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Gokhman VE, Kuznetsova VG. Structure and Evolution of Ribosomal Genes of Insect Chromosomes. INSECTS 2024; 15:593. [PMID: 39194798 DOI: 10.3390/insects15080593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Currently, clusters of 45S and 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) have been studied in about 1000 and 100 species of the class Insecta, respectively. Although the number of insect species with known 45S rDNA clusters (also referred to as nucleolus-organizing regions, or NORs) constitutes less than 0.1 percent of the described members of this enormous group, certain conclusions can already be drawn. Since haploid karyotypes with single 45S and 5S rDNA clusters predominate in both basal and derived insect groups, this character state is apparently ancestral for the class Insecta in general. Nevertheless, the number, chromosomal location, and other characteristics of both 45S and 5S rDNA sites substantially vary across different species, and sometimes even within the same species. There are several main factors and molecular mechanisms that either maintain these parameters or alter them on the short-term and/or long-term scale. Chromosome structure (i.e., monocentric vs. holokinetic chromosomes), excessive numbers of rRNA gene copies per cluster, interactions with transposable elements, pseudogenization, and meiotic recombination are perhaps the most important among them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina G Kuznetsova
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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2
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Pinillos I, Pérez C, Torres O, Patarroyo MA, Bello FJ. Establishing and characterising a new cell line from Calliphora vicina (diptera: calliphoridae) fly embryonic tissues. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10674. [PMID: 36164515 PMCID: PMC9508484 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect cell lines represent a promising and expanding field as they have several research applications including biotechnology, virology, immunity, toxicology, cell signalling mechanisms and evolution. They constitute a powerful tool having a direct impact on human and veterinary medicine and agriculture. Although more than 1000 cell lines have currently been established from various insect species, Calliphora vicina-derived fly cell lines are lacking. This study was aimed at establishing a new C. vicina embryonic tissue-derived cell line. Adult flies were collected and embryonated eggs were mechanically homogenised and seeded in four types of culture media (L15, Grace's insect medium, Grace's/L15 and DMEM). Cell growth and morphological characteristics were recorded and cytogenetic and molecular patterns were determined. The CV-062020-PPB cell line was established and was shown to have optimal growth in Grace's/L15 medium. CV-062020-PPB cell monolayers that had been sub-cultured over 16 times consisted of firmly adhering cells having different morphologies; a fibroblast-like shape dominated and the karyotype had a 12-chromosome diploid number. RAPD-PCR analysis of the CV-062020-PPB cell line revealed a high similarity index and strong intraspecific relationship with C. vicina adult flies and a weaker relationship with the Lutzomyia longipalpis-derived cell line (Lulo). The CV-062020-PPB cell line constitutes the first cell line obtained from C. vicina embryonic tissues and represents an important basic and applied research tool. A new C. vicina embryonic tissue-derived cell line is here reported. Fibroblast-like cells were predominant. The cell-line karyotype was 2n = 12 diploid chromosomes. The DNA profile enabled discriminating its molecular identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingred Pinillos
- Universidad de La Salle, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Cindy Pérez
- Universidad Antonio Nariño, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Orlando Torres
- Universidad Antonio Nariño, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,Universidad Santo Tomás, Health Sciences Division, Main Campus, Bogotá DC, Colombia.,Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Felio J Bello
- Universidad de La Salle, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria, Bogotá DC, Colombia
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Stocker AJ, Schiffer M, Gorab E, Hoffmann A. Chromosome Comparisons of Australian Scaptodrosophila Species. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040364. [PMID: 35447805 PMCID: PMC9024860 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The Scaptodrosophila represent a diverse group of Diptera closely related to Drosophila. Although they have radiated extensively in Australia, they have been the focus of few studies. Here, we characterized the karyotypes of 12 Scaptodrosophila species from several species groups and showed that they have undergone similar types of karyotypic change to those seen in Drosophila. This includes heterochromatin amplification involved in length changes of the sex and ‘dot’ chromosomes as well as the autosomes, particularly in the coracina group of species. Numerous weak points along the arms of the polytene chromosomes suggest the presence of internal repetitive sequence DNA, but these regions did not C-band in mitotic chromosomes, and their analysis will depend on DNA sequencing. The nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) are at the same chromosome positions in Scaptodrosophila as in Drosophila, and the various mechanisms responsible for changing arm configurations also appear to be the same. These chromosomal studies provide a complementary resource to other investigations of this group, with several species currently being sequenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Jacob Stocker
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of Biosciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michele Schiffer
- Daintree Rainforest Observatory, James Cook University, Cape Tribulation, QLD 4873, Australia;
| | - Eduardo Gorab
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-090, SP, Brazil;
| | - Ary Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of Biosciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
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Andere AA, Pimsler ML, Tarone AM, Picard CJ. The genomes of a monogenic fly: views of primitive sex chromosomes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15728. [PMID: 32978490 PMCID: PMC7519133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of male and female offspring is often determined by the presence of specific sex chromosomes which control sex-specific expression, and sex chromosomes evolve through reduced recombination and specialized gene content. Here we present the genomes of Chrysomya rufifacies, a monogenic blow fly (females produce female or male offspring, exclusively) by separately sequencing and assembling each type of female and the male. The genomes (> 25X coverage) do not appear to have any sex-linked Muller F elements (typical for many Diptera) and exhibit little differentiation between groups supporting the morphological assessments of C. rufifacies homomorphic chromosomes. Males in this species are associated with a unimodal coverage distribution while females exhibit bimodal coverage distributions, suggesting a potential difference in genomic architecture. The presence of the individual-sex draft genomes herein provides new clues regarding the origination and evolution of the diverse sex-determining mechanisms observed within Diptera. Additional genomic analysis of sex chromosomes and sex-determining genes of other blow flies will allow a refined evolutionary understanding of how flies with a typical X/Y heterogametic amphogeny (male and female offspring in similar ratios) sex determination systems evolved into one with a dominant factor that results in single sex progeny in a chromosomally monomorphic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A. Andere
- Department of Biology, Indiana University- Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Meaghan L. Pimsler
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Aaron M. Tarone
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Christine J. Picard
- Department of Biology, Indiana University- Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN USA
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Alekseeva SS, Andreeva YV, Wasserlauf IE, Sibataev AK, Stegniy VN. Analysis of the Metaphase Chromosome Karyotypes in Imaginal Discs of Aedes communis, Ae. punctor, Ae. intrudens, and Ae. rossicus (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes. INSECTS 2020; 11:E63. [PMID: 31963900 PMCID: PMC7022244 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cytogenetic analysis of the metaphase chromosomes from imaginal discs of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes-Aedes communis, Ae. punctor, Ae. intrudens, and Ae. rossicus-was performed. The patterns of C-banding and DAPI staining of the heteroсhromatin and the length of the chromosomes demonstrate species specificity. In particular, the Ae. punctor chromosomes are the shortest compared with Ae. communis, Ae. intrudens, and Ae. rossicus, and they also carry additional C and DAPI bands in intercalary regions. The Ae. intrudens chromosomes are the longest, they have pericentromeric C bands, and they almost lack any DAPI bands near the centromere of chromosome 3 versus Ae. communis, which has the largest pericentromeric DAPI blocks in all three chromosome pairs. Ae. rossicus also possesses DAPI bands in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes, but their staining is weaker compared with those of Ae. communis. Therefore, the analysis of karyotypes is a tool for species-level identification of these mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S. Alekseeva
- Laboratory of Evolution Cytogenetics, Tomsk State University, Lenin st, 36, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (Y.V.A.); (I.E.W.); (A.K.S.); (V.N.S.)
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics of Insects, the Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev ave., 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Andreeva
- Laboratory of Evolution Cytogenetics, Tomsk State University, Lenin st, 36, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (Y.V.A.); (I.E.W.); (A.K.S.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Irina E. Wasserlauf
- Laboratory of Evolution Cytogenetics, Tomsk State University, Lenin st, 36, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (Y.V.A.); (I.E.W.); (A.K.S.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Anuarbek K. Sibataev
- Laboratory of Evolution Cytogenetics, Tomsk State University, Lenin st, 36, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (Y.V.A.); (I.E.W.); (A.K.S.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Vladimir N. Stegniy
- Laboratory of Evolution Cytogenetics, Tomsk State University, Lenin st, 36, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (Y.V.A.); (I.E.W.); (A.K.S.); (V.N.S.)
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Monkheang P, Chaveerach A, Sudmoon R, Tanee T. Karyotypic features including organizations of the 5S, 45S rDNA loci and telomeres of Scadoxus multiflorus (Amaryllidaceae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2016; 10:637-646. [PMID: 28123684 PMCID: PMC5237775 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v10i4.9958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Scadoxus multiflorus Martyn, 1795 is an ornamental plant with brilliantly colored flowers. Even though its chromosomes are rather large, there is no karyotype description reported so far. Therefore, conventional and molecular cytogenetic studies including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 45S and 5S rDNA, and human telomere sequence (TTAGGG)n probes (Arabidopsis-type telomere probes yielded negative results) were carried out. The chromosome number is as reported previously, 2n = 18. The nine chromosome pairs include two large submetacentric, five large acrocentric, one medium acrocentric, two small metacentric and eight small submetacentric chromosomes. Hybridization sites of the 45S rDNA signals were on the short arm ends of chromosomes #1, #3 and #8, while 5S rDNA signals appeared on the long arm of chromosome 3, in one homologue as a double signal. The telomere signals were restricted to all chromosome ends. Three chromosome pairs could be newly identified, chromosome pair 3 by 5S rDNA and chromosomes #1, #3 and #8 by 45S rDNA loci. In addition to new information about rDNA locations we show that the ends of Scadoxus multiflorus chromosomes harbor human instead of Arabidopsis-type telomere sequences. Overall, the Scadoxus multiflorus karyotype presents chromosomal heteromorphy concerning size, shape and 45S and 5S rDNA positioning. As Scadoxus Rafinesque, 1838 and related species are poorly studied on chromosomal level the here presented data is important for better understanding of evolution in Amaryllidaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pansa Monkheang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Genetics and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Arunrat Chaveerach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Genetics and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Runglawan Sudmoon
- Genetics and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Faculty of Law, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Tanee
- Genetics and Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
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Sadílek D, Angus RB, Šťáhlavský F, Vilímová J. Comparison of different cytogenetic methods and tissue suitability for the study of chromosomes in Cimex lectularius (Heteroptera, Cimicidae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2016; 10:731-752. [PMID: 28123691 PMCID: PMC5240521 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v10i4.10681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the article we summarize the most common recent cytogenetic methods used in analysis of karyotypes in Heteroptera. We seek to show the pros and cons of the spreading method compared with the traditional squashing method. We discuss the suitability of gonad, midgut and embryo tissue in Cimex lectularius Linnaeus, 1758 chromosome research and production of figures of whole mitosis and meiosis, using the spreading method. The hotplate spreading technique has many advantages in comparison with the squashing technique. Chromosomal slides prepared from the testes tissue gave the best results, tissues of eggs and midgut epithelium are not suitable. Metaphase II is the only division phase in which sex chromosomes can be clearly distinguished. Chromosome number determination is easy during metaphase I and metaphase II. Spreading of gonad tissue is a suitable method for the cytogenetic analysis of holokinetic chromosomes of Cimex lectularius.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sadílek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, CZ-12844 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Robert B. Angus
- Department of Life Sciences (Entomology), The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - František Šťáhlavský
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, CZ-12844 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vilímová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, CZ-12844 Praha, Czech Republic
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