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Latocha KM, Løppenthin KB, Al-Bazy S, Albrechtsen TL, Jensen HE, Østergaard M, Jennum PJ, Esbensen BA, Christensen R. Impact of Nonpharmacologic Interventions Targeting Sleep Disturbances or Disorders in Patients With Inflammatory Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2022; 74:2108-2118. [PMID: 34121362 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with inflammatory arthritis have a high risk of sleep disturbances and disorders. The objective was to evaluate the evidence of nonpharmacologic interventions targeting sleep disturbances or disorders in patients with inflammatory arthritis. METHODS A systematic search was undertaken from inception to September 8, 2020. We included randomized trials concerning nonpharmacologic interventions applied in adults with inflammatory arthritis and concomitant sleep disturbances or disorders. The primary outcome was the sleep domain, while secondary outcomes were core outcome domains for inflammatory arthritis trials and harms. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was applied, and the overall quality of the evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria. Effect sizes for continuous outcomes were based on the standardized mean difference, combined using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Six trials (308 patients) were included in the quantitative synthesis; 3 of these reported improvement in sleep in favor of the nonpharmacologic interventions. The meta-analysis of the sleep domains indicated a large clinical effect of -0.80 (95% confidence interval -1.33, -0.28) in favor of nonpharmacologic interventions targeting sleep disturbances or disorders. The estimate was rated down twice for risk of bias and unexplained inconsistency; this risk was assessed as corresponding to low-quality evidence. None of the secondary core outcomes used in contemporary inflammatory arthritis trials indicated a clinical benefit in favor of nonpharmacologic interventions targeting sleep. CONCLUSION Nonpharmacologic interventions targeting sleep disturbances/disorders in patients with inflammatory arthritis indicated a promising effect on sleep outcomes, but not yet with convincing evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Poul J Jennum
- Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente A Esbensen
- Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robin Christensen
- Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Mbowe OB, Gewandter JS, Turk DC, Dworkin RH, McDermott MP. Are there really only 2 kinds of people in the world? Evaluating the distribution of change from baseline in pain clinical trials. Pain 2020; 161:195-201. [PMID: 31569143 PMCID: PMC6923574 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is often assumed that there are 2 types of pain patients: those who respond well to efficacious pain therapies and those who do not respond at all, with few people in the middle. This assumption is based on research that claims that changes in pain intensity have a bimodal distribution. The claim of bimodality has led to calls for a change in how pain clinical trials are designed and analyzed, eg, performing "responder" analyses instead of comparing group mean values to evaluate the treatment effect. We analyzed data from 4 clinical trials, 2 each of duloxetine and pregabalin, for chronic musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain conditions to critically examine the claim of bimodality of the distribution of change in pain intensity. We found that the improper construction of histograms, using unequal bin widths, was the principal flaw leading to the bimodality claim, along with the use of the oft-criticized baseline observation carried forward method for imputing missing data also serving as a contributing factor. Properly constructed histograms of absolute change in pain intensity using equal bin widths, combined with more principled methods for handling missing data, resulted in distributions that had a more unimodal appearance. Although our findings neither support nor refute the hypothesis that distinct populations of "responders" and "nonresponders" to pain interventions exist, the analyses presented in earlier work do not provide support for this hypothesis, nor for the recommendation that pain clinical trials prioritize "responder" analyses, a less efficient analysis strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar B. Mbowe
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Gewandter
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dennis C. Turk
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert H. Dworkin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael P. McDermott
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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3
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Khan JS, Shah R, Gilron I. Outcomes in Pain Clinical Research: What Really Matters for Patients? CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-019-00361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Incorporation of the patients' perspective in clinical research is critical to ensure that outcomes measured reflect those, which matter most to patients. This review summarizes recent efforts to include the patients' perspective in the development of outcome measures and the importance of encouraging patient participation in decision-making and self-management. RECENT FINDINGS Since the inclusion of fatigue as a patient-endorsed core outcome measure in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) trials, OMERACT has been instrumental in advocating for patient involvement in the development of core domains and instruments; current endeavors include cultivating an understanding of remission through the eyes of patients and gaining a sense of how to measure features of pain and 'stiffness' deemed as important to patients. The concept of remission was further explored in RA patients, highlighting a common goal of returning to normality; additionally, various tools have been developed to assess for unmet needs in rheumatology patients. Advances have also been made in the development and revision of patient-centered core measures in rheumatologic diagnoses outside of RA. SUMMARY Incorporating the patients' perspective is now considered an essential feature in outcomes research. Future research should focus on how best to involve patients in specific research activities.
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Gaudry S, Messika J, Ricard JD, Guillo S, Pasquet B, Dubief E, Boukertouta T, Dreyfuss D, Tubach F. Patient-important outcomes in randomized controlled trials in critically ill patients: a systematic review. Ann Intensive Care 2017; 7:28. [PMID: 28271450 PMCID: PMC5340787 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-017-0243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intensivists’ clinical decision making pursues two main goals for patients: to decrease mortality and to improve quality of life and functional status in survivors. Patient-important outcomes are gaining wide acceptance in most fields of clinical research. We sought to systematically review how well patient-important outcomes are reported in published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in critically ill patients. Methods Literature search was conducted to identify eligible trials indexed from January to December 2013. Articles were eligible if they reported an RCT involving critically ill adult patients. We excluded phase II, pilot and physiological crossover studies. We assessed study characteristics. All primary and secondary outcomes were collected, described and classified using six categories of outcomes including patient-important outcomes (involving mortality at any time on the one hand and quality of life, functional/cognitive/neurological outcomes assessed after ICU discharge on the other). Results Of the 716 articles retrieved in 2013, 112 RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Most common topics were mechanical ventilation (27%), sepsis (19%) and nutrition (17%). Among the 112 primary outcomes, 27 (24%) were patient-important outcomes (mainly mortality, 21/27) but only six (5%) were patient-important outcomes besides mortality assessed after ICU discharge (functional disability = 4; quality of life = 2). Among the 598 secondary outcomes, 133 (22%) were patient-important outcomes (mainly mortality, 92/133) but only 41 (7%) were patient-important outcomes besides mortality assessed after ICU discharge (quality of life = 20, functional disability = 14; neurological/cognitive performance = 5; handicap = 1; post-traumatic stress = 1). Seventy-three RCTs (65%) reported at least one patient-important outcome but only 11 (10%) reported at least one patient-important outcome besides mortality assessed after ICU discharge. Conclusion Patient-important outcomes are rarely primary outcomes in RCTs in critically ill patients published in 2013. Among them, mortality accounted for the majority. We promote the use of patient-important outcomes in critical care trials. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13613-017-0243-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Gaudry
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital Louis Mourier, AP-HP, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700, Colombes, France. .,ECEVE, UMRS 1123, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France. .,ECEVE, U1123, CIC 1421, INSERM, Paris, France.
| | - Jonathan Messika
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital Louis Mourier, AP-HP, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700, Colombes, France.,IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018, Paris, France.,IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Damien Ricard
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital Louis Mourier, AP-HP, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700, Colombes, France.,IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018, Paris, France.,IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Guillo
- ECEVE, UMRS 1123, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,ECEVE, U1123, CIC 1421, INSERM, Paris, France.,Département de Biostatistiques, Santé Publique et Informatique Médicale, CIC 1421, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Nord, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Pasquet
- Département de Biostatistiques, Santé Publique et Informatique Médicale, CIC 1421, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Nord, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Dubief
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital Louis Mourier, AP-HP, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700, Colombes, France
| | - Tanissia Boukertouta
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital Louis Mourier, AP-HP, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700, Colombes, France
| | - Didier Dreyfuss
- Service de Réanimation Médico-Chirurgicale, Hôpital Louis Mourier, AP-HP, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700, Colombes, France.,IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018, Paris, France.,IAME, UMR 1137, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Florence Tubach
- ECEVE, UMRS 1123, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,ECEVE, U1123, CIC 1421, INSERM, Paris, France.,Département de Biostatistiques, Santé Publique et Informatique Médicale, CIC 1421, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Nord, Hôpital Bichat, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Incorporation of the patients' perspective in clinical research is critical to ensure that outcomes measured reflect those, which matter most to patients. This review summarizes recent efforts to include the patients' perspective in the development of outcome measures and the importance of encouraging patient participation in decision-making and self-management. RECENT FINDINGS Since the inclusion of fatigue as a patient-endorsed core outcome measure in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) trials, OMERACT has been instrumental in advocating for patient involvement in the development of core domains and instruments; current endeavors include cultivating an understanding of remission through the eyes of patients and gaining a sense of how to measure features of pain and 'stiffness' deemed as important to patients. The concept of remission was further explored in RA patients, highlighting a common goal of returning to normality; additionally, various tools have been developed to assess for unmet needs in rheumatology patients. Advances have also been made in the development and revision of patient-centered core measures in rheumatologic diagnoses outside of RA. SUMMARY Incorporating the patients' perspective is now considered an essential feature in outcomes research. Future research should focus on how best to involve patients in specific research activities.
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7
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Senftleber NK, Nielsen SM, Andersen JR, Bliddal H, Tarp S, Lauritzen L, Furst DE, Suarez-Almazor ME, Lyddiatt A, Christensen R. Marine Oil Supplements for Arthritis Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Nutrients 2017; 9:E42. [PMID: 28067815 PMCID: PMC5295086 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritis patients often take fish oil supplements to alleviate symptoms, but limited evidence exists regarding their efficacy. The objective was to evaluate whether marine oil supplements reduce pain and/or improve other clinical outcomes in patients with arthritis. Six databases were searched systematically (24 February 2015). We included randomized trials of oral supplements of all marine oils compared with a control in arthritis patients. The internal validity was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and heterogeneity was explored using restricted maximum of likelihood (REML)-based meta-regression analysis. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was used to rate the overall quality of the evidence. Forty-two trials were included; 30 trials reported complete data on pain. The standardized mean difference (SMD) suggested a favorable effect (-0.24; 95% confidence interval, CI, -0.42 to -0.07; heterogeneity, I² = 63%. A significant effect was found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (22 trials; -0.21; 95% CI, -0.42 to -0.004) and other or mixed diagnoses (3 trials; -0.63; 95% CI, -1.20 to -0.06), but not in osteoarthritis patients (5 trials; -0.17; 95% CI, -0.57-0.24). The evidence for using marine oil to alleviate pain in arthritis patients was overall of low quality, but of moderate quality in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninna K Senftleber
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Copenhagen F, Denmark.
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958 FC Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sabrina M Nielsen
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Copenhagen F, Denmark.
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958 FC Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens R Andersen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958 FC Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Henning Bliddal
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Copenhagen F, Denmark.
| | - Simon Tarp
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Copenhagen F, Denmark.
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958 FC Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Daniel E Furst
- Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | - Anne Lyddiatt
- Musculoskeletal Group, Cochrane Collaboration, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Robin Christensen
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Copenhagen F, Denmark.
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Exploring reasons for the observed inconsistent trial reports on intra-articular injections with hyaluronic acid in the treatment of osteoarthritis: Meta-regression analyses of randomized trials. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2016; 46:34-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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9
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Parkes MJ, Callaghan MJ, O'Neill TW, Forsythe LM, Lunt M, Felson DT. Sensitivity to Change of Patient-Preference Measures for Pain in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: Data From Two Trials. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2016; 68:1224-31. [PMID: 26713415 PMCID: PMC5025729 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective In osteoarthritis (OA) clinical trials, a pain measure that is most sensitive to change is considered optimal. We compared sensitivity to change of patient‐reported pain outcomes, including a patient‐preference measure (where the patient nominates an activity that aggravates their pain). Methods We used data from 2 trials of patients with confirmed (American College of Rheumatology criteria) knee OA: a trial of brace treatment for patellofemoral OA, and a trial of intraarticular steroids in knee OA. Both trials reported an improvement in pain following treatment. Participants rated pain on a 100‐mm visual analog scale (VAS), in the activity that caused them the most knee pain (VASNA), as well as completing questions on overall knee pain and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores were also calculated from the KOOS. Standardized changes in each outcome were generated between treatment and control after 6 weeks intervention in the BRACE trial, and 1–2 weeks following intervention in the steroid trial. Results The VASNA produced standardized changes following treatment that were at least as large as other pain outcomes. In the BRACE trial, the between‐groups standardized change with the VASNA was −0.63, compared with the KOOS pain subscale change of −0.33, and pain in the last week VAS change of −0.56. In the steroid study, within‐group change following treatment in the VASNA was −0.60, compared to the last week VAS change of −0.51, and KOOS pain subscale change of −0.58. Conclusion Pain on nominated activity appears to be at least as, and in some cases more, sensitive to change than the KOOS/WOMAC questionnaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Parkes
- University of Manchester, and the NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael J Callaghan
- University of Manchester, and the NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Terence W O'Neill
- University of Manchester, and the NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK, and the Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Laura M Forsythe
- University of Manchester, and the NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark Lunt
- University of Manchester, and the NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - David T Felson
- University of Manchester, and the NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK, and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Moher D, Glasziou P, Chalmers I, Nasser M, Bossuyt PMM, Korevaar DA, Graham ID, Ravaud P, Boutron I. Increasing value and reducing waste in biomedical research: who's listening? Lancet 2016; 387:1573-1586. [PMID: 26423180 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The biomedical research complex has been estimated to consume almost a quarter of a trillion US dollars every year. Unfortunately, evidence suggests that a high proportion of this sum is avoidably wasted. In 2014, The Lancet published a series of five reviews showing how dividends from the investment in research might be increased from the relevance and priorities of the questions being asked, to how the research is designed, conducted, and reported. 17 recommendations were addressed to five main stakeholders-funders, regulators, journals, academic institutions, and researchers. This Review provides some initial observations on the possible effects of the Series, which seems to have provoked several important discussions and is on the agendas of several key players. Some examples of individual initiatives show ways to reduce waste and increase value in biomedical research. This momentum will probably move strongly across stakeholder groups, if collaborative relationships evolve between key players; further important work is needed to increase research value. A forthcoming meeting in Edinburgh, UK, will provide an initial forum within which to foster the collaboration needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moher
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Paul Glasziou
- Centre for Research in Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Mona Nasser
- Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Patrick M M Bossuyt
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniël A Korevaar
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ian D Graham
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Philippe Ravaud
- METHODS Team, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1153, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Boutron
- METHODS Team, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1153, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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