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Hopper KR, Wang X, Kenis M, Seehausen ML, Abram PK, Daane KM, Buffington ML, Hoelmer KA, Kingham BF, Shevchenko O, Bernberg E. Genome divergence and reproductive incompatibility among populations of Ganaspis near brasiliensis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae090. [PMID: 38718200 PMCID: PMC11228843 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
During the last decade, the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, has spread from eastern Asia to the Americas, Europe, and Africa. This fly attacks many species of cultivated and wild fruits with soft, thin skins, where its serrated ovipositor allows it to lay eggs in undamaged fruit. Parasitoids from the native range of D. suzukii may provide sustainable management of this polyphagous pest. Among these parasitoids, host-specificity testing has revealed a lineage of Ganaspis near brasiliensis, referred to in this paper as G1, that appears to be a cryptic species more host-specific to D. suzukii than other parasitoids. Differentiation among cryptic species is critical for introduction and subsequent evaluation of their impact on D. suzukii. Here, we present results on divergence in genomic sequences and architecture and reproductive isolation between lineages of Ganaspis near brasiliensis that appear to be cryptic species. We studied five populations, two from China, two from Japan, and one from Canada, identified as the G1 vs G3 lineages based on differences in cytochrome oxidase l sequences. We assembled and annotated the genomes of these populations and analyzed divergences in sequence and genome architecture between them. We also report results from crosses to test reproductive compatibility between the G3 lineage from China and the G1 lineage from Japan. The combined results on sequence divergence, differences in genome architectures, ortholog divergence, reproductive incompatibility, differences in host ranges and microhabitat preferences, and differences in morphology show that these lineages are different species. Thus, the decision to evaluate the lineages separately and only import and introduce the more host-specific lineage to North America and Europe was appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Hopper
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 501 South Chapel Street, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Xingeng Wang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 501 South Chapel Street, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Marc Kenis
- CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul K Abram
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, 6947 Highway 7, PO Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0 M 1A2, Canada
| | - Kent M Daane
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
| | - Matthew L Buffington
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, c/o Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th and Constitution NW, MRC-168, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Kim A Hoelmer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 501 South Chapel Street, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Brewster F Kingham
- DNA Sequencing & Genotyping Center, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Olga Shevchenko
- DNA Sequencing & Genotyping Center, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Erin Bernberg
- DNA Sequencing & Genotyping Center, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA
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Comparative Karyotype Analysis of Parasitoid Hymenoptera (Insecta): Major Approaches, Techniques, and Results. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050751. [PMID: 35627136 PMCID: PMC9141968 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive review of main approaches, techniques and results of the chromosome study of parasitic wasps is given. In this group, the haploid chromosome number ranges from n = 3 to 23. Distribution of parasitic wasp species by the chromosome number is bimodal, with two obvious modes at n = 6 and 11. Karyotype analysis based on routinely stained preparations of mitotic chromosomes can be used to identify members of taxonomically complicated parasitoid taxa and to distinguish between them. Morphometric study effectively reveals subtle differences between similar chromosome sets of parasitic wasps. If combined with meiotic analysis and/or cytometric data, information on mitotic karyotypes can highlight pathways of the genome evolution in certain parasitoid taxa. C- and AgNOR-banding as well as staining with base-specific fluorochromes detected important interspecific differences within several groups of parasitic wasps. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is successfully used for physical mapping of various DNA sequences on parasitoid chromosomes. These techniques demonstrate that heterochromatic segments are usually restricted to pericentromeric regions of chromosomes of parasitic wasps. Haploid karyotypes carrying one or two nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) are the most frequent among parasitoid Hymenoptera. In combination with chromosome microdissection, FISH could become a powerful tool exploring the genome evolution of parasitic wasps. Perspectives of the comparative cytogenetic study of parasitoid Hymenoptera are outlined.
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Gokhman VE. Chromosomes of three gall wasps of the tribe Aylacini (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2021; 15:171-178. [PMID: 34131479 PMCID: PMC8195943 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v15.i2.66781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomes of two species of the tribe Aylacini (Cynipidae), Isocolus jaceae (Schenck, 1863) and I. scabiosae (Giraud, 1859) (both have 2n = 18) were studied for the first time. In addition, 2n = 20 is confirmed in a member of the same tribe, Aulacidea hieracii (Bouché, 1834). All chromosomes of these gall wasps are biarmed; however, they gradually decrease in size in the case of A. hieracii, whereas a pair of large metacentrics is characteristic of karyotypes of both Isocolus Förster, 1869 species. Chromosomes of the two latter gall wasps are either metacentric or submetacentric, but elements with lower centromeric indices prevail in the karyotype of A. hieracii. Chromomycin A3 (CMA3)/DAPI staining revealed single CMA3-positive bands on a particular pair of chromosomes of all species, and these bands apparently refer to the nucleolus organizing regions (NORs). However, localization of CMA3-positive bands differs substantially between the studied members of Isocolus and Aulacidea Ashmead, 1897. Together with normal haploid and diploid mitotic divisions, several metaphase plates with 2n = 17 containing a peculiar dicentric chromosome were found in a single male specimen of I. scabiosae; this appears to be the first report of an obvious dicentric in the order Hymenoptera in general. Certain aspects of the chromosome diversity and karyotype evolution within the family Cynipidae and the tribe Aylacini in particular are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E. Gokhman
- Botanical Garden, Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, RussiaMoscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
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Di Giovanni D, Lepetit D, Guinet B, Bennetot B, Boulesteix M, Couté Y, Bouchez O, Ravallec M, Varaldi J. A Behavior-Manipulating Virus Relative as a Source of Adaptive Genes for Drosophila Parasitoids. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:2791-2807. [PMID: 32080746 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Some species of parasitic wasps have domesticated viral machineries to deliver immunosuppressive factors to their hosts. Up to now, all described cases fall into the Ichneumonoidea superfamily, which only represents around 10% of hymenoptera diversity, raising the question of whether such domestication occurred outside this clade. Furthermore, the biology of the ancestral donor viruses is completely unknown. Since the 1980s, we know that Drosophila parasitoids belonging to the Leptopilina genus, which diverged from the Ichneumonoidea superfamily 225 Ma, do produce immunosuppressive virus-like structure in their reproductive apparatus. However, the viral origin of these structures has been the subject of debate. In this article, we provide genomic and experimental evidence that those structures do derive from an ancestral virus endogenization event. Interestingly, its close relatives induce a behavior manipulation in present-day wasps. Thus, we conclude that virus domestication is more prevalent than previously thought and that behavior manipulation may have been instrumental in the birth of such associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Di Giovanni
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Lepetit
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Benjamin Guinet
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Bastien Bennetot
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France.,Ecologie Systématique & Evolution (UMR 8079), Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Matthieu Boulesteix
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Inserm, IRIG-BGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Bouchez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- UMR 1333 INRAE - Université Montpellier "Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes" (DGIMI), Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Varaldi
- Université de Lyon Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
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Moura MN, Cardoso DC, Lima Baldez BC, Cristiano MP. Intraspecific variation in the karyotype length and genome size of fungus-farming ants (genus Mycetophylax), with remarks on procedures for the estimation of genome size in the Formicidae by flow cytometry. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237157. [PMID: 32760102 PMCID: PMC7410318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ants (Formicidae) present considerable diversity in chromosome numbers, which vary from n = 1 to n = 60, although this variation is not proportional to that in genome size, for which estimates range from 0.18 pg to 0.77 pg. Intraspecific variation in the chromosome number and karyotype structure has been reported among species, although the variation among populations of the same species has received much less attention, and there are few data on genome size. Here, we studied the karyotype length and genome size of different populations of the fungus-farming ants Mycetophylax conformis (Mayr, 1884) and Mycetophylax morschi (Emery, 1888). We also provide remarks on procedure for the estimation of ant genome size by Flow Cytometry (FCM) analysis. Chromosome number and morphology did not vary among the populations of M. conformis or the cytotypes of M. morschi, but karyotype length and genome size were significantly distinct among the populations of these ants. Our results on the variation in karyotype length and genome size among M. morschi and M. conformis populations reveal considerable diversity that would be largely overlooked by more traditional descriptions of karyotypes, which were also supported by the estimates of genome size obtained using flow cytometry. Changes in the amount of DNA reflect variation in the fine structure of the chromosomes, which may represent the first steps of karyotype evolution and may occur previously to any changes in the chromosome number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Neves Moura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danon Clemes Cardoso
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente/ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Brenda Carla Lima Baldez
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maykon Passos Cristiano
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente/ICEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Gokhman VE, Kuhn KL, Woolley JB, Hopper KR. Variation in genome size and karyotype among closely related aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2017; 11:97-117. [PMID: 28919952 PMCID: PMC5599701 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v11i1.10872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Genome sizes were measured and determined for the karyotypes of nine species of aphid parasitoids in the genus Aphelinus Dalman,1820. Large differences in genome size and karyotype were found between Aphelinus species, which is surprising given the similarity in their morphology and life history. Genome sizes estimated from flow cytometry were larger for species in the Aphelinus mali (Haldeman, 1851) complex than those for the species in the Aphelinus daucicola Kurdjumov, 1913 and Aphelinus varipes (Förster,1841) complexes. Haploid karyotypes of the Aphelinus daucicola and Aphelinus mali complexes comprised five metacentric chromosomes of similar size, whereas those of the Aphelinus varipes complex had four chromosomes, including a larger and a smaller metacentric chromosome and two small acrocentric chromosomes or a large metacentric and three smaller acrocentric chromosomes. Total lengths of female haploid chromosome sets correlated with genome sizes estimated from flow cytometry. Phylogenetic analysis of karyotypic variation revealed a chromosomal fusion together with pericentric inversions in the common ancestor of the Aphelinus varipes complex and further pericentric inversions in the clade comprising Aphelinus kurdjumovi Mercet, 1930 and Aphelinus hordei Kurdjumov, 1913. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a 28S ribosomal DNA probe revealed a single site on chromosomes of the haploid karyotype of Aphelinus coreae Hopper & Woolley, 2012. The differences in genome size and total chromosome length between species complexes matched the phylogenetic divergence between them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen L. Kuhn
- Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, ARS-USDA, 501 South Chapel Street, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - James B. Woolley
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Keith R. Hopper
- Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, ARS-USDA, 501 South Chapel Street, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
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Gokhman VE, Bolsheva NL, Govind S, Muravenko OV. A comparative cytogenetic study of Drosophila parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Figitidae) using DNA-binding fluorochromes and FISH with 45S rDNA probe. Genetica 2016; 144:335-9. [PMID: 27150102 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-016-9902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Karyotypes of Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carton et Keiner-Pillault, 1979) (n = 9), L. heterotoma (Thomson, 1862) (n = 10), L. victoriae Nordlander, 1980 (n = 10) and Ganaspis xanthopoda (Ashmead, 1896) (n = 9) (Hymenoptera, Figitidae) were studied using DNA-binding ligands with different base specificity [propidium iodide (PI), chromomycin A3 (CMA3) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)], and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a 45S rDNA probe. Fluorochrome staining was similar between the different fluorochromes, except for a single CMA3- and PI-positive and DAPI-negative band per haploid karyotype of each species. FISH with 45S rDNA probe detected a single rDNA site in place of the bright CMA3-positive band, thus identifying the nucleolus organizing region (NOR). Chromosomal locations of NORs were similar for both L. heterotoma and L. victoriae, but strongly differed in L. boulardi as well as in G. xanthopoda. Phylogenetic aspects of NOR localization in all studied species are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadezhda L Bolsheva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Shubha Govind
- Biology Department MR526, The City College of the City University of New York, 138th Street and Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Olga V Muravenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119991
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Gokhman VE, Ott JR, Egan SP. Chromosomes of Belonocnematreatae Mayr, 1881 (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2015; 9:221-6. [PMID: 26140163 PMCID: PMC4488968 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v9i2.6534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomes of the asexual and sexual generation of the gall wasp Belonocnematreatae Mayr, 1881 (Cynipidae) were analyzed. Females of both generations have 2n = 20, whereas males of the sexual generation have n = 10. Cyclical deuterotoky is therefore confirmed in this species. All chromosomes are acrocentric and form a continuous gradation in size. This karyotype structure is probably ancestral for many gall wasps and perhaps for the family Cynipidae in general. Chromosome no. 7 carries a characteristic achromatic gap that appears to represent a nucleolus organizing region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James R. Ott
- Population and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Scott P. Egan
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Heavner ME, Hudgins AD, Rajwani R, Morales J, Govind S. Harnessing the natural Drosophila-parasitoid model for integrating insect immunity with functional venomics. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 6:61-67. [PMID: 25642411 PMCID: PMC4309977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila species lack most hallmarks of adaptive immunity yet are highly successful against an array of natural microbial pathogens and metazoan enemies. When attacked by figitid parasitoid wasps, fruit flies deploy robust, multi-faceted innate immune responses and overcome many attackers. In turn, parasitoids have evolved immunosuppressive strategies to match, and more frequently to overcome, their hosts. We present methods to examine the evolutionary dynamics underlying anti-parasitoid host defense by teasing apart the specialized immune-modulating venoms of figitid parasitoids and, in turn, possibly delineating the roles of individual venom molecules. This combination of genetic, phylogenomic, and "functional venomics" methods in the Drosophila-parasitoid model should allow entomologists and immunologists to tackle important outstanding questions with implications across disciplines and to pioneer translational applications in agriculture and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Heavner
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, 10016
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031
| | - Adam D. Hudgins
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031
| | - Roma Rajwani
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031
| | - Jorge Morales
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031
| | - Shubha Govind
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, 10016
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, New York, 10031
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Heavner ME, Gueguen G, Rajwani R, Pagan PE, Small C, Govind S. Partial venom gland transcriptome of a Drosophila parasitoid wasp, Leptopilina heterotoma, reveals novel and shared bioactive profiles with stinging Hymenoptera. Gene 2013; 526:195-204. [PMID: 23688557 PMCID: PMC3905606 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of natural host-parasite relationships reveals the evolutionary forces that shape the delicate and unique specificity characteristic of such interactions. The accessory long gland-reservoir complex of the wasp Leptopilina heterotoma (Figitidae) produces venom with virus-like particles. Upon delivery, venom components delay host larval development and completely block host immune responses. The host range of this Drosophila endoparasitoid notably includes the highly-studied model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. Categorization of 827 unigenes, using similarity as an indicator of putative homology, reveals that approximately 25% are novel or classified as hypothetical proteins. Most of the remaining unigenes are related to processes involved in signaling, cell cycle, and cell physiology including detoxification, protein biogenesis, and hormone production. Analysis of L. heterotoma's predicted venom gland proteins demonstrates conservation among endo- and ectoparasitoids within the Apocrita (e.g., this wasp and the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis) and stinging aculeates (e.g., the honey bee and ants). Enzyme and KEGG pathway profiling predicts that kinases, esterases, and hydrolases may contribute to venom activity in this unique wasp. To our knowledge, this investigation is among the first functional genomic studies for a natural parasitic wasp of Drosophila. Our findings will help explain how L. heterotoma shuts down its hosts' immunity and shed light on the molecular basis of a natural arms race between these insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Heavner
- Biology Department, The City College, City University of New York, 138th Street and Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
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