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Yin N, Zhao S, Huang XC, Ouyang S, Wu XP. Complete mitochondrial genome of the freshwater snail Tarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1816) (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:259-261. [PMID: 35087949 PMCID: PMC8788337 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2026832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The freshwater gastropod Tarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1816) is found in Taiwan, Hainan, and Guangdong provinces in China, and is one of the main intermediate hosts of trematodes that infect humans. The taxonomic positions of some cerithioidean families are still unclear, and whole mitochondrial genome studies are scarce in the Thiaridae. In this study, we describe the complete mitogenome of Tarebia granifera (Lamarck, 1816). The mitogenome is 15,555 bp in length, with a total of 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes. It is consistent with the essential features of previously studied mitochondrial genomes of species belonging to the superfamily Cerithioidea. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of mitogenomic data for resolving phylogenetic relationships of families within Cerithioidea and may also contribute to the prevention and control of the parasitic diseases caused by trematodes, which use T. granifera as an intermediate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shan Ouyang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Malatji MP, Myende N, Mukaratirwa S. Are Freshwater Snails, Melanoides sp. and Invasive Tarebia granifera (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) Suitable Intermediate Hosts for Calicophoron microbothrium (Trematoda: Paramphistomoidea)? An Experimental Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:705954. [PMID: 34368286 PMCID: PMC8336920 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.705954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosobranch snails and adult Paramphistomoidea flukes were collected from water bodies and cattle abattoir located in Mpumalanga province of South Africa, respectively. The snails were identified based on morphological characters as well as the ITS-2 and 16S markers as Melanoides sp. and Tarebia granifera, respectively, and the Paramphistomoidea flukes were identified as Calicophoron microbothrium using the ITS-1/5.8S/ITS-2 marker. After confirming identification, the snails were bred to first filial generation (F1) under laboratory conditions. Ninety snails were randomly selected from the laboratory-bred F1 snails and 25 Melanoides sp. and 20 T. granifera were exposed to C. microbothrium miracidia, and the same numbers were maintained as non-exposed controls. Results showed that C. microbothrium successfully established in Melanoides sp. and produced cercariae, and the prepatent period recorded was 21 days. Three snails shed cercariae at day 21 postexposure (PE), and rediae and free cercariae were detected in the soft tissues of one snail on dissection at day 44 PE. The same fluke did not establish in T. granifera. Melanoides sp. started producing offspring at day 7 PE, and T. granifera at day 14 PE. In conclusion, our results showed that Melanoides sp. used in this study is a suitable intermediate host for C. microbothrium under experimental conditions, and given the wide distribution of this snail species, it is important to determine its role in the natural transmission of other Calicophoron species that have been reported in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokgadi P Malatji
- School of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Research and Scientific Services, National Zoological Garden, South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nkululeko Myende
- School of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.,Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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3
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Huy Hung N, Ngoc Dai D, Satyal P, Thi Huong L, Thi Chinh B, Quang Hung D, Anh Tai T, Setzer WN. Lantana camara Essential Oils from Vietnam: Chemical Composition, Molluscicidal, and Mosquito Larvicidal Activity. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100145. [PMID: 33780581 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lantana camara is a troublesome invasive plant introduced to many tropical regions, including Southeast Asia. However, the plant does hold promise as a source of essential oils that may be explored for potential use. Fresh water snails such as Pomacea canaliculata, Gyraulus convexiusculus, and Tarebia granifera can be problematic agricultural pests as well as hosts for parasitic worms. Aedes and Culex mosquitoes are notorious vectors of numerous viral pathogens. Control of these vectors is of utmost importance. In this work, the essential oil compositions, molluscicidal, and mosquito larvicidal activities of four collections of L. camara from north-central Vietnam have been investigated. The sesquiterpene-rich L. camara essential oils showed wide variation in their compositions, not only compared to essential oils from other geographical locations (at least six possible chemotypes), but also between the four samples from Vietnam. L. camara essential oils showed molluscicidal activities comparable to the positive control, tea saponin, as well as other botanical agents. The median lethal concentrations (LC50 ) against the snails were 23.6-40.2 μg/mL (P. canaliculata), 7.9-29.6 μg/mL (G. convexiusculus), and 15.0-29.6 μg/mL (T. granifera). The essential oils showed good mosquito larvicidal activities with 24-h LC50 values of 15.1-29.0 μg/mL, 26.4-53.8 μg/mL, and 20.8-59.3 μg/mL against Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The essential oils were more toxic to snails and mosquito larvae than they were to the non-target water bug, Diplonychus rusticus (24-h LC50 =103.7-162.5 μg/mL). Sesquiterpene components of the essential oils may be acting as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. These results suggest that the invasive plant, L. camara, may be a renewable botanical pesticidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Huy Hung
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 50000, Vietnam.,Department of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 50000, Vietnam
| | - Do Ngoc Dai
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.,Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, Nghe An College of Economics, 51-Ly Tu Trong, Vinh City, 43000, Nghe An Province, Vietnam
| | - Prabodh Satyal
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA
| | - Le Thi Huong
- School of Natural Science Education, Vinh University, 182 Le Duan, Vinh City, 43000, Nghe An Province, Vietnam
| | - Bui Thi Chinh
- Faculty of Biology, College of Education, Hue University, 34 Le Loi, Hue City, 49000, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Quang Hung
- Department of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 50000, Vietnam
| | - Thieu Anh Tai
- Department of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, 03 Quang Trung, Da Nang, 50000, Vietnam
| | - William N Setzer
- Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
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Lopes AS, Pulido-Murillo EA, López-Hernández D, Melo ALD, Pinto HA. First report of Melanoides tuberculata (Mollusca: Thiaridae) harboring a xiphidiocercaria in Brazil: A new parasite introduced in the Americas? Parasitol Int 2021; 82:102284. [PMID: 33450355 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Xiphidiocercariae were found in the invasive snail Melanoides tuberculata collected during a malacological survey in Ceará-Mirim, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil in November 2018 and submitted to morphological and molecular analyses. The morphology revealed similarities between the larvae here reported for the first time in M. tuberculata from Brazil and other xiphidiocercariae described in thiarid snails from Asia and Africa. Phylogenetic analyses based on 28S and ITS-2 sequences revealed that the larvae correspond to an unidentified species of the family Lecithodendriidae. Aspects related to the morphology and taxonomy of xiphidiocercariae found in M. tuberculata are briefly discussed. It is possible that the parasite here reported is a newly introduced species transmitted by M. tuberculata in the American continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schultz Lopes
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Alberto Pulido-Murillo
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danimar López-Hernández
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alan Lane de Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hudson Alves Pinto
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 486, 30123-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Pfeiffer JM, Graf DL, Cummings KS, Page LM. Taxonomic revision of a radiation of South-east Asian freshwater mussels (Unionidae : Gonideinae : Contradentini+Rectidentini). INVERTEBR SYST 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/is20044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The tribes Contradentini and Rectidentini (Unionidae) comprise a diverse clade of freshwater mussels endemic to South-east Asia. Our understanding of the diversity and phylogeny of this radiation has improved dramatically in recent years, but this systematic transformation has not yet benefited from comprehensive museum sampling or phylogenomic methods. A synthetic taxonomic revision of the Contradentini+Rectidentini that leverages these useful and accessible methods is needed. We set out to (1) generate a phylogenomic reconstruction of the supraspecific relationships of the Contradentini+Rectidentini using anchored hybrid enrichment, (2) revise the taxonomy and geographic boundaries of the generic and species-level diversity of the radiation, and (3) identify patterns of freshwater mussel diversity and distribution in this clade and discuss the processes that may have precipitated them. Our phylogenomic reconstruction using over 1600 loci, with a total alignment length of over a half a million nucleotides, recovers a well supported phylogeny of the clade that resolves four independent multispecies radiations endemic to the Mekong drainage. We examined, digitised, and imaged 1837 records from 15 natural history museums that provided the necessary data to document the morphological variation and geographic distributions of the focal taxa. We also analysed 860 COI sequences, 519 of which were generated in this study, to better understand the species boundaries and geographic distributions of the recovered clades. We recognise 54 valid species in the tribes Contradentini and Rectidentini, including 9 described herein as new to science. Out of this revision emerged several interesting biogeographic patterns that appear to have resulted from recent stream capture, historical confluence, and intradrainage barriers to dispersal. We hypothesise that these phenomena shaped the diversity and distribution of the Contradentini+Rectidentini, contributing to the formation of several characteristic freshwater mussel provinces in South-east Asia.
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Lentge-Maaß N, Neiber MT, Gimnich F, Glaubrecht M. Evolutionary systematics of the viviparous gastropod Sermyla (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea: Thiaridae), with the description of a new species. Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
While most Cerithioidea are marine, some occur in brackish and freshwater habitats. Many members are systematically problematic due to variability or homoplasy in conchological characters, which has led to taxonomic redundancy, but also because of discrepancies between phylogenetic trees and morphologically distinguishable units as revealed in recent molecular genetic studies. We have chosen an evolutionary systematic approach and combine analyses of shell biometry and geometric morphometrics with the analyses of reproductive traits and molecular genetics based on mtDNA and AFLP markers in order to resolve the relationships among species of the genus Sermyla. We describe a new species from Sulawesi, Sermyla kupaensis sp. nov., which is characterized by a distinct reproductive strategy. This unique reproductive strategy corresponds with its distinct molecular genetic signal. However, it is not possible to distinguish S. kupaensis from S. riquetii based on shell morphology alone. We also provide data on the population structure of the endemic Australian species Sermyla carbonata, for which we found a drainage-based population structure. Overall, we present a new concept of the relationships among the species within the genus Sermyla based on morphological and genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lentge-Maaß
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Zoological Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (MfN), Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco T Neiber
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Zoological Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany
| | - France Gimnich
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander König, Adenauerallee 160, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Glaubrecht
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Zoological Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany
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Bolotov IN, Konopleva ES, Vikhrev IV, Gofarov MY, Lopes-Lima M, Bogan AE, Lunn Z, Chan N, Win T, Aksenova OV, Tomilova AA, Tanmuangpak K, Tumpeesuwan S, Kondakov AV. New freshwater mussel taxa discoveries clarify biogeographic division of Southeast Asia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6616. [PMID: 32313058 PMCID: PMC7171101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
While a growing body of modern phylogenetic research reveals that the Western Indochina represents a separate biogeographic subregion having a largely endemic freshwater fauna, the boundaries of this subregion are still unclear. We use freshwater mussels (Unionidae) as a model to reconstruct spatial patterns of freshwater biogeographic divides throughout Asia. Here, we present an updated freshwater biogeographic division of mainland Southeast Asia and describe 12 species and 4 genera of freshwater mussels new to science. We show that the Isthmus of Kra represents a significant southern biogeographic barrier between freshwater mussel faunas of the Western Indochina and Sundaland subregions, while the Indian and Western Indochina subregions are separated by the Naga Hills, Chin Hills, and Rakhine Yoma mountain ranges. Our findings highlight that the freshwater bivalve fauna of Southeast Asia primarily originated within three evolutionary hotspots (Western Indochina, Sundaland, and East Asian) supplemented by ancient immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N Bolotov
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation.
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Ekaterina S Konopleva
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya V Vikhrev
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Yu Gofarov
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Manuel Lopes-Lima
- CIBIO/InBIO - Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- SSC/IUCN - Mollusc Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, c/o The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, CB2 3QZ, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur E Bogan
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 West Jones St., Raleigh, NC, 27601, USA
| | - Zau Lunn
- Fauna & Flora International - Myanmar Programme, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Nyein Chan
- Fauna & Flora International - Myanmar Programme, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Than Win
- Department of Zoology, Dawei University, Dawei, Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar
| | - Olga V Aksenova
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alena A Tomilova
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - Kitti Tanmuangpak
- Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Loei Rajabhat University, Loei, Thailand
| | - Sakboworn Tumpeesuwan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Alexander V Kondakov
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
- Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
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Boonmekam D, Krailas D, Gimnich F, Neiber MT, Glaubrecht M. A glimpse in the dark? A first phylogenetic approach in a widespread freshwater snail from tropical Asia and northern Australia (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae). ZOOSYST EVOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.95.34486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiaridae are a speciose group of freshwater snails in tropical areas including a high number of described nominal taxa for which modern revisions are mostly lacking. Using an integrative approach, the systematic status of a group of thiarids from the Oriental region, including the nominal speciesMelaniaasperaandM.rudis, is reassessed on the basis of shell morphology and biometry, radula dentition patterns, and reproductive biology along with molecular genetic methods. Our results suggest that populations from the Oriental region cannot be distinguished on the basis of shell morphology, radula characters and their reproductive mode and are monophyletic based on mitochondrial sequences. Hence,M.rudiswithM.asperaare regarded as belonging to the same species along with several other nominal taxa that were previously included inM.rudis. Moreover, populations from Thailand and Australia, from where the species was not previously recorded, could be shown to form a monophyletic group together with samples from Indonesia. However, a generic affiliation withThiara, in which the investigated taxa were often included in the past, was not supported in our phylogenetic analyses, highlighting the need for a comprehensive revision of the genus-group systematics of Thiaridae as a whole.
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Veeravechsukij N, Namchote S, Neiber MT, Glaubrecht M, Krailas D. Exploring the evolutionary potential of parasites: Larval stages of pathogen digenic trematodes in their thiarid snail host Tarebia granifera in Thailand. ZOOSYST EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.94.28793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Minute intestinal flukes from several distinct families of endoparasitic platyhelminths are a medically important group of foodborne trematodes prevalent throughout Southeast Asia and Australasia. Their lifecycle is complex, with freshwater snails as primary intermediate hosts, with infecting multiple species of arthropods and fish as second intermediate hosts, and with birds and mammals including humans as definitive hosts. In Southeast Asian countries, the diversity of snail species of the Thiaridae which are frequently parasitized by trematode species is extremely high. Here, the thiarid Tarebiagranifera in Thailand was studied for variation of trematode infections, by collecting the snails every two months for one year from each locality during the years 2004–2009, and during 2014–2016 when snails from the same localities were collected and new localities found. From ninety locations a total of 15,076 T.granifera were collected and examined for trematode infections. With 1,577 infected snails the infection rate was found to be 10.46 %. The cercariae were categorized into fifteen species from eight morphologically distinguishable types representing several distinct families, viz. (i) virgulate xiphidiocercariae (Loxogenoidesbicolor, Loxogenesliberum and Acanthatriumhistaense), (ii) armatae xiphidiocercariae cercariae (Maritreminoidescaridinae and M.obstipus); (iii) parapleurophocercous cercariae (Haplorchispumilio, H.taichui and Stictodoratridactyla); (iv) pleurophocercous cercariae (Centrocestusformosanus); (v) megarulous cercariae (Philophthalmusgralli); (vi) furcocercous cercariae (Cardicolaalseae, Alariamustelae and Transversotremalaruei); as well as (vii) echinostome-type cercariae, and (viii) gymnocephalous-type cercariae. In addition, a phylogenetic marker (internal transcribed spacers 2, ITS2) was employed in generic and infrageneric level classifications of these trematodes, using sequences obtained from shed cercariae isolated from T.granifera specimens of the second study period collected in various regions in Thailand. We obtained ITS2 sequences of cercariae from nine species (of seven types): Loxogenoidesbicolor, Loxogenesliberum, Maritreminoidesobstipus, Haplorchistaichui, Stictodoratridactyla, Centrocestusformosanus, Philophthalmusgralli, as well as from one species each of echinostome cercariae and gymnocephalous cercariae. Thus, this analysis combines the parasites’ data on morphology and geographical occurrence with molecular phylogeny, aiming to provide the groundwork for future studies looking into more details of the parasite-snail evolutionary relationships.
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