Rhinacanthin-C, at a non-cytotoxic concentration (1 µM), could downregulate P-gp expression in MCF-7/DOX cells via the inhibition of the Akt/NF-ᴋB signaling pathway and YB-1 expression. Long-term exposure to this natural naphthoquinone may increase the chemosensitivity of cancer cells with MDR phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suwichak Chaisit
- Inter-Department Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu W, Wang B, Gao Y, Cai Y, Zhang J, Wu Z, Wei J, Guo C, Yuan C. Alkaloids exhibit a meaningful function as anticancer agents by restraining cellular signaling pathways. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:968-983. [PMID: 34620048 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666211007114935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds widely found in natural products, which play an essential role in clinical treatment. Cellular signaling pathways in tumors are a series of enzymatic reaction pathways that convert extracellular signals into intracellular signals to produce biological effects. The ordered function of cell signaling pathways is essential for tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, and programmed death. This review describes the antitumor progression mediated by various alkaloids after inhibiting classical signaling pathways; related studies are systematically retrieved and collected through PubMed. We selected the four currently most popular pathways for discussion and introduced the molecular mechanisms mediated by alkaloids in different signaling pathways, including the NF-kB signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and P53 signaling pathway. The research progress of alkaloids related to tumor signal transduction pathways and the realization of alkaloids as cancer prevention drugs by targeting signal pathways remains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002. China
| | - Bei Wang
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002. China
| | - Yisong Gao
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002. China
| | - Yuxuan Cai
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002. China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002. China
| | - Zhiyin Wu
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002. China
| | - Jiameng Wei
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002. China
| | - Chong Guo
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002. China
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li G, Qiao K, Xu X, Wang C. Cepharanthine Regulates Autophagy via Activating the p38 Signaling Pathway in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1523-1529. [PMID: 34477532 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210903163407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cepharanthine (CEP) is an alkaloid extracted from Stephania cepharantha Hayata. This compound has been reported as a promising anti-tumor drug, although its potential molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we studied the anti-tumor effect of CEP on human lung cancer cells and evaluated its molecular mechanism. METHODS The A549 cells were treated with CEP, the cell viability was measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and formation of autophagosome was observed by acridine orange staining under a fluorescence microscope. The cell migration and invasion were determined by wound healing and transwell assay. The protein levels of autophagy-associated molecules, light chain 3 (LC3)、p38、and phospho-p38 in A549 cells, were determined by western blot analysis. RESULT The results showed that CEP inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in A549 cells. Moreover, we found that CEP resulted in significant increases in levels of the autophagy marker protein LC3 in A549 cells. The number of intracellular acid dye follicular bright red fluorescence in A549 cells was significantly increased after CEP treatment. At the molecular levels, CEP markedly increased the phosphorylation of p38 in A549 cells. The knockdown of p38 expression by siRNA-p38 impaired the autophagy-regulating effect of CEP. Our results indicated that CEP-regulated autophagy was an anti-tumor effect and not a protective response to CEP. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results demonstrated that CEP regulated autophagy by activating the p38 signaling pathway, which could be provided a potential application for preventing lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Emergency Department, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Kesen Qiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Emergency Department, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shigeta K, Hasegawa M, Kikuchi E, Yasumizu Y, Kosaka T, Mizuno R, Mikami S, Miyajima A, Kufe D, Oya M. Role of the MUC1-C oncoprotein in the acquisition of cisplatin resistance by urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3639-3652. [PMID: 32677159 PMCID: PMC7541007 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin 1 C-terminal subunit (MUC1-C) has been introduced as a key regulator for acquiring drug resistance in various cancers, but the functional role of MUC1-C in urothelial carcinoma (UC) cells remains unknown. We aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the acquisition of cisplatin (CDDP) resistance through MUC1-C oncoprotein in UC cells. MUC1-C expression was examined immunohistochemically in tumor specimens of 159 UC patients who received CDDP-based perioperative chemotherapy. As a result, moderate to high MUC1-C expression was independently associated with poor survival in UC patients. Using human bladder cancer cell lines and CDDP-resistant (CR) cell lines, we compared the expression levels of MUC1-C, multiple drug resistance 1 (MDR1), the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, and x-cystine/glutamate transporter (xCT) to elucidate the biological mechanisms contributing to the acquisition of chemoresistance. MUC1-C was strongly expressed in CR cell lines, followed with MDR1 expression via activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. MUC1-C also stabilized the expression of xCT, which enhanced antioxidant defenses by increasing intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels. MUC1 down-regulation showed MDR1 inhibition along with PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway suppression. Moreover, it inhibited xCT stabilization and resulted in significant decreases in intracellular GSH levels and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The MUC1-C inhibitor restored sensitivity to CDDP in CR cells and UC murine xenograft models. In conclusion, we found that MUC1-C plays a pivotal role in the acquisition of CDDP resistance in UC cells, and therefore the combined treatment of CDDP with a MUC1-C inhibitor may become a novel therapeutic option in CR UC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Shigeta
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Hasegawa
- Department of Urology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Kikuchi
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Urology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yota Yasumizu
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Mizuno
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Mikami
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Miyajima
- Department of Urology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Donald Kufe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu CP, Hung CY, Lusvarghi S, Huang YH, Tseng PJ, Hung TH, Yu JS, Ambudkar SV. Overexpression of ABCB1 and ABCG2 contributes to reduced efficacy of the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor samotolisib (LY3023414) in cancer cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114137. [PMID: 32634436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
LY3023414 (samotolisib) is a promising new dual inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Currently, multiple clinical trials are underway to evaluate the efficacy of LY3023414 in patients with various types of cancer. However, the potential mechanisms underlying acquired resistance to LY3023414 in human cancer cells still remain elusive. In this study, we investigated whether the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters such as ABCB1 and ABCG2, one of the most common mechanisms for developing multidrug resistance, may potentially reduce the efficacy of LY3023414 in human cancer cells. We demonstrated that the intracellular accumulation of LY3023414 in cancer cells was significantly reduced by the drug efflux function of ABCB1 and ABCG2. Consequently, the cytotoxicity and efficacy of LY3023414 for inhibiting the activation of the PI3K pathway and induction of G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest were substantially reduced in cancer cells overexpressing ABCB1 or ABCG2, which could be restored using tariquidar or Ko143, respectively. Furthermore, stimulatory effect of LY3023414 on the ATPase activity of ABCB1 and ABCG2, as well as in silico molecular docking analysis of LY3023414 binding to the substrate-binding pockets of these transporters provided additional insight into the manner in which LY3023414 interacts with both transporters. In conclusion, we report that LY3023414 is a substrate for ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters implicating their role in the development of resistance to LY3023414, which can have substantial clinical implications and should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Pu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taiwan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | - Sabrina Lusvarghi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taiwan; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Taiwan; Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Suresh V Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Y, Su GF, Huang ZX, Wang ZG, Zhou PJ, Fan JL, Wang YF. Cepharanthine hydrochloride induces mitophagy targeting GPR30 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:389-402. [PMID: 32106726 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1737013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Cepharanthine exhibits a wide range of therapeutic effects against numerous cancers by virtue of its pleiotropic mechanisms. However, cepharanthine monotherapy has insufficient drug efficacy for cancers in animal models and clinical trials. The mechanism of its limited efficacy is unknown.Methods: We investigated the possible mechanism for the limited drug efficacy of cepharanthine in cancer therapy using both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) primary cells and cell lines, in vitro and in mouse xenograft models.Results: We found that cepharanthine hydrochloride (CH), a semi-synthetic derivative of cepharanthine, induced mitophagy independent of mTOR signaling, and played an AMPK-dependent protective role in the cell fate of HCC in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that CH may bind to GPR30 receptor to activate the subsequent signal cascade involving mitochondrial fission, thus facilitating mitophagy. Therefore, we proposed a new therapeutic regimen for HCC involving CH combined with an autophagy inhibitor. This regimen exhibited remarkable anti-cancer effects in HCC xenograft mouse model.Conclusion: These results identify CH as a new mitophagy inducer targeting GPR30 receptor. The combination therapy of CH and an autophagy inhibitor may become a novel strategy for enhancing the anti-tumor potential of cepharanthine in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center Co.ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Feng Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Xiu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Guang Wang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Jun Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang-Lin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo-City, Japan
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center Co.ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ghoneum A, Abdulfattah AY, Said N. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/NFκB Axis in Ovarian Cancer. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 2:68-73. [PMID: 32395722 PMCID: PMC7213295 DOI: 10.33696/immunology.1.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer stands as the most lethal gynecologic malignancy and remains the fifth most common gynecologic cancer. Poor prognosis and low five-year survival rate are attributed to nonspecific symptoms at early phases along with a lack of effective treatment at advanced stages. It is thus paramount, that ovarian carcinoma be viewed through several lenses in order to gain a thorough comprehension of its molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, histological subtypes, hereditary factors, diagnostic approaches, and methods of treatment. Above all, it is crucial to dissect the role that the unique peritoneal tumor microenvironment plays in ovarian cancer progression and metastasis. This short communication seeks to underscore several important aspects of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/NFκB pathway in the context of ovarian cancer and discuss recent advances in targeting this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alia Ghoneum
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ammar Yasser Abdulfattah
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Neveen Said
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Wake Forest Baptist Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stanković T, Dinić J, Podolski-Renić A, Musso L, Burić SS, Dallavalle S, Pešić M. Dual Inhibitors as a New Challenge for Cancer Multidrug Resistance Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6074-6106. [PMID: 29874992 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180607094856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual-targeting in cancer treatment by a single drug is an unconventional approach in relation to drug combinations. The rationale for the development of dualtargeting agents is to overcome incomplete efficacy and drug resistance frequently present when applying individual targeting agents. Consequently, -a more favorable outcome of cancer treatment is expected with dual-targeting strategies. METHODS We reviewed the literature, concentrating on the association between clinically relevant and/or novel dual inhibitors with the potential to modulate multidrug resistant phenotype of cancer cells, particularly the activity of P-glycoprotein. A balanced analysis of content was performed to emphasize the most important findings and optimize the structure of this review. RESULTS Two-hundred and forty-five papers were included in the review. The introductory part was interpreted by 9 papers. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors' role in the inhibition of Pglycoprotein and chemosensitization was illustrated by 87 papers. The contribution of naturalbased compounds in overcoming multidrug resistance was reviewed using 92 papers, while specific dual inhibitors acting against microtubule assembling and/or topoisomerases were described with 55 papers. Eleven papers gave an insight into a novel and less explored approach with hybrid drugs. Their influence on P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance was also evaluated. CONCLUSION These findings bring into focus rational anticancer strategies with dual-targeting agents. Most evaluated synthetic and natural drugs showed a great potential in chemosensitization. Further steps in this direction are needed for the optimization of anticancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Stanković
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Dinić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Podolski-Renić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Loana Musso
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sonja Stojković Burić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- DeFENS, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Milica Pešić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Luo H, Vong CT, Chen H, Gao Y, Lyu P, Qiu L, Zhao M, Liu Q, Cheng Z, Zou J, Yao P, Gao C, Wei J, Ung COL, Wang S, Zhong Z, Wang Y. Naturally occurring anti-cancer compounds: shining from Chinese herbal medicine. Chin Med 2019; 14:48. [PMID: 31719837 PMCID: PMC6836491 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous natural products originated from Chinese herbal medicine exhibit anti-cancer activities, including anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic effects, as well as regulate autophagy, reverse multidrug resistance, balance immunity, and enhance chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. To provide new insights into the critical path ahead, we systemically reviewed the most recent advances (reported since 2011) on the key compounds with anti-cancer effects derived from Chinese herbal medicine (curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, berberine, artemisinin, ginsenoside Rg3, ursolic acid, silibinin, emodin, triptolide, cucurbitacin B, tanshinone I, oridonin, shikonin, gambogic acid, artesunate, wogonin, β-elemene, and cepharanthine) in scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, and Clinical Trials). With a broader perspective, we focused on their recently discovered and/or investigated pharmacological effects, novel mechanism of action, relevant clinical studies, and their innovative applications in combined therapy and immunomodulation. In addition, the present review has extended to describe other promising compounds including dihydroartemisinin, ginsenoside Rh2, compound K, cucurbitacins D, E, I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone in view of their potentials in cancer therapy. Up to now, the evidence about the immunomodulatory effects and clinical trials of natural anti-cancer compounds from Chinese herbal medicine is very limited, and further research is needed to monitor their immunoregulatory effects and explore their mechanisms of action as modulators of immune checkpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Luo
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Chi Teng Vong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hanbin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Peng Lyu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zehua Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Peifen Yao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Caifang Gao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jinchao Wei
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bailly C. Cepharanthine: An update of its mode of action, pharmacological properties and medical applications. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 62:152956. [PMID: 31132753 PMCID: PMC7126782 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cepharanthine (CEP) is a drug used in Japan since the 1950s to treat a number of acute and chronic diseases, including treatment of leukopenia, snake bites, xerostomia and alopecia. It is the only approved drug for Human use in the large class of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. This natural product, mainly isolated from the plant Stephania cephalantha Hayata, exhibits multiple pharmacological properties including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, immuno-regulatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral and anti-parasitic properties. PURPOSE The mechanism of action of CEP is multifactorial. The drug exerts membrane effects (modulation of efflux pumps, membrane rigidification) as well as different intracellular and nuclear effects. CEP interferes with several metabolic axes, primarily with the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and NFκB signaling pathways. In particular, the anti-inflammatory effects of CEP rely on AMPK activation and NFκB inhibition. CONCLUSION In this review, the historical discovery and development of CEP are retraced, and the key mediators involved in its mode of action are presented. The past, present, and future of CEP are recapitulated. This review also suggests new opportunities to extend the clinical applications of this well-tolerated old Japanese drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- UMR-S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, INSERM, University of Lille, CHU Lille, 59045, Lille, France; OncoWitan, Lille, Wasquehal, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
PI3K-AKT-mTOR and NFκB Pathways in Ovarian Cancer: Implications for Targeted Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070949. [PMID: 31284467 PMCID: PMC6679095 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States, with an estimated 22,530 new cases and 13,980 deaths in 2019. Recent studies have indicated that the phosphoinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as well as the nuclear factor-κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) pathways are highly mutated and/or hyper-activated in a majority of ovarian cancer patients, and are associated with advanced grade and stage disease and poor prognosis. In this review, we will investigate PI3K/AKT/mTOR and their interconnection with NFκB pathway in ovarian cancer cells.
Collapse
|