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Lukhtanov VA, Dantchenko AV. Cryptic Taxa Revealed through Combined Analysis of Chromosomes and DNA Barcodes: The Polyommatus ripartii Species Complex in Armenia and NW Iran. INSECTS 2024; 15:545. [PMID: 39057277 PMCID: PMC11277131 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The detection of cryptic species in complexes that have undergone recent speciation is often difficult, since many standard nuclear markers have not yet accumulated differences between closely related taxa, and differences in mitochondrial markers can be leveled out due to mitochondrial introgressions. In these cases, the use of derived chromosomal characters such as non-ancestral chromosomal numbers and/or unusual karyotype features may be a solution to the species delimitation problem. However, non-ancestral but similar karyotypes may arise secondarily as a result of homoplastic evolution, and their interpretation as homologies may lead to incorrect taxonomic conclusions. In our study, we show that the combined use of mitochondrial DNA barcodes and karyotypes helps to solve this problem and identifies cryptic species in situations where each of these markers does not work individually. Using this approach, we show that the fauna of Armenia and adjacent Iran includes the following cryptic taxa of the Polyommatus ripartii species complex (haploid chromosome number, n in parentheses): P. ripartii paralcestis (n = 90), P. ripartii kalashiani, subsp. nov (n close to 90), P. emmeli, sp. nov. (n = 77-79), P. keleybaricus, sp. nov. (n = 86), P. demavendi belovi (n = 73-75), P. demavendi antonius, subsp. nov. (n = 71-73), P. admetus anatoliensis (n = 79) and P. eriwanensis (n = 29-34). Polyommatus admetus yeranyani is synonymized with P. admetus anatoliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Nab. 1, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Dantchenko
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Nab. 1, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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DNA Barcoding of Lepidoptera Species from the Maltese Islands: New and Additional Records, with an Insight into Endemic Diversity. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14121090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the first outcomes resulting from a DNA barcode reference library of lepidopteran species from Malta. The library presented here was constructed from the specimens collected between 2015 and 2019 and covers the genetic barcodes of 146 species (ca. 25% of lepidopterous Maltese fauna), including four newly recorded Lepidoptera species from the Maltese islands: Apatema baixerasi, Bostra dipectinialis, Oiketicoides lutea, and Phereoeca praecox. The DNA reference barcode library constructed during this study was analyzed in conjunction with publicly available DNA barcodes and used to assess the ability of the local DNA barcodes to discriminate species. Results showed that each species occupies a different BOLD BIN; therefore, DNA barcoding was able to discriminate between the studied species. Our data led to the formation of 12 new BOLD BINs—that is, OTUs that were identified during this work—while nearly 46% of the barcodes generated during this study were never recorded on conspecifics, further indicating the uniqueness of genetic diversity on these central Mediterranean islands. The outcomes of this study highlight the integrative taxonomic approach, where molecular taxonomy plays an important role for biodiversity investigation in its entirety.
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Parmentier L, Vila R, Lukhtanov V. Integrative analysis reveals cryptic speciation linked to habitat differentiation within Albanian populations of the anomalous blues (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Polyommatus Latreille, 1804). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2022; 16:211-242. [PMID: 36760486 PMCID: PMC9836409 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v16.i4.90558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Balkan Peninsula is one of the greatest hotspots for biodiversity in Europe. While the region has been investigated thoroughly, some parts remain understudied and may still harbour undiscovered diversity, even in well-studied organisms such as Lepidoptera. Here we investigated the group of the so-called anomalous blue butterflies, also known as 'brown complex' of the subgenus Agrodiaetus Hübner, 1822 including the taxa of the entire Polyommatusaroaniensis (Brown, 1976) species complex. This species complex is distributed in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and known to be represented by three closely related allopatric species, differentiated by their chromosome numbers (n) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA. These are P.aroaniensis sensu stricto (Southern Greece, Peloponnese, n=47-48; mt haplogroup aroa1), P.timfristos Lukhtanov, Vishnevskaya et Shapoval, 2016 (Central Greece, Attika, n=38, aroa2) and P.orphicus Kolev, 2005 (North-Eastern Greece, Southern Bulgaria, n=41-42, orph1). Based on an analysis of chromosomal, molecular and morphological markers, we demonstrate that a fourth taxon of this species complex exists in Albania. This taxon possesses the mt haplogroup aroa3, which is the most differentiated within the entire P.aroaniensis species complex, and the karyotype (n=42-43), which differs by one fixed chromosome fission from P.orphicus. The Albanian taxon seems to be ecologically specialised (habitat on dark-coloured, ophiolitic substrate soils) and differs in colouration (wing reflectance) from the others taxa of the P.aroaniensis species group. Based on the evidence here presented and following the current view of the taxonomy of the group, we propose considering the Albanian taxon as a new species, here described as Polyommatuslurae sp. nov. At the contact zone between the new species and P.orphicus, in addition to typical ones, we detected specimens with haplogroup orph2, karyotype n=43 and intermediate morphology, which seem to represent P.lurae × P.orphicus hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurian Parmentier
- Department of Plants & Crops, Lab Agrozoology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, BelgiumGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Flemish Entomological Society, Workgroup Butterflies, Moerbeekstraat 29, 9870, Zulte, BelgiumFlemish Entomological Society, Workgroup ButterfliesZulteBelgium
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003, Barcelona, SpainCSIC-Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Vladimir Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint Petersburg, RussiaZoological Institute of Russian Academy of SciencesSaint PetersburgRussia
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Lucek K, Augustijnen H, Escudero M. A holocentric twist to chromosomal speciation? Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:655-662. [PMID: 35484024 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements trigger speciation by acting as barriers to gene flow. However, the underlying theory was developed with monocentric chromosomes in mind. Holocentric chromosomes, lacking a centromeric region, have repeatedly evolved and account for a significant fraction of extant biodiversity. Because chromosomal rearrangements may be more likely retained in holocentric species, holocentricity could provide a twist to chromosomal speciation. Here, we discuss how the abundance of chromosome-scale genomes, combined with novel analytical tools, offer the opportunity to assess the impacts of chromosomal rearrangements on rates of speciation by outlining a phylogenetic framework that aligns with the two major lines of chromosomal speciation theory. We further highlight how holocentric species could help to test for causal roles of chromosomal rearrangements in speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Lucek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hannah Augustijnen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcial Escudero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, Reina Mercedes, ES-41012 Seville, Spain
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Krupitsky AV, Shapoval NA, Schepetov DM, Ekimova IA, Lukhtanov VA. Phylogeny, species delimitation and biogeography of the endemic Palaearctic tribe Tomarini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The tribe Tomarini is represented by the sole genus Tomares, comprising about eight species distributed from the western Mediterranean to Central Asia. We carried out a multilocus phylogenetic and a biogeographical analysis to test the taxonomy of the genus by several molecular species delimitation methods and reveal patterns shaping the current distribution of Tomares. The phylogenetic analysis based on four molecular markers recovered the monophyly of the genus and recovered two deep-branching lineages: an African clade and an Asian clade. Species delimitation analyses suggested six or ten putative species depending on the method applied. The haplotype network analysis of the Tomares nogelii clade revealed no phylogeographical and taxonomic structure. We consider the taxon Tomares nesimachus (syn. nov.) a synonym of T. nogelii and reinstate Tomares callimachus dentata stat. rev. for populations from south-eastern Turkey. Tomares originated between the early Oligocene and the early Miocene, most probably in south-west Asia. The split of the most recent common ancestor of Tomares occurred between the middle-late Miocene and middle-late Pliocene, probably as a response to increasing aridification and habitat fragmentation. Differentiation of the Asian clade took place in south-west Asia during the Pliocene and Pleistocene and coincided temporally with the evolution of Tomares host plants of the genus Astragalus (Fabaceae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Krupitsky
- Department of Entomology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, GSP-1, korp. 12, Moscow, Russia
- Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nazar A Shapoval
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry M Schepetov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, GSP-1, korp. 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina A Ekimova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, GSP-1, korp. 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Lukhtanov VA, Gagarina AV, Pazhenkova EA. Chromosomal and DNA barcode analysis of the Melitaea ala Staudinger, 1881 species complex (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2021; 15:199-216. [PMID: 34221248 PMCID: PMC8233298 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v15.i2.66121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The species of the Melitaea ala Staudinger, 1881 complex are distributed in Central Asia. Here we show that this complex is a monophyletic group including the species, M. ala, M. kotshubeji Sheljuzhko, 1929 and M. enarea Fruhstorfer, 1917. The haploid chromosome number n=29 is found in M. ala and M. kotshubeji and is, most likely, a symplesiomorphy of the M. ala complex. We show that M. ala consists of four subspecies: M. ala zaisana Lukhtanov, 1999 (=M. ala irtyshica Lukhtanov, 1999, syn. nov.) (South Altai, Zaisan Lake valley), M. ala ala (Dzhungarian Alatau), M. ala bicolor Seitz, 1908 (North, East, Central and West Tian-Shan) and M. ala determinata Bryk, 1940 (described from "Fu-Shu-Shi", China). We demonstrate that M. kotshubeji kotshubeji (Peter the Great Mts in Tajikistan) and M. kotshubeji bundeli Kolesnichenko, 1999 (Alai Mts in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan) are distinct taxa despite their geographic proximity in East Tajikistan. Melitaea enarea is widely distributed in the southern part of Central Asia and is sympatric with M. kotshubeji.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaZoological Institute of the Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Anastasia V. Gagarina
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaZoological Institute of the Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Elena A. Pazhenkova
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaZoological Institute of the Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
- Department of Entomology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaSt. Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
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Lukhtanov VA, Dantchenko AV. Chromosomal and DNA barcode analysis of the Polyommatus ( Agrodiaetus) damone (Eversmann, 1841) species complex (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2021; 15:1-22. [PMID: 33505635 PMCID: PMC7801365 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v15.i1.60347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) damone (Eversmann, 1841) species complex comprises from 5 to 8 species distributed in southeastern Europe and southern Siberia. Here we used chromosomal and DNA-barcode markers in order to test the taxonomic hypotheses previously suggested for this complex. We revealed that all taxa within this group demonstrate chromosomal stasis and share the same or very similar haploid chromosome number (n = 66 or n = 67). This finding is unexpected since the karyotypes are known to be very diverse and species-specific within the other taxa of the subgenus Agrodiaetus Hübner, 1822. Analysis of the mitochondrial gene COI revealed six diverged clusters of individuals within the complex. Each cluster has a specific geographic distribution and is characterized by distinct morphological features in the wing pattern. The clusters mostly (but not always) correlate with traditionally recognized species. As a result of our study, we describe a new subspecies P. (A.) iphigenides zarmitanussubsp. nov. from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and show that the taxon originally described as Lycaena kindermanni var. melania Staudinger, 1886 represents a subspecies P. (A.) iphigenides melanius (Staudinger, 1886). Polyommatus (A.) samusi Korb, 2017 (syn. nov.) and P. (A.) melanius komarovi Korb, 2017 (syn. nov.) are considered here as junior subjective synonyms of P. (A.) iphigenides iphigenides (Staudinger, 1886).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaZoological Institute of the Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Alexander V. Dantchenko
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaZoological Institute of the Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskiye Gory 1/11, Moscow119991, RussiaLomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
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Lukhtanov VA, Dantchenko AV, Balayan KV, Gagarina AV. Karyotype and DNA barcode of Polyommatus ( Agrodiaetus) cyaneus (Staudinger, 1899) from its type locality: implication for taxonomic and evolutionary research in Polyommatus blue butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2020; 14:567-575. [PMID: 33244355 PMCID: PMC7686216 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v14i4.59574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal and molecular analyses of rapidly evolving organisms such as Polyommatus Latreille, 1804 blue butterflies are essential for understanding their taxonomy and evolutionary history, and the studies of populations from their type localities are crucially important for resolving problems of nomenclature and species identity. Here we present data on the topotypical population of the blue butterfly species described as Lycaena damone var. cyanea Staudinger, 1899. This taxon was described from Khankendi (Nagorno-Karabakh, Caucasus), and rediscovered at the type locality for the first time since it was collected there in 1869. The specimens were found on dry stony meadows with a predominance of Onobrychis radiata Bieberstein, 1810, on upper border of oak forests. Their haploid chromosome number (n) was established as n = 17. Chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA barcode analyses of the studied samples from type-locality provided an opportunity for the critical taxonomic re-examination of Caucasian species of the subgenus Agrodiaetus Hübner, 1822 of the genus Polyommatus Latreille, 1804. The obtained data support the interpretation of the P. (A.) cyaneus (Staudinger, 1899) and P. (A.) carmon (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) as two different, not closely related species complexes as previously hypothesized by Hugo de Lesse. On the contrary, the treatment by Walter Forster who considered these taxa as two groups of conspecific populations was not supported by our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Alexander V. Dantchenko
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskiye Gory 1/11, Moscow119991, RussiaLomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Karine V. Balayan
- Yerevan Botanical Garden of the Institute of Botany of the NAS RA, Acharyan str. 1, Yerevan 0040, ArmeniaInstitute of Botany, NAS RAYerevanArmenia
| | - Anastasia V. Gagarina
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
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Wiemers M, Chazot N, Wheat CW, Schweiger O, Wahlberg N. A complete time-calibrated multi-gene phylogeny of the European butterflies. Zookeys 2020; 938:97-124. [PMID: 32550787 PMCID: PMC7289901 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.938.50878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of supporting ecological analyses in butterflies, the third most species-rich superfamily of Lepidoptera, this paper presents the first time-calibrated phylogeny of all 496 extant butterfly species in Europe, including 18 very localised endemics for which no public DNA sequences had been available previously. It is based on a concatenated alignment of the mitochondrial gene COI and up to eleven nuclear gene fragments, using Bayesian inferences of phylogeny. To avoid analytical biases that could result from our region-focussed sampling, our European tree was grafted upon a global genus-level backbone butterfly phylogeny for analyses. In addition to a consensus tree, the posterior distribution of trees and the fully concatenated alignment are provided for future analyses. Altogether a complete phylogenetic framework of European butterflies for use by the ecological and evolutionary communities is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiemers
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Straße 90, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Halle Germany.,UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Müncheberg Germany
| | - Nicolas Chazot
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden Lund University Lund Sweden.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christopher W Wheat
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Oliver Schweiger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Müncheberg Germany
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden Lund University Lund Sweden
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Lukhtanov VA, Dantchenko AV. Karyotype of Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) eriwanensis Forster, 1960 and taxonomic position of P. (A.) interjectus de Lesse, 1960 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2019; 13:359-366. [PMID: 31762946 PMCID: PMC6863936 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v13i4.46897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The karyotype of Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) eriwanensis Forster, 1960 from the type locality ("Eriwan" [Yerevan, Armenia]) and other localities in Armenia was investigated. The number of chromosomal elements (bivalents+ multivalents) observed in male meiosis I was found to vary from 29 to 34. In individuals with n = 34, all observed elements were represented by bivalents. In other specimens, heterozygosity for different number of chromosomal fusions resulted in multivalent formation at MI stage and consequently in a lower number of recognizable chromosomal elements. We show that all karyotype peculiarities of P. (A.) interjectus de Lesse, 1960 (n = 29-32) from Turkey are similar to those in A. eriwanensis. The butterflies of these taxa have allopatric distribution and can be considered as conspecific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Department of Entomology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Dantchenko
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskiye Gory 1/11, Moscow119991, Russia
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Lukhtanov VA. Species Delimitation and Analysis of Cryptic Species Diversity in the XXI Century. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0013873819040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lukhtanov VA, Iashenkova Y. Linking karyotypes with DNA barcodes: proposal for a new standard in chromosomal analysis with an example based on the study of Neotropical Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2019; 13:435-449. [PMID: 31886776 PMCID: PMC6930310 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v13i4.48368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal data are important for taxonomists, cytogeneticists and evolutionary biologists; however, the value of these data decreases sharply if they are obtained for individuals with inaccurate species identification or unclear species identity. To avoid this problem, here we suggest linking each karyotyped sample with its DNA barcode, photograph and precise geographic data, providing an opportunity for unambiguous identification of described taxa and for delimitation of undescribed species. Using this approach, we present new data on chromosome number diversity in neotropical butterflies of the subfamily Biblidinae (genus Vila Kirby, 1871) and the tribe Ithomiini (genera Oleria Hübner, 1816, Ithomia Hübner, 1816, Godyris Boisduval, 1870, Hypothyris Hübner, 1821, Napeogenes Bates, 1862, Pseudoscada Godman et Salvin, 1879 and Hyposcada Godman et Salvin, 1879). Combining new and previously published data we show that the species complex Oleria onega (Hewitson, [1852]) includes three discrete chromosomal clusters (with haploid chromosome numbers n = 15, n = 22 and n = 30) and at least four DNA barcode clusters. Then we discuss how the incomplete connection between these chromosomal and molecular data (karyotypes and DNA barcodes were obtained for different sets of individuals) complicates the taxonomic interpretation of the discovered clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Department of Entomology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Yaroslavna Iashenkova
- Department of Entomology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Lukhtanov VA. Two types of highly ordered micro- and macrochromosome arrangement in metaphase plates of butterflies (Lepidoptera). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2019; 13:19-25. [PMID: 30687457 PMCID: PMC6341045 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v13i1.32614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In karyotype of many organisms, chromosomes form two distinct size groups: macrochromosomes and microchromosomes. During cell divisions, the position of the macro- and microchromosomes is often ordered within metaphase plate. In many reptiles, amphibians, birds, insects of the orthopteran family Tettigoniidae and in some plants, a so called "reptilian" type organization is found, with microchromosomes situated in the center of metaphase plate and with macrochromosomes situated at the periphery. An opposite, "lepidopteran" type is known in butterflies and moths (i.e. in the order Lepidoptera) and is characterized by macrochromosomes situated in the center and by microchromosomes situated at the periphery. The anomalous arrangement found in Lepidoptera was previously explained by holocentric organization of their chromosomes. Here I analyse the structure of meiotic metaphase I plates in ithomiine butterfly, Forbestraolivencia (H. Bates, 1862) (Nymphalidae, Danainae, Ithomiini) which has a clear "reptilian" organization, contrary to previous observations in Lepidoptera. In this species large bivalents (i.e. macrochromosomes) form a regular peripheral circle, whereas the minute bivalents (i.e. microchromosomes) occupy the center of this circle. The reasons and possible mechanisms resulting in two drastically different spatial chromosome organization in butterflies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaZoological Institute of the Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
- Department of Entomology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaSt. Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia
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Wiemers M, Balletto E, Dincă V, Fric ZF, Lamas G, Lukhtanov V, Munguira ML, van Swaay C, Vila R, Vliegenthart A, Wahlberg N, Verovnik R. An updated checklist of the European Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zookeys 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.810.28712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an updated checklist of the butterflies of Europe, together with their original name combinations, and their occurrence status in each European country. According to this checklist, 496 species of the superfamily Papilionoidea occur in Europe. Changes in comparison with the last version (2.6.2) of Fauna Europaea are discussed. Compared to that version, 16 species are new additions, either due to cryptic species most of which have been discovered by molecular methods (13 cases) or due to discoveries of Asian species on the eastern border of the European territory in the Ural mountains (three cases). On the other hand, nine species had to be removed from the list, because they either do not occur in Europe or lost their species status due to new evidence. In addition, three species names had to be changed and 30 species changed their combination due to new evidence on phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, minor corrections were applied to some authors’ names and years of publication. Finally, the namePolyommatusottomanusLefèbvre, 1831, which is threatened by its senior synonymLycaenalegeriFreyer, 1830, is declared anomen protectum, thereby conserving its name in the current combinationLycaenaottomana.
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15
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Wiemers M, Balletto E, Dincă V, Faltynek Fric Z, Gerardo Lamas, Lukhtanov V, Munguira ML, Chris A. M. van Swaay, Vila R, Vliegenthart A, Wahlberg N, Verovnik R. An updated checklist of the European Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zookeys 2018; 811:9-45. [PMID: 30627036 PMCID: PMC6323101 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.811.28712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an updated checklist of the butterflies of Europe, together with their original name combinations, and their occurrence status in each European country. According to this checklist, 496 species of the superfamily Papilionoidea occur in Europe. Changes in comparison with the last version (2.6.2) of Fauna Europaea are discussed. Compared to that version, 16 species are new additions, either due to cryptic species most of which have been discovered by molecular methods (13 cases) or due to discoveries of Asian species on the eastern border of the European territory in the Ural mountains (three cases). On the other hand, nine species had to be removed from the list, because they either do not occur in Europe or lost their species status due to new evidence. In addition, three species names had to be changed and 30 species changed their combination due to new evidence on phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, minor corrections were applied to some authors' names and years of publication. Finally, the name Polyommatusottomanus Lefèbvre, 1831, which is threatened by its senior synonym Lycaenalegeri Freyer, 1830, is declared a nomen protectum, thereby conserving its name in the current combination Lycaenaottomana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiemers
- UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, GermanyUFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental ResearchHalleGermany
| | - Emilio Balletto
- Turin University, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, via Accademia Albertina 13, I-10123 Torino, ItalyTurin UniversityTorinoItaly
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, PO Box 3000, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, FinlandUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Zdenek Faltynek Fric
- Biology Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech RepublicBiology Centre CASCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Gerardo Lamas
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 14-0434, Lima-14, PeruUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeru
| | - Vladimir Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, RussiaZoological Institute of Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
| | - Miguel L. Munguira
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/ Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, SpainUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Chris A. M. van Swaay
- Dutch Butterfly Conservation, PO Box 506, 6700 AM Wageningen, The NetherlandsDutch Butterfly ConservationWageningenNetherlands
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, SpainCSIC-Universitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Albert Vliegenthart
- Dutch Butterfly Conservation, PO Box 506, 6700 AM Wageningen, The NetherlandsDutch Butterfly ConservationWageningenNetherlands
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 Lund, SwedenLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Rudi Verovnik
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Jamnikarjeva 111, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaUniversity of LjubljanaLjubljanaSlovenia
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Lukhtanov VA, Dantchenko AV. A new butterfly species from south Russia revealed through chromosomal and molecular analysis of the Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) damonides complex (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2017; 11:769-795. [PMID: 29302297 PMCID: PMC5740405 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v11i4.20072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Finding a new species is a rare event in easy-to-see and well-studied organisms like butterflies, especially if they inhabit well-explored areas such as the Western Palaearctic. However, even in this region, gaps in taxonomic knowledge still exist and here we report such a discovery. Using a combined analysis of chromosomal and molecular markers we demonstrate that Polyommatus blue populations from Daghestan (South Russia), previously identified as P. aserbeidschanus, represent in fact a new species which is described here as P. australorossicussp. n. We also show that the enigmatic Polyommatus damonides described as a form of Polyommatus damone and later considered as an entity similar to P. poseidon or P. ninae is conspecific with a taxon previously known as P. elbursicus. As a result of our study, we propose several taxonomic changes within the P. damonides species complex and suggest the following new combinations: P. damonides elbursicus Forster, 1956, comb. n. and P. damonides gilanensis Eckweiler, 2002, comb. n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Department of Entomology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Dantchenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskiye Gory 1/13, Moscow119991, Russia
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Lukhtanov VA, Shapoval NA. Chromosomal identification of cryptic species sharing their DNA barcodes: Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) antidolus and P. (A.) morgani in Iran (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2017; 11:759-768. [PMID: 29302296 PMCID: PMC5740395 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v11i4.20876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
DNA barcoding has been suggested as a universal tool for molecular species identification; however, it cannot be applied in cases when morphologically similar species share their DNA barcodes due to the common ancestry or mitochondrial introgression. Here we analyze the karyotype of Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) morgani (Le Cerf, 1909) from the region of its type locality in the southern Zagros Mountains in Iran, provide first chromosomal evidence for P. (A.) antidolus (Rebel, 1901) in Iran and demonstrate that these two species can be easily identified through analysis of their karyotypes whereas they share their mitochondrial barcodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Nazar A. Shapoval
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Vershinina AO, Lukhtanov VA. Evolutionary mechanisms of runaway chromosome number change in Agrodiaetus butterflies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8199. [PMID: 28811556 PMCID: PMC5557896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite predictions of the classic, hybrid-sterility model of chromosomal speciation, some organisms demonstrate high rate of karyotype evolution. This rate is especially impressive in Agrodiaetus butterflies that rapidly evolved the greatest chromosome number diversity known in animal kingdom within a single subgenus. Here we analyzed karyotype evolution in Agrodiaetus using phylogenetic comparative methods. We found that chromosome numbers possess a strong phylogenetic signal. This disproves the chromosome megaevolution model that proposes multiple chromosome rearrangements to accumulate independently in each of closely related species. We found that Brownian motion gives a more adequate description of observed trait changes than Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model. This indicates that chromosome numbers evolve via random walk along branches of the phylogeny. We discovered a correlation between karyotype changes and phylogeny branch lengths. This gradual pattern is inconsistent with the hybrid-sterility model which, due to association of major chromosome changes with cladogenetic events, predicts a high degree of punctualism in karyotype evolution. Thus, low underdominace of chromosomal rearrangements and/or prevalence of the recombination-suppression model over the hybrid-sterility model of chromosome speciation are the most common engines of the runaway chromosome number change observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa O Vershinina
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 95064, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| | - Vladimir A Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Entomology, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Lukhtanov VA. A new species of Melitaea from Israel, with notes on taxonomy, cytogenetics, phylogeography and interspecific hybridization in the Melitaea persea complex (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2017; 11:325-357. [PMID: 28919968 PMCID: PMC5596984 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v11i2.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Specimens with intermediate morphology are often considered to be the result of ongoing interspecific hybridization; however, this conclusion is difficult to prove without analysis of chromosomal and/or molecular markers. In the butterfly genus Melitaea, such an intermediacy can be detected in male genitalia, and is more or less regularly observed in localities where two closely related, presumably parental species are found in sympatry. Here I analyze a high altitude Melitaea population from Mt. Hermon in north Israel and show that its male genitalia are clearly differentiated from those found in phenotypically similar M. persea and M. didyma, but in some aspects intermediate between them. This hybrid-like population is unique because, although M. didyma is present on Mt. Hermon, the true, low-altitude M. persea has never been reported from Israel. Cytogenetic analysis revealed no apomorphic chromosomal characters to distinguish the Mt. Hermon population from other known taxa of the M. persea and M. didyma species groups. At the same time, DNA barcode-based phylogeographic study showed that this population is ancient. It was estimated to originate 1-1.6 million years ago in the Levantine refugium from a common ancestor with M. persea. Generally, the data obtained are incompatible with interpretation of the studied population as a taxon conspecific with M. persea or M. didyma, or a swarm of recent hybrids between M. persea and M. didyma, although the possibility of ancient homoploid hybrid speciation cannot be ruled out. I also argue that the name Melitaea montium assigned to butterflies from north Lebanon cannot be applied to the studied taxon from Mt. Hermon. Here I describe this morphologically and ecologically distinct entity as a new species Melitaea acentriasp. n., and compare it with other taxa of the M. persea complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Lukhtanov
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Department of Entomology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 3215 Hull Rd., UF Cultural Plaza, PO Box 112710, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-2710 USA
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138 USA
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