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Sundanum S, Eder L, Aydin SZ, Kaeley GS. Using Ultrasound to Improve Diagnostic Confidence and Management of Psoriatic Disease: Highlights From the GRAPPA 2023 Ultrasound Workshop. J Rheumatol 2024; 51:12-15. [PMID: 39009393 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.2024-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The sensitivity of ultrasound (US) to detect, characterize, and monitor the relevant pathologies of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), including synovitis, enthesitis, tenosynovitis, and dactylitis, has made it an attractive tool for informing clinical decisions. The Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) US working group ran 2 sessions during the annual GRAPPA meeting held in July 2023 in Dublin, Ireland. During the first workshop, the group presented 2 topics, followed by a live demonstration and a group discussion. The 2 topics were (1) an overview of the Diagnostic Ultrasound Enthesitis Tool (DUET) enthesitis scoring methodology, and (2) small hand-held probes-will the promise deliver? The live demonstration that followed compared the performance of 2 hand-held US (HHUS) devices vs a console US machine in patients with PsA, and the interactive group discussion considered gaps in the literature and future research suggestions relating to HHUS and its application in psoriatic disease. During the second session, the US working group provided further updates regarding the GRAPPA US studies currently underway or recently completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sundanum
- S. Sundanum, MD, MB BCh BAO, MRCPI, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Lihi Eder
- L. Eder, MD, PhD, Women's College Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sibel Z Aydin
- S.Z. Aydin, MD, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Rheumatology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gurjit S Kaeley
- G.S. Kaeley, MD, MBBS, RhMSUS, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Smerilli G, Cipolletta E, Destro Castaniti GM, Pieroni G, Sartini G, Cenci A, Di Matteo A, Di Carlo M, Guggino G, Grassi W, Filippucci E. Ultrasound assessment of Achilles enthesitis: a dedicated training program. Reumatismo 2024. [PMID: 39315556 DOI: 10.4081/reumatismo.2024.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe an intensive and multimodal ultrasound (US) training program focused on Achilles enthesitis and to illustrate the learning curve of trainees without experience. METHODS Three medical students (trainees) and two rheumatologists experienced in musculoskeletal US (trainers) were involved in the training program, which encompassed one preliminary theoretical-practical meeting and five scanning sessions (two patients per session). The students and one expert performed the US examination of the Achilles enthesis bilaterally. The trainees acquired representative images and assessed the presence of Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) US abnormalities of enthesitis. The experts provided feedback addressing trainees' misinterpretations, and the quality of the acquired images was evaluated. A dedicated questionnaire was used to evaluate the students' confidence. After each session, five sets of static images (total=100 images of most commonly scanned entheses) were provided and scored by the students according to OMERACT US definitions. Total agreement and prevalence and bias adjusted kappa (PABAK) were used to evaluate the concordance between the trainees and the expert sonographer. RESULTS The total agreement and PABAK significantly improved between the first and fifth scanning sessions (76.2% versus 92.9%, p<0.01, and 0.5 versus 0.79, p<0.01) and between the first and fifth static image sets (64.5% versus 81.9%, p<0.01, and 0.29 versus 0.74, p<0.01). Image quality did not significantly improve (p=0.34). A significant increase in trainees' confidence was registered (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The described training program rapidly improved the students' performance in the US assessment of Achilles enthesitis, appearing to be an effective starting model for the future development of pathology-oriented teaching programs for the US in rheumatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Smerilli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Jesi, Ancona
| | - E Cipolletta
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Jesi, Ancona
| | - G M Destro Castaniti
- Rheumatology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, "P. Giaccone" Hospital, Palermo
| | - G Pieroni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Jesi, Ancona
| | - G Sartini
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Jesi, Ancona
| | - A Cenci
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Jesi, Ancona
| | - A Di Matteo
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Jesi, Ancona
| | - M Di Carlo
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Jesi, Ancona
| | - G Guggino
- Rheumatology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, "P. Giaccone" Hospital, Palermo
| | - W Grassi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Jesi, Ancona
| | - E Filippucci
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Jesi, Ancona
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Filippou G, Pellegrino ME, Sorce A, Sirotti S, Ferrito M, Gitto S, Messina C, Albano D, Sconfienza LM. Updates in Ultrasound in Rheumatology. Radiol Clin North Am 2024; 62:809-820. [PMID: 39059973 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the authors' narrative review was to outline the current literature regarding the use of ultrasound in main rheumatic disorders and summarize the updates, specifically about rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and crystal-induced arthropathies. METHODS The authors searched on PubMed for articles discussing the major updates regarding the role of ultrasound in the previously mentioned rheumatic conditions. RESULTS The authors have provided the updated definitions, new criteria, and diagnostic scores. CONCLUSIONS In rheumatology's dynamic landscape, this review provides valuable insights for researchers and clinicians on ultrasound's role in improving patient care and outcomes in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Filippou
- Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Adriana Sorce
- Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Sirotti
- Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferrito
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gitto
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmelo Messina
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Albano
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Maria Sconfienza
- Radiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Ribeiro AL, Eder L. From Psoriasis to Psoriatic Arthritis: Ultrasound Insights Connecting Psoriasis with Subclinical Musculoskeletal Inflammation and the Path to Psoriatic Arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2024; 26:235-247. [PMID: 38512585 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-024-01146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the literature about the transition from psoriasis to psoriatic arthritis (PsA), focusing on musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) for detecting subclinical inflammation and its role in diagnosis and triage of high-risk patients. RECENT FINDINGS MSUS effectively detects subclinical musculoskeletal inflammation in patients with psoriasis; however, some of these lesions are non-specific and can be found in healthy individuals. Preliminary evidence suggest that subclinical sonographic findings may predict progression to PsA in psoriasis patients. MSUS can also improve referrals' accuracy and its integration in the PsA classification criteria may improve early PsA detection. MSUS is a valuable tool for detecting subclinical abnormalities in psoriasis patients, which indicate an increased likelihood of progressing to PsA. Its integration into referral protocols and clinical use could improve PsA diagnosis. We propose an MSUS-inclusive algorithm for PsA referrals and triage, which requires validation. The potential of early intervention in reducing PsA progression in psoriasis patients with subclinical inflammation remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, 76 Grenville Street Room 6326, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1B2, Canada
| | - L Eder
- Department of Medicine, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, 76 Grenville Street Room 6326, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1B2, Canada.
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Ota M, Nobeyama Y, Asahina A. Clinical course of psoriatic arthritis treated with biologics delineated with ultrasonography. J Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38940274 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic, inflammatory articular disease regarded as a specific subtype of psoriasis. Long-term assessment for PsA using ultrasonography has not yet been investigated. The present study was conducted to delineate the changes in articular lesions after the initiation of biologics using ultrasonography, and to provide the evidence of the utility of ultrasonography in long-term follow-up of PsA patients. We retrospectively recruited 17 Japanese PsA patients treated with biologics who met the classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis. Ultrasonographic images were recorded using a high-frequency linear 18 MHz probe through Doppler- and B-modes. Before the treatment with biologics, all examined patients (100%) had enthesitis and extensor tendinitis, while only six patients (35.3%) had loss of the fibrillar pattern of the tendon (LFP). There were significant changes over time in the numerical rating scale score for pain, and in the degree of ultrasonographic findings, including enthesitis, extensor tendinitis, and LFP. Also, there were significant changes over time between these ultrasonographic findings. The study identified the improvement course for a specific PsA lesion after the initiation of biologics. The improvement courses in enthesitis, extensor tendinitis, and LFP were found to differ from each other. These results may contribute to deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ota
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nobeyama
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Asahina
- Department of Dermatology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Di Matteo A, Smerilli G, Di Donato S, Liu AR, Becciolini A, Camarda F, Cazenave T, Cipolletta E, Corradini D, de Agustín JJ, Destro Castaniti GM, Di Donato E, Di Geso L, Duran E, Farisogullari B, Fornaro M, Francioso F, Giorgis P, Granel A, Hernández-Díaz C, Horvath R, Hurnakova J, Jesus D, Karadag O, Li L, Marin J, Martire MV, Michelena X, Moscioni E, Muntean L, Piga M, Rosemffet M, Rovisco J, Sahin D, Salaffi F, Saraiva L, Scioscia C, Tamas MM, Tanimura S, Venetsanopoulou A, Ventura-Rios L, Villota O, Villota-Eraso C, Voulgari PV, Vukatana G, Zacariaz Hereter J, Marzo-Ortega H, Grassi W, Filippucci E. Power Doppler signal at the enthesis and bone erosions are the most discriminative OMERACT ultrasound lesions for SpA: results from the DEUS (Defining Enthesitis on Ultrasound in Spondyloarthritis) multicentre study. Ann Rheum Dis 2024; 83:847-857. [PMID: 38443140 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-225443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess, in spondyloarthritis (SpA), the discriminative value of the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) ultrasound lesions of enthesitis and their associations with clinical features in this population. METHODS In this multicentre study involving 20 rheumatology centres, clinical and ultrasound examinations of the lower limb large entheses were performed in 413 patients with SpA (axial SpA and psoriatic arthritis) and 282 disease controls (osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia). 'Active enthesitis' was defined as (1) power Doppler (PD) at the enthesis grade ≥1 plus entheseal thickening and/or hypoechoic areas, or (2) PD grade >1 (independent of the presence of entheseal thickening and/or hypoechoic areas). RESULTS In the univariate analysis, all OMERACT lesions except enthesophytes/calcifications showed a significant association with SpA. PD (OR=8.77, 95% CI 4.40 to 19.20, p<0.001) and bone erosions (OR=4.75, 95% CI 2.43 to 10.10, p<0.001) retained this association in the multivariate analysis. Among the lower limb entheses, only the Achilles tendon was significantly associated with SpA (OR=1.93, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.88, p<0.001) in the multivariate analyses. Active enthesitis showed a significant association with SpA (OR=9.20, 95% CI 4.21 to 23.20, p<0.001), and unlike the individual OMERACT ultrasound lesions it was consistently associated with most clinical measures of SpA disease activity and severity in the regression analyses. CONCLUSIONS This large multicentre study assessed the value of different ultrasound findings of enthesitis in SpA, identifying the most discriminative ultrasound lesions and entheseal sites for SpA. Ultrasound could differentiate between SpA-related enthesitis and other forms of entheseal pathology (ie, mechanical enthesitis), thus improving the assessment of entheseal involvement in SpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Matteo
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, 'Carlo Urbani' Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gianluca Smerilli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, 'Carlo Urbani' Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Donato
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - An Ran Liu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Andrea Becciolini
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Camarda
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rheumatology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tomas Cazenave
- Instituto de Rehabilitación Psicofísica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edoardo Cipolletta
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, 'Carlo Urbani' Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | - Giulia Maria Destro Castaniti
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rheumatology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Donato
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Di Geso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Provincial Hospital Madonna del Soccorso, San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
| | - Emine Duran
- Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bayram Farisogullari
- Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marco Fornaro
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J) Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Francioso
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, 'Carlo Urbani' Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pamela Giorgis
- Instituto de Rehabilitación Psicofísica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amelia Granel
- Rheumatology, Hospital San Roque de Gonnet, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Rudolf Horvath
- Department of Paediatric and Adult Rheumatology, Motol University Hospital, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hurnakova
- Department of Paediatric and Adult Rheumatology, Motol University Hospital, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Diogo Jesus
- Rheumatology Department, Leiria Hospital Centre, Pousos, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Omer Karadag
- Division of Rheumatology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Josefina Marin
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Xabier Michelena
- Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erica Moscioni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, 'Carlo Urbani' Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Muntean
- Department of Rheumatology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Matteo Piga
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marcos Rosemffet
- Instituto de Rehabilitación Psicofísica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - João Rovisco
- Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Didem Sahin
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Fausto Salaffi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, 'Carlo Urbani' Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liliana Saraiva
- Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra EPE, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Crescenzio Scioscia
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J) Rheumatology Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria-Magdalena Tamas
- Department of Rheumatology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Shun Tanimura
- Department of Rheumatology, The Hokkaido Medical Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Aliki Venetsanopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina Faculty of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Lucio Ventura-Rios
- Division of Rheumatology, National Institute of Rehabilitation Luis Guillermo Ibarra, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Orlando Villota
- Division of Rheumatology, Fundación Hospital San Pedro, San Juan de Pasto, Colombia
- Department of Rheumatology, Servicio Integral de Reumatología e Inmunología Doctor Orlando Villota, Pasto, Colombia
| | - Catalina Villota-Eraso
- Department of Rheumatology, Servicio Integral de Reumatología e Inmunología Doctor Orlando Villota, Pasto, Colombia
| | - Paraskevi V Voulgari
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina Faculty of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Gentiana Vukatana
- Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Johana Zacariaz Hereter
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Helena Marzo-Ortega
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Walter Grassi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, 'Carlo Urbani' Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emilio Filippucci
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, 'Carlo Urbani' Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Sudoł-Szopińska I, Lanckoroński M, Teh J, Diekhoff T, Giraudo C, Chaudhary SR. Advanced Imaging of Gout and Other Inflammatory Diseases Around the Knee. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2024; 28:337-351. [PMID: 38768598 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1785471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The knee is one of the most commonly affected joints in the course of inflammatory arthropathies, such as crystal-induced and autoimmune inflammatory arthritis. The latter group includes systemic connective tissue diseases and spondyloarthropathies. The different pathogenesis of these entities results in their varied radiologic images. Some lead quickly to joint destruction, others only after many years, and in the remaining, destruction will not be a distinguishing radiologic feature.Radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging have traditionally been the primary modalities in the diagnosis of noninflammatory and inflammatory arthropathies. In the case of crystallopathies, dual-energy computed tomography has been introduced. Hybrid techniques also offer new diagnostic opportunities. In this article, we discuss the pathologic findings and imaging correlations for crystallopathies and inflammatory diseases of the knee, with an emphasis on recent advances in their imaging diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Sudoł-Szopińska
- Department of Radiology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Lanckoroński
- Department of Radiology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - James Teh
- Department of Radiology, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Torsten Diekhoff
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chiara Giraudo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health - DCTV, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Snehansh Roy Chaudhary
- Department of Radiology, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Merola JF, Chakravarty SD, Choi O, Chan D, Gottlieb AB. A clinical review of structural damage in psoriatic arthritis for dermatologists: From pathogenesis to ongoing controversies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024; 90:349-357. [PMID: 37852305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that often goes unrecognized in patients with psoriasis. As a result, patients may develop significant structural damage before diagnosis and initiation of adequate treatment. Dermatologists are in an unique position to identify early signs and symptoms of PsA. Here, we briefly review the pathogenesis of PsA, differences in PsA presentation within real-world dermatology practice versus rheumatology clinical trials, and imaging modalities that can be used to assess structural damage. We then discuss several ongoing controversies related to prediction, assessment, and treatment of PsA-related structural damage. Debated questions include the following: (1) Does subclinical enthesitis predict progression from psoriasis to PsA?, (2) Does methotrexate inhibit progression of structural damage?, (3) Does structural damage correlate with clinical disease activity?, and (4) Can progression from psoriasis to PsA be prevented? Evidence presented herein suggests that dermatologists, together with rheumatologists, can play important roles in the early diagnosis and treatment of PsA, thereby potentially preventing irreversible structural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Merola
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Soumya D Chakravarty
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Horsham, Pennsylvania; Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Olivia Choi
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Horsham, Pennsylvania
| | - Daphne Chan
- Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Horsham, Pennsylvania
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Keenan M, Solmaz D, Bakirci S, Roth J, Eder L, Aydin SZ. Evaluation of Standard and Proposed Reference Values for Entheseal Thickening by Using Musculoskeletal Ultrasound. J Rheumatol Suppl 2023; 50:66-69. [PMID: 36379580 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.210148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ultrasound (US) is increasingly used to evaluate enthesitis. One of the US features of enthesitis is thickening. However, there is no consensus on how the entheseal thickening needs to be defined, and existing cut-off levels have been criticized for being frequently positive in healthy controls (HCs). Our objective was to determine the frequency of thickening of entheses on US using the existing cut-off values in HCs and in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and propose new values to improve discriminative value. METHODS Eighty HCs and 100 patients with axSpA had US scans of 2160 entheses. Sensitivity, specificity, odds ratio (OR), and accuracy were calculated according to accepted cut-off levels from the literature and proposed cut-offs were calculated as the mean ± 2 SD. RESULTS Thickening according to current cut-off levels was found in 20.4% (196/960) of healthy participants' entheses and 33% (396/1200) of entheses of patients with axSpA. Thickening according to proposed cut-off levels decreased frequency of thickening in both groups, and therefore increased specificity at the cost of decreasing sensitivity. The only anatomical site where the thickness had a value to discriminate disease from health was seen at the triceps tendon enthesis with an OR of 13.4 (95% CI 4.0-44.8) according to the current cut-offs compared to 10.3 (95% CI 4.0-26.6) with the proposed cut-off levels. CONCLUSION Although using cut-offs appears to be an appealing method to evaluate entheseal thickness, the measurements may be affected by several confounding factors, leading to a low discriminative value, except for at the triceps tendon enthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Keenan
- M. Keenan, MD, D. Solmaz, MD, S. Bakirci, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa
| | - Dilek Solmaz
- M. Keenan, MD, D. Solmaz, MD, S. Bakirci, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa
| | - Sibel Bakirci
- M. Keenan, MD, D. Solmaz, MD, S. Bakirci, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa
| | - Johannes Roth
- J. Roth, MD, Division of Pediatric Dermatology & Rheumatology, University of Ottawa, and Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa
| | - Lihi Eder
- L. Eder, MD, PhD, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, and the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - Sibel Zehra Aydin
- S.Z. Aydin, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, and The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Di Matteo A, Cipolletta E, Destro Castaniti GM, Smerilli G, Airoldi C, Aydin SZ, Becciolini A, Bonfiglioli K, Bruns A, Carrara G, Cazenave T, Ciapetti A, Cosatti MA, de Agustín JJ, Di Carlo M, Di Donato E, Di Geso L, Duran E, Elliott A, Estrach C, Farisogulları B, Fiorenza A, Fodor D, Gabba A, Hernández-Díaz C, Huang F, Hurnakova J, Li L, Jesus D, Karadag O, Martire MV, Massarotti M, Michelena X, Musca AA, Nair J, Okano T, Papalopoulos I, Rosemffet M, Rovisco J, Rozza D, Salaffi F, Satulu I, Scioscia C, Scirè CA, Sun F, Tamas MM, Tanimura S, Ventura-Rios L, Voulgari PV, Vreju FA, Vukatana G, Wong E, Yang J, Zacariaz Hereter J, Zanetti A, Grassi W, Filippucci E. Reliability assessment of the definition of ultrasound enthesitis in SpA: results of a large, multicentre, international, web-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 61:4863-4874. [PMID: 35293988 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the reliability of the OMERACT US Task Force definition of US enthesitis in SpA. METHODS In this web exercise, based on the evaluation of 101 images and 39 clips of the main entheses of the lower limbs, the elementary components included in the OMERACT definition of US enthesitis in SpA (hypoechoic areas, entheseal thickening, power Doppler signal at the enthesis, enthesophytes/calcifications, bone erosions) were assessed by 47 rheumatologists from 37 rheumatology centres in 15 countries. Inter- and intra-observer reliability of the US components of enthesitis was calculated using Light's kappa, Cohen's kappa, Prevalence And Bias Adjusted Kappa (PABAK) and their 95% CIs. RESULTS Bone erosions and power Doppler signal at the enthesis showed the highest overall inter-reliability [Light's kappa: 0.77 (0.76-0.78), 0.72 (0.71-0.73), respectively; PABAK: 0.86 (0.86-0.87), 0.73 (0.73-0.74), respectively], followed by enthesophytes/calcifications [Light's kappa: 0.65 (0.64-0.65), PABAK: 0.67 (0.67-0.68)]. This was moderate for entheseal thickening [Light's kappa: 0.41 (0.41-0.42), PABAK: 0.41 (0.40-0.42)], and fair for hypoechoic areas [Light's kappa: 0.37 (0.36-0.38); PABAK: 0.37 (0.37-0.38)]. A similar trend was observed in the intra-reliability exercise, although this was characterized by an overall higher degree of reliability for all US elementary components compared with the inter-observer evaluation. CONCLUSIONS The results of this multicentre, international, web-based study show a good reliability of the OMERACT US definition of bone erosions, power Doppler signal at the enthesis and enthesophytes/calcifications. The low reliability of entheseal thickening and hypoechoic areas raises questions about the opportunity to revise the definition of these two major components for the US diagnosis of enthesitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Matteo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Rheumatology Unit, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Jesi, Ancona
| | - Edoardo Cipolletta
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Rheumatology Unit, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Jesi, Ancona
| | - Giulia Maria Destro Castaniti
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rheumatology section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Smerilli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Rheumatology Unit, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Jesi, Ancona
| | - Carla Airoldi
- Rheumatology, Hospital Provincial, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Sibel Zehra Aydin
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Becciolini
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Karina Bonfiglioli
- Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Bruns
- Division of Rheumatology, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Greta Carrara
- Epidemiology Unit, Italian Society of Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Tomas Cazenave
- Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Rehabilitación Psicofísica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alessandro Ciapetti
- Rheumatology Department, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Glan Clwyd Hospital, Bodelwyddan, Denbighshire, UK
| | - Micaela Ana Cosatti
- CEMIC, Centro de investigaciones médicas Norberto Quirno, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan José de Agustín
- Rheumatology Unit, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Di Carlo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Rheumatology Unit, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Jesi, Ancona
| | - Eleonora Di Donato
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Di Geso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Madonna del Soccorso, San Benedetto del Tronto, Marche, Italy
| | - Emine Duran
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ashley Elliott
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast
| | - Cristina Estrach
- Rheumatology, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bayram Farisogulları
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alessia Fiorenza
- SSD Reumatologia, Ospedale Sant'Andrea di Vercelli, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Daniela Fodor
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alessandra Gabba
- Rheumatology Clinic, ATS Sardegna, Medicina Specialistica Ambulatoriale, Oristano, Nuoro
| | - Cristina Hernández-Díaz
- Division de Reumatologia, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jana Hurnakova
- Department of Paediatric and Adult Rheumatology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Diogo Jesus
- Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, Leiria.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Omer Karadag
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Marco Massarotti
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, UK
| | - Xabier Michelena
- Rheumatology Unit, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alice Andreea Musca
- Internal Medicine and Rheumatology Department, Dr. I. Cantacuzino Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jagdish Nair
- Rheumatology, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tadashi Okano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ioannis Papalopoulos
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marcos Rosemffet
- Rheumatology Unit, Instituto de Rehabilitación Psicofísica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - João Rovisco
- Faculdade de Medicina, Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Davide Rozza
- Epidemiology Unit, Italian Society of Rheumatology, Milan, Italy
| | - Fausto Salaffi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Rheumatology Unit, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Jesi, Ancona
| | - Iulia Satulu
- Rheumatology Department, Internal Medicine Clinic, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Crescenzio Scioscia
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants (DETO), Rheumatology Unit, Bari
| | | | - Fei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Maria-Magdalena Tamas
- Department of Rheumatology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Shun Tanimura
- Rheumatology Department, Hokkaido Medical Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Lucio Ventura-Rios
- Division de Reumatologia, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacion "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paraksevi V Voulgari
- Department of Rheumatology, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Florentin Ananu Vreju
- Rheumatology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Ernest Wong
- Rheumatology Department, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Jinshui Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Anna Zanetti
- Epidemiology Unit, Italian Society of Rheumatology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Walter Grassi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Rheumatology Unit, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Jesi, Ancona
| | - Emilio Filippucci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Rheumatology Unit, "Carlo Urbani" Hospital, Polytechnic University of Marche, Jesi, Ancona
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11
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Agache M, Popescu CC, Popa L, Codreanu C. Ultrasound Enthesitis in Psoriasis Patients with or without Psoriatic Arthritis, a Cross-Sectional Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:1557. [PMID: 36363514 PMCID: PMC9696198 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The main objective of the current study was to describe the prevalence of enthesitis at different sites in a group of patients with psoriasis with or without psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Materials and Methods: The study included adult patients with psoriasis who underwent clinical examination, laboratory tests and ultrasound examination of the entheses. The enthesitis ultrasound scores (BUSES, MASEI, GUESS) were evaluated; the presence of OMERACT-defined enthesitis was also recorded for each scan site. Results: The study included 16 (57.1%) patients with PsA and 12 (42.9%) patients with psoriasis, with an increased average body mass index (29.3 kg/m2). Compared to psoriasis patients, PsA patients had a higher prevalence of nail psoriasis (68.8% compared to 33.3%; p = 0.063). There were no significant differences regarding the clinical examination of entheses between patients with psoriasis and patients with PsA (p = 0.459). Ultrasound scores, BUSES, GUESS and MASEI proved to have statistically significant higher median values in PsA patients compared to psoriasis patients. Compared to psoriasis patients, PsA patients had a significantly higher prevalence of OMERACT-defined enthesitis of the quadriceps tendon and inferior patellar ligament (both 81.3% compared to 25.0%, p = 0.003). Clinical examination of the lateral epicondyle and of the superior patellar ligament was consistent with their ultrasound examination (κ = 0.357, p = 0.043, respectively, κ = 0.404, p = 0.008). Conclusions: Clinical enthesitis scores do not differ between psoriasis and PsA patients. All analyzed ultrasound scores are significantly higher in patients with PsA. OMERACT-defined enthesitis has the ability to discriminate sonographic enthesitis between the two subgroups for bilateral quadriceps and inferior patellar tendon enthesitis. Bilateral ultrasound damage of entheses can suggest a PsA diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Agache
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Center of Rheumatic Diseases, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudiu C. Popescu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Center of Rheumatic Diseases, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liliana Popa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cătălin Codreanu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Center of Rheumatic Diseases, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Saha D, Prakash M, Sinha A, Singh T, Dogra S, Sharma A. Role of Shear-Wave Elastography in Achilles Tendon in Psoriatic Arthritis and Its Correlation with Disease Severity Score, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2022; 32:159-165. [PMID: 35924126 PMCID: PMC9340198 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to compare accuracy of shear-wave elastography (SWE) with gray scale (GS) ultrasound and power Doppler (pD) for diagnosing Achilles tendinopathy in psoriatic patients with and without arthritis and correlation with achillodynia and disease severity score, psoriasis area and severity index (PASI).
Methods
A total of 100 Achilles tendons were evaluated where 56% were cases of psoriatic arthritis with achillodynia; 44% were controls of psoriasis without arthritis in this prospective study. Evaluation was done with GS, pD, SWE at proximal, mid, and distal third of the tendon. Qualitative (color maps) and quantitative data, elastic modulus, kilopascal (kPa), were generated. Pearson's correlation was done to see association between kPa, PASI and clinical symptoms, achillodynia, scored using visual analog scale (VAS).
Results
Significant negative correlation was seen between duration of arthritis, VAS and PASI with SWE values with
r
= −0.34, −0.47, and −0.41, respectively. SWE could identify abnormal tendons in 71/100 (71%) in the overall study, 53/56 (94.6%) in cases, and 18/44 (40.9%) in control. The statistical significance was set at
p
≤ 0.05. In comparison, conventional ultrasound, GS, and pD together could identify 13/56 (23.21%) in cases and no abnormal tendon was identified in the control group.
Conclusion
SWE is a reliable, noninvasive, and valuable tool to detect early tendinopathy and monitor progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Saha
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mahesh Prakash
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anindita Sinha
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tulika Singh
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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13
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Fodor D, Rodriguez-Garcia SC, Cantisani V, Hammer HB, Hartung W, Klauser A, Martinoli C, Terslev L, Alfageme F, Bong D, Bueno A, Collado P, D'Agostino MA, de la Fuente J, Iohom G, Kessler J, Lenghel M, Malattia C, Mandl P, Mendoza-Cembranos D, Micu M, Möller I, Najm A, Özçakar L, Picasso R, Plagou A, Sala-Blanch X, Sconfienza LM, Serban O, Simoni P, Sudoł-Szopińska I, Tesch C, Todorov P, Uson J, Vlad V, Zaottini F, Bilous D, Gutiu R, Pelea M, Marian A, Naredo E. The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations for Musculoskeletal Ultrasound - Part I: Extraarticular Pathologies. ULTRASCHALL IN DER MEDIZIN (STUTTGART, GERMANY : 1980) 2022; 43:34-57. [PMID: 34479372 DOI: 10.1055/a-1562-1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The first part of the guidelines and recommendations for musculoskeletal ultrasound, produced under the auspices of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB), provides information about the use of musculoskeletal ultrasound for assessing extraarticular structures (muscles, tendons, entheses, ligaments, bones, bursae, fasciae, nerves, skin, subcutaneous tissues, and nails) and their pathologies. Clinical applications, practical points, limitations, and artifacts are described and discussed for every structure. After an extensive literature review, the recommendations have been developed according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine and GRADE criteria and the consensus level was established through a Delphi process. The document is intended to guide clinical users in their daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fodor
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Vito Cantisani
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-pathological Sciences, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Hilde B Hammer
- Department of Rheumatology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Hartung
- Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Asklepios Clinic, Bad Abbach, Germany
| | - Andrea Klauser
- Department of Radiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Section Head Rheumatology and Sports Imaging, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Carlo Martinoli
- Department of Health Science - DISSAL, University of Genova, Italy
- UO Radiologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Lene Terslev
- Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fernando Alfageme
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Bong
- Instituto Poal de Reumatologia Barcelona, EULAR Working Group Anatomy for the Image, University of Barcelona, International University of Catalunya, Spain
| | - Angel Bueno
- Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paz Collado
- Rheumatology Department, Transitional Care Clinic, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Antonietta D'Agostino
- Istituto di Reumatologia Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, UOC Reumatologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Iohom
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Cork University Hospital and University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jens Kessler
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Lenghel
- Radiology Department, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Clara Malattia
- UOC Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI) University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Peter Mandl
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mihaela Micu
- Rheumatology Division, 2nd Rehabilitation Department, Rehabilitation Clinical Hospital Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ingrid Möller
- Instituto Poal de Reumatologia Barcelona, EULAR Working Group Anatomy for the Image, University of Barcelona, International University of Catalunya, Spain
| | - Aurelie Najm
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Levent Özçakar
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Riccardo Picasso
- Department of Health Science - DISSAL, University of Genova, Italy
- UO Radiologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Athena Plagou
- Ultrasound Unit, Private Radiological Institution, Athens, Greece
| | - Xavier Sala-Blanch
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital Clinic, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Maria Sconfienza
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Oana Serban
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paolo Simoni
- Paediatric Imaging Department, "Reine Fabiola" Children's University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Iwona Sudoł-Szopińska
- Department of Radiology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Plamen Todorov
- Department of Internal Disease Propaedeutic and Clinical Rheumatology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Jacqueline Uson
- Department of Rheumatology Hospital Universitario Móstoles, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Violeta Vlad
- Sf. Maria Hospital, Rheumatology Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Federico Zaottini
- Department of Health Science - DISSAL, University of Genova, Italy
- UO Radiologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Diana Bilous
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana Gutiu
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Michael Pelea
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anamaria Marian
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Esperanza Naredo
- Department of Rheumatology, Bone and Joint Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Song Y, Mascarenhas S. A Narrative Review of the Design of Ultrasound Indices for Detecting Enthesitis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020303. [PMID: 35204393 PMCID: PMC8870884 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increased utilization of musculoskeletal ultrasound in clinical practice, there has been rapid proliferation of publications on sonographic evaluation of enthesitis. This has led to the development of multiple new approaches to scoring sonographic findings in the detection of enthesitis, with variations including entheseal sites and sonographic features that limit cross-study comparisons. Furthermore, despite efforts to standardize the definition of enthesitis, there is still heterogeneity in the sonographic features included in existing ultrasound scores, and additional adjustments are required to distinguish active inflammatory changes from non-inflammatory conditions and to adjust for demographic features associated with increased prevalence of abnormal sonographic findings. This review provides an update on the current landscape of ultrasound scoring systems for enthesitis and emphasizes the importance of future data-based ultrasound scoring systems to improve the distinction between inflammatory and non-inflammatory or degenerative changes of the enthesis.
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15
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Gudu T, Ng B, Jethwa H, Graham C, Kudva V, Rammanohar J, Zhang C, Sapsford M, Jadon DR. Improving Imaging Modalities in Early Psoriatic Arthritis: The Role of Ultrasound in Early Diagnosis of Psoriatic Arthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:804695. [PMID: 35071281 PMCID: PMC8776996 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.804695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Despite recent advances, early diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) remains a challenge in clinical practice. Ultrasound (US) could be a useful tool for the diagnosis and management of PsA. The objective of this review was to determine the role of US in early diagnosis of PsA. Methods: We have performed a literature review aiming to evaluate studies on US findings in psoriasis and their predictive value of progression to PsA, as well as studies on US features specific for PsA in comparison with other conditions. Results: A total of 40 studies were included. Sixteen studies assessed US findings in psoriasis, of which only 3 prospectively evaluated the role of US in predicting progression to PsA. Patients with PsA had a greater frequency of US abnormalities, in particular enthesitis and Power Doppler(PD) signal compared to patients with psoriasis only. In the longitudinal studies, psoriatic patients with higher enthesopathy scores at baseline were more likely to progress to PsA. Twenty-four studies evaluated US abnormalities in PsA and compared them to other conditions. Most specific US features that distinguish PsA from psoriasis were PD signal and erosions in joints and entheses. Extra-synovial changes, including peri-tendinous dermal soft tissue oedema with associated PD signal and flexor tendon enthesopathy, as well as thickening of the pulleys in the flexor tendons were highly characteristic for PsA, as they were frequently found in PsA patients, but in none of the RA patients. US-detected entheseal abnormalities in particular erosions and PD signal were more frequent in patients with PsA compared to fibromyalgia. Conclusion: Despite the wide use of US in PsA, more research is needed to identify predictive factors of progression to PsA in patients with psoriasis, as well as to determine most specific US features that differentiate PsA from other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Gudu
- Department of Rheumatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Beverly Ng
- Department of Rheumatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Jethwa
- Department of Rheumatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Graham
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Veda Kudva
- Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chen Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Sapsford
- Department of Rheumatology, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Deepak R Jadon
- Department of Rheumatology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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16
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Marchesoni A, Macchioni P, Gasparini S, Perricone C, Perrotta FM, Grembiale RD, Silvagni E, Ramonda R, Costa L, Zabotti A, Curradi G, Gualberti G, Marando F, Salvarani C. Use of Ultrasonography to Discriminate Psoriatic Arthritis from Fibromyalgia: A Post-Hoc Analysis of the ULISSE Study. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010180. [PMID: 35011921 PMCID: PMC8745640 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients with concomitant chronic widespread pain, the differential diagnosis with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) can be challenging. We evaluated whether ultrasound (US) examination of entheseal sites can distinguish pain from (PsA) enthesitis versus FMS. PsA and FMS patients underwent clinical evaluation and gray-scale (GS; B-mode) and power Doppler (PD) US examination of the entheses. At least one enthesis with GS- and PD-mode changes was found in 90% and 59.3% of PsA patients (n = 140) and 62.7% and 35.3% of FMS patients (n = 51), respectively. GS and PD identified changes in 49.5% and 19.2% of the 840 PsA entheses and 22.5% and 7.9% of the 306 FMS entheses, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.77 and 0.66 for B- and PD-mode, respectively, 3.5 being the best cut-off GS-score to discriminate the two conditions. Multivariate regression showed that Achilles and proximal patellar tendon enthesitis (B-mode) were strongly associated with PsA (odds ratio, ~2). Principal component analysis (B-mode) confirmed that PsA patients have a higher number of involved entheses and patterns of entheseal involvement than FMS patients. US evaluation of the entheses may help differentiate chronic widespread pain from PsA versus FMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marchesoni
- Rheumatology, Humanitas San Pio X, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-025-829-6415
| | - Pierluigi Macchioni
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia and Università di Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (P.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Stefania Gasparini
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Ospedale di Fabriano, ASUR Marche, 62012 Fabriano, Italy;
| | - Carlo Perricone
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Fabio Massimo Perrotta
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute “Vincenzo Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Rosa Daniela Grembiale
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Department of Health Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Ettore Silvagni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Anna, 44122 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Roberta Ramonda
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Luisa Costa
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Alen Zabotti
- Department of Medical and Biological Science, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | | | | | | | - Carlo Salvarani
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia and Università di Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (P.M.); (C.S.)
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17
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Elliott A, McGonagle D, Rooney M. Integrating imaging and biomarker assessment to better define psoriatic arthritis and predict response to biologic therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:vi38-vi52. [PMID: 34951926 PMCID: PMC8709569 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment options for PsA have substantially expanded over the last decade. Approximately 40% of patients will not respond to first-line anti-TNF-α therapies. There is limited data to help clinicians select the most appropriate biologic therapy for PsA patients, including guidance for decisions on biologic therapy switching. In this review we will examine the current understanding of predictors of response to treatment. Imaging technology has evolved to allow us to better study psoriatic disease and define disease activity, including synovitis and enthesitis. Enthesitis is implicated in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prognosis of PsA. It appears to be a common thread among all of the various PsA clinical presentations. Enthesitis mainly manifests as tenderness, which is difficult to distinguish from FM, chronic pain and mechanically associated enthesopathy, and it might be relevant for understanding the apparent 40% failure of existing therapy. Excess adipose tissue makes if more difficult to detect joint swelling clinically, as many PsA patients have very high BMIs. Integrating imaging and clinical assessment with biomarker analysis could help to deliver stratified medicine in PsA and allow better treatment decision making. This could include which patients require ongoing biologic therapy, which class of biologic therapy that should be, and who alternatively requires management of non-inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Elliott
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Madeleine Rooney
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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18
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Saalfeld W, Mixon AM, Zelie J, Lydon EJ. Differentiating Psoriatic Arthritis from Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Narrative Review and Guide for Advanced Practice Providers. Rheumatol Ther 2021; 8:1493-1517. [PMID: 34519965 PMCID: PMC8572231 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-021-00365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects multiple organ systems and is characterized by skin and joint manifestations. PsA is frequently undiagnosed and/or misdiagnosed, especially because of the similarities in clinical presentation shared with other arthritic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). An accurate and timely diagnosis of PsA is crucial to prevent delays in optimal treatment, which can lead to irreversible joint damage and increased functional disability. Patients are usually seen by a number of different healthcare providers on their path to a diagnosis of PsA, including advanced practice providers (APPs). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristic features that can be used to facilitate the differentiation of PsA from RA and OA. Detailed information on clinical manifestations, biomarkers, radiologic features, and therapeutic recommendations for PsA included here can be applied in routine clinical settings to provide APPs with the confidence and knowledge to recognize and refer patients more accurately to rheumatologists for management of patients with PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Saalfeld
- Arthritis Center of Nebraska, 3901 Pine Lake Road, Suite 120, Lincoln, NE, 68516, USA.
| | - Amanda M Mixon
- Arthritis and Rheumatology Clinic of Northern Colorado, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jonna Zelie
- URMC Division of Rheumatology, Rochester, NY, USA
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19
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Sudoł-Szopińska I, Giraudo C, Oei EH, Jans L. Imaging update in inflammatory arthritis. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2021; 20:101491. [PMID: 34290958 PMCID: PMC8274298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2021.101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging have become important imaging modalities in rheumatological disorders next to standard radiography. Due to their ability to assess both morphological and functional changes they play a significant role in early diagnosis and treatment monitoring. This review presents the latest advancements in imaging of inflammatory arthritis with a focus on two main groups of rheumatic diseases: connective tissue diseases and spondyloarthritis. New developments related to peripheral and sacroiliac joints imaging are discussed, including Superb Micro Flow Imaging and Shear Wave Elastography in ultrasonography, as well as Whole Body MRI, quantitative MRI, and the recent advances in cartilage imaging in MRI, including T2-and T1p-mapping, and dGEMRIC. The role of emerging imaging techniques in the early diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis is discussed, including DECT, VIBE, BoneMRI, and pQCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Sudoł-Szopińska
- Department of Radiology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chiara Giraudo
- Chiara Giraudo, Department of Medicine – DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Edwin H.G. Oei
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennart Jans
- Department of Radiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Smerilli G, Di Matteo A, Cipolletta E, Grassi W, Filippucci E. Enthesitis in Psoriatic Arthritis, the Sonographic Perspective. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:75. [PMID: 34427783 PMCID: PMC8384799 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-01039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To provide an overview of the ultrasound (US) studies focusing on enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Recent Findings Last-generation US equipment has demonstrated the ability to detect subtle morphostructural and vascular abnormalities at entheseal level. US is able to identify pathologic changes in both “classical” (i.e., the site of attachment of tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules into the bone) and “functional” entheses (i.e., anatomical regions where tendons or ligaments wrap around bony pulleys). Summary US has the potential to be the first-line method in the assessment of enthesitis. In the present review we critically discussed the current definitions of US enthesitis, the scoring systems, and the main fields of application (i.e., the detection of enthesitis in PsA and psoriasis, the identification of different disease subsets, and the assessment of response to treatment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Smerilli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, “Carlo Urbani” Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 25, 60035 Jesi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Matteo
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, “Carlo Urbani” Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 25, 60035 Jesi, Ancona, Italy
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Edoardo Cipolletta
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, “Carlo Urbani” Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 25, 60035 Jesi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Walter Grassi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, “Carlo Urbani” Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 25, 60035 Jesi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emilio Filippucci
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, “Carlo Urbani” Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 25, 60035 Jesi, Ancona, Italy
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21
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Molina Collada J, Macía-Villa C, Plasencia-Rodríguez C, Álvaro-Gracia JM, de Miguel E. Ultrasound Doppler enthesitis shows sensitivity to change after biological therapy in spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis patients. Scand J Rheumatol 2021; 51:196-204. [PMID: 34152245 DOI: 10.1080/03009742.2021.1921348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the sensitivity to change in power Doppler (PD) enthesitis in active spondyloarthritis (SpA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients.Method: This was a longitudinal study in patients with SpA and PsA with active disease [patients starting or switching to biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs)]. The MAdrid Sonographic Enthesitis Index (MASEI) was performed at baseline and at 3 and 6 month visits. The MASEI and Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) PD enthesitis definitions were checked. Reliability analysis among three readers was performed with ultrasound (US)-recorded videos.Results: US examinations of 25 patients were included; 16 (64%) had SpA and nine (36%) PsA. The median (interquartile range, IQR) age was 49 (41-61) years, and 13 patients (52%) were female. The median (IQR) 28-joint Disease Activity Score of 3.6 (2.3-4.2), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index of 6.7 (6.1-7.4), and C-reactive protein value of 8.2 (1.6-20) reflected moderate to high disease activity at baseline. Both MASEI and OMERACT PD enthesitis improved significantly at 3 and 6 month follow-up (p < 0.05) and showed sensitivity to change (standard error of measurement = 0.47 and 0.61, respectively). Improvement in clinical activity outcomes was significantly associated with decreases in MASEI and OMERACT PD enthesitis counts (p < 0.05). The MASEI and OMERACT PD definitions had excellent reliability (kappa = 0.918 and 0.865, respectively).Conclusion: PD enthesitis significantly improved at 3 and 6 month follow-up in patients undergoing bDMARD therapy. Both MASEI and OMERACT PD US enthesitis reflect response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Molina Collada
- Department of Rheumatology, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Macía-Villa
- Department of Rheumatology, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J M Álvaro-Gracia
- Department of Rheumatology, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - E de Miguel
- Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Gottlieb AB, Bakewell C, Merola JF. Musculoskeletal Imaging for Dermatologists: Techniques in the Diagnosis and Management of Psoriatic Arthritis. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:1199-1216. [PMID: 34145558 PMCID: PMC8322349 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory condition affecting up to 30% of patients with psoriasis. Patients may experience irreversible joint damage if not treated early, and diagnostic delays of even 6 months are associated with radiographic progression and impaired function. Therefore, early detection and intervention are of critical importance in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Given that psoriasis often precedes symptoms of psoriatic arthritis, dermatologists are uniquely positioned to identify patients with psoriatic arthritis early in their disease course, before permanent damage has occurred. Several screening tools have been developed to help dermatologists identify patients who may have psoriatic arthritis, but these tools may not capture patients with subclinical disease or quantify the type and severity of the underlying tissue insult, which is often the presenting sign of psoriatic arthritis. In these cases, a combination of clinical assessment and musculoskeletal imaging (e.g., ultrasound) is required. This review summarizes three common musculoskeletal imaging techniques used in the diagnosis and management of patients with psoriatic arthritis: conventional radiography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. Further understanding of musculoskeletal imaging will assist dermatologists in making treatment decisions and allow them to have a more active role in the detection of psoriatic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph F Merola
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Mascarenhas S, Couette N. A Systematic Review of the Inclusion of Non-Inflammatory Ultrasonographic Enthesopathy Findings in Enthesitis Scoring Indices. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11040669. [PMID: 33917826 PMCID: PMC8068272 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound has advanced the diagnosis and management of patients with inflammatory rheumatic conditions. It can be used to identify and monitor enthesitis, a cardinal feature of spondyloarthropthies. Several enthesitis scoring systems utilizing ultrasound to determine entheseal involvement have been developed. These scoring systems generally rely on determining the presence or absence of erosions, tendon enlargement, power Doppler signal, or enthesophytes. This systematic review identified ultrasound scoring systems that have been utilized for evaluating enthesitis and what key components derive the score. Review of these scoring systems, however, demonstrated confounding as some of the score components including enthesophytes may be seen in non-inflammatory conditions and some components including erosions can be seen from chronic damage, but not necessarily indicate active inflammatory disease. What is furthermore limiting is that currently there is not an agreed upon term to describe non-inflammatory enthesopathies, further complicating these scoring systems. This review highlights the need for a more comprehensive ultrasound enthesopathy scoring index.
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24
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Husic R, Lackner A, Kump PK, Högenauer C, Graninger W, Dejaco C. High Prevalence of Ultrasound Verified Enthesitis in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease With or Without Spondylarthritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:637459. [PMID: 33644102 PMCID: PMC7906964 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.637459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is closely associated with spondylarthritis (SpA) and enthesitis, as an important feature of SpA, is a common extraintestinal manifestation of IBD. Enthesitis may be clinically silent in a high proportion of patients with IBD without clinical signs or a diagnosis of SpA. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of ultrasound (US) verified enthesitis in IBD patients with and without SpA, with patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and healthy subjects (HC) serving as controls. Methods: IBD patients with or without SpA, patients with IBS and HC were prospectively recruited and clinically assessed. Ultrasound examination was performed at 14 entheses. The ultrasound abnormalities were scored according to the Madrid Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Index (MASEI). Results: We included 33 IBD patients without SpA, 14 IBD patients with SpA, 26 IBS patients and 18 HC. Higher MASEI scores were found in patients with IBD without SpA [median 21.0 range (8.0–53.0)] and IBD associated SpA [33.0 (8–50)] than in IBS patients [10.5 (0–42.0)-p < 0.001 for both comparison] and HC [12.0 (2.0–38.0)-p < 0.01]. PD, enthesophytes and erosions were more common in patients with IBD with or without SpA as compared to IBS patients and HC. IBD patients with SpA compared to IBD without SpA demonstrated significant higher prevalence of erosion and structural irregularity and consequently significant higher MASEI (p < 0.05 for all comparison). Conclusions: Ultrasound verified enthesitis is more common in patients with IBD with or without SpA as compared to patients with IBS or HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusmir Husic
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angelika Lackner
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Högenauer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Winfried Graninger
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Dejaco
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Rheumatology, Hospital of Brunico (Südtiroler Sanitätsbetrieb-Azienda Sanitaria dell'Alto Adige), Brunico, Italy
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25
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Kaeley GS. Enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis (Part 2): imaging. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 59:i15-i20. [PMID: 32159789 PMCID: PMC7065457 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enthesitis is a hallmark finding in PsA and may predate the onset of synovitis. Clinical examination of enthesitis provides no structural information, relies on eliciting tenderness at entheseal sites and may not be sensitive or specific. Soft tissue imaging techniques such as musculoskeletal ultrasound and MRI can depict ultrastructural and inflammatory changes. Although these imaging techniques are complimentary, ultrasound can image superficial entheses with high fidelity and examine vascularity with the use of Doppler but cannot image subchondral bone. MRI depicts bone and can visualize bone marrow edema as well as soft tissue edema. However, due to short relaxation times, entheseal structures are not easily differentiated. There has been increasing recognition of biomechanical confounding, especially since the majority of the entheses examined are in the lower extremity. Imaging entheseal indices are being developed to minimize the effect of body weight and activity. In the following article, contemporary concepts of entheses in relation to imaging will be reviewed as well as important confounders in assessing entheseal alterations. The role and limitations of imaging techniques will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjit S Kaeley
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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26
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Molina Collada J, Macía-Villa C, Plasencia C, Álvaro-Gracia JM, de Miguel E. Doppler enthesitis: a potential useful outcome in the assessment of axial spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 40:2013-2020. [PMID: 33034818 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the frequency of power Doppler (PD) enthesitis in active axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients and its potential usefulness in clinical practice. METHODS A prospective multicentre cross-sectional study in patients with axSpA and PsA with active disease was undertaken. Patients underwent bilateral ultrasound (US) examination of the peripheral entheses according to the Madrid Sonographic Enthesis Index (MASEI). The MASEI and Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) PD enthesitis definitions were checked. An inter-reader analysis of recorded videos was performed to determine reliability. RESULTS Sixty-four consecutive patients were included. The mean DAS28 (3.9 ± 1.3) for peripheral involvement, mean BASDAI (5.6 ± 2.2) for axial involvement, and CRP values (10 ± 10.9) reflected moderate-high disease activity at baseline. The mean global MASEI score was 29.4 (± 11.4), and 55 patients (86%) scored ≥ 18 (proposed cut-off point to diagnose SpA). At the patient level, abnormal US findings consistent with at least one enthesis showing a PD signal were observed in 52 (81.3%) patients using the MASEI PD definition and 48 (75%) using the OMERACT PD definition, without significant variation between axSpA and PsA. The inter-reader reliability was excellent (kappa = 0.92 for MASEI PD and 0.86 for OMERACT PD). CONCLUSIONS PD enthesitis was found in the majority of patients with active axSpA and PsA, independent of axial or peripheral affectation. Both MASEI and OMERACT PD definitions were useful in detecting active enthesitis. These findings support the usefulness of a PD US evaluation of entheses in the assessment of axSpA and PsA. Key Points • PD enthesitis is a very common finding in patients with active axSpA and PsA • Both MASEI and OMERACT PD definitions are useful to detect active enthesitis • US enthesitis may reveal information in axSpA and PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Molina Collada
- Department of Rheumatology, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | - Eugenio de Miguel
- Department of Rheumatology, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Aydin SZ, Mathew AJ, Koppikar S, Eder L, Østergaard M. Imaging in the diagnosis and management of peripheral psoriatic arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2020; 34:101594. [PMID: 33032929 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2020.101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis is a heterogenous disease affecting peripheral and axial joints, tendons, ligaments, and their insertions, in addition to the skin and the nails. The complexity of the involved structures has puzzled clinicians trying to understand the underlying pathology that leads to symptoms in order to choose the appropriate medications with different modes of actions. Imaging, mainly ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, allows of accurate detection of inflammatory changes in the musculoskeletal structures, which helps to avoid false positive and negative assessments. The linking of different anatomical structures' involvement using imaging also provides insights into the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis. In this review, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging will be discussed in depth with regard to their use in the field of peripheral psoriatic arthritis, with a focus on the literature from the last 4 years and recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Zehra Aydin
- University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Rheumatology, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Ashish J Mathew
- Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research (COPECARE), Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India; Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sahil Koppikar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Lihi Eder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Mikkel Østergaard
- Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research (COPECARE), Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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28
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Macía-Villa C, De Miguel E. Updating the use of the Madrid Sonographic Enthesis Index (MASEI): a systematic review of the literature. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59:1031-1040. [PMID: 31750519 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the use of the enthesis ultrasound Madrid Sonographic Entesis Index (MASEI) from its publication. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register databases was performed. The search strategy was constructed to identify publications containing terms related to enthesis and ultrasound. The only applied filter was studies conducted in humans. One reviewer systematically screened the search. A second reviewer verified the selection. The data extraction was focused on study characteristics, including population and components of the OMERACT filter. RESULTS Sixty-eight of the 1581 identified studies had used MASEI, including 41 (60%) abstracts and 27 (40%) articles. Of the 27 articles, MASEI was mainly used for spondyloarthritis and related diseases in 12 (44%) articles, followed by both psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in five (19%) articles; however, it was also used in diseases such as Behçet disease, FM, familiar Mediterranean fever, SS, crystal arthropathies and systemic sclerosis. The feasibility of MASEI was reported in three (11%) articles, and the reliability in 12 (44%) with good to excellent values. No article evaluated the responsiveness to treatment. The construct validity of MASEI was assessed using biomarkers in seven (26%) articles, clinical examination in 13 (48%) and imaging procedures (only X-rays) in two (7%). The discriminative validity was assessed in 16 (59%) articles, not only in SpAs. CONCLUSION MASEI is a feasible, reliable and valid ultrasound score for the study of enthesis in spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenio De Miguel
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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Dubash SR, De Marco G, Wakefield RJ, Tan AL, McGonagle D, Marzo-Ortega H. Ultrasound Imaging in Psoriatic Arthritis: What Have We Learnt in the Last Five Years? Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:487. [PMID: 32984374 PMCID: PMC7477070 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a complex heterogeneous disease with multiple inter-related pathologies such as synovitis, enthesitis, tendinopathy, and dactylitis. Clinical assessment is limited in its detail to assess pathology, thus in recent years, ultrasound (US) has become more popular, given its high sensitivity to detect inflammatory arthritis and ability to inform clinical decisions. Although a qualitative technique, US findings can be graded semi-quantitatively for grayscale (GS) and power Doppler (PD). Synovitis is frequently present in inflammatory arthritis pathologies, and in PsA, recent evidence shows a propensity for tendon and entheseal lesions. The presence of flexor tenosynovitis and flexor tendon insertional enthesopathy at accessory pulleys is supportive of the “Deep Koebner” concept. Peri-tendinous inflammation—mutual to PsA or rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is associated with soft tissue oedema with PD signal frequently at the flexor tendon compartments in PsA. Research on enthesitis in PsA/PsO has improved understanding in subclinical and clinical PsA, explored associations with progression to PsA, and investigated links to prognosis assessment. Dactylitis is a pathognomonic PsA lesion where US has enhanced knowledge of the disease course and pathology of lesions such as: flexor tenosynovitis; synovitis; and soft tissue oedema. Increased US sensitivity has also brought innovation including promising automated ultrasound scanning techniques. So, what have we learnt in recent years and what are the unmet needs to focus future research initiatives in this disabling disease? This narrative review article assesses the neoteric evidence, bringing into context the knowledge gained and highlighting potential areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayam R Dubash
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele De Marco
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Wakefield
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ai Lyn Tan
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Marzo-Ortega
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Kaeley GS. Visualization of Enthesitis by Ultrasound: a Key Diagnostic Tool in Spondyloarthropathy Diagnosis and Management. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2020; 22:48. [PMID: 32696194 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-020-00927-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to report on the current status of evaluation of enthesitis with sonography. Sonography can visualize peripheral entheses in great detail since most of them are superficial. Visualization of entheses has provided insights into the pathophysiology of enthesitis and highlighted the interconnectivity of stress dissipation mechanisms about the enthesis. The primary use of entheseal sonography presently revolves around diagnostic use. RECENT FINDINGS There is increasing awareness of biomechanical confounders that lead to entheseal changes, which are more prevalent in males, patients with higher body mass index, and those who are more active-though there are several approaches to mitigate biomechanical confounders in sonographic evaluation. Entheseal sonography may also provide prognostic information in predicting the severity of axial syndesmophyte formation. Although entheseal outcome scoring systems are available, there is sparse data on its use as an outcome tool, and hence, this is a fertile area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjit S Kaeley
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 653-1 West Eight Street, LRC 2nd Floor L-14, Jacksonville, FL, 32209-6561, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Faith
- Florida Medical Clinic, Rheumatology, Zephyrhills, Florida, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Enthesitis is a hallmark feature of the spondyloarthropathies (SpA). This review provides an overview of recent insights on diagnosis and management of enthesitis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies support the use of imaging for diagnosis because of its higher sensitivity and specificity compared with clinical examination. Several new MRI and ultrasound scoring systems have been developed for enthesitis, which may facilitate the use of imaging in research. Enthesitis has been evaluated as a primary study outcome mainly in psoriatic arthritis (PsA); however, the use of different indices and definitions of improvement limits comparison across studies. There is very limited information about the efficacy of synthetic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for the treatment of enthesitis. In contrast, targeted and biologic DMARDs have all shown efficacy in treating enthesitis compared with placebo. There have been only a few head-to-head trials that compared two different cytokine inhibitors for the treatment of enthesitis. Preliminary data suggest that targeting IL-17 or IL12/23 may be more efficacious for controlling enthesitis than TNF inhibition. SUMMARY Emerging data suggest interleukin-17 and 12/23 inhibitors may be the first choice in PsA patients with enthesitis. Further head-to-head studies are needed before making definitive recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Koppikar
- Division of Rheumatology, Women's College Hospital.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lihi Eder
- Division of Rheumatology, Women's College Hospital.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Weiss PF, Roth J. Juvenile-Versus Adult-Onset Spondyloarthritis: Similar, but Different. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2020; 46:241-257. [PMID: 32340699 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of juvenile spondyloarthritis and important differences in the classification criteria, clinical presentation, outcomes, and pathology in juvenile versus adult-onset disease. Key differences in classification criteria between children and adults with spondyloarthritis are important to understand, as they can make transition from pediatric to adult care challenging. MRI and ultrasonography are increasingly relied on for the assessment of adult-onset disease activity and change over time in the pediatric population. The unique features of the maturing axial and peripheral skeleton are described for each modality, as they are key to understand for accurate interpretation of pathology in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela F Weiss
- Perelman School of Medicine UPENN, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Johannes Roth
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8L1, Canada
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Rida MA, Chandran V. Challenges in the clinical diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis. Clin Immunol 2020; 214:108390. [PMID: 32200113 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic heterogeneous inflammatory musculoskeletal disease. The non-specific and often subtle manifestations make early diagnosis and subsequent treatment challenging. In the absence of diagnostic criteria and biomarkers, the diagnosis is often delayed leading to poor long-term outcomes. In addition, the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with arthritis in the setting of skin psoriasis is wide due to symptom overlap with many other diseases. Peripheral arthritis, dactylitis, enthesitis and axial arthritis are the 4 domains of musculoskeletal involvement in PsA and careful examination of each domain by a rheumatologist is the first step for a correct diagnosis. Other extra-musculoskeletal features such as the presence of uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease, nail psoriasis and elevated acute phase reactants aid in the diagnosis of PsA. Screening patients with skin psoriasis using validated questionnaires might help in early diagnosis especially when coupled with imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ali Rida
- Psoriatic Disease Program, Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Psoriatic Disease Program, Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
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Rossini M, Epis OM, Tinazzi I, Grembiale RD, Iagnocco A. Role of the IL-23 pathway in the pathogenesis and treatment of enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:787-798. [PMID: 32129102 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1737855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enthesitis is a key feature of spondyloarthritis (SpA). Several studies have underlined the role of interleukin (IL)-23 in SpA development as a crucial cytokine in the pathogenesis of enthesitis. AREA COVERED This review summarizes recent evidence of the role of IL-23 in the pathogenesis of and as a target of the treatment of enthesitis. We review the definition, diagnosis and clinical impact of enthesitis and its connection with microbial infections, gut dysbiosis, and mechanical stress. We also review clinical trials and real-life studies of drugs targeting the p19 or p40 subunits of IL-23. EXPERT OPINION Novel therapies targeting the p19 or p40 subunit of IL-23 appear to be promising treatment options for patients with enthesitis. Although we are currently unable to identify the best therapeutic window to target IL-23 in SpA disease evolution, the promising ability of this therapy to control the gut-entheseal axis is increasing our knowledge of SpA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Rossini
- Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Verona , Verona, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Tinazzi
- Unit of Rheumatology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital , Verona, Italy
| | | | - Annamaria Iagnocco
- Academic Rheumatology Centre, Università Degli Studi Di Torino , Turin, Italy
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Bakirci S, Solmaz D, Stephenson W, Eder L, Roth J, Aydin SZ. Entheseal Changes in Response to Age, Body Mass Index, and Physical Activity: An Ultrasound Study in Healthy People. J Rheumatol 2020; 47:968-972. [PMID: 32007938 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.190540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the prevalence of ultrasonographic (US) lesions in healthy entheses and contributing factors. METHODS US scans were performed on 960 entheses of 80 healthy subjects. Factors contributing to entheseal changes were investigated with regression analysis. RESULTS Thickening (20.4% of the entheses) and enthesophytes (23.1%) were the most common inflammatory and structural damage lesions, respectively. Age (p < 0.001), male sex (p = 0.003), body mass index (BMI; p = 0.001), and high physical activity (p = 0.007) were independent predictors of enthesitis scores on US. CONCLUSION The effects of age, sex, BMI, and physical activity on the entheses need to be considered when differentiating disease from health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Bakirci
- From the Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and the Division of Internal Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa; Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,S. Bakirci, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa; D. Solmaz, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa; W. Stephenson, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Ottawa; L. Eder, MD, PhD, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital and the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; J. Roth, MD, University of Ottawa, Chief, Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; S.Z. Aydin, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
| | - Dilek Solmaz
- From the Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and the Division of Internal Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa; Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,S. Bakirci, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa; D. Solmaz, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa; W. Stephenson, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Ottawa; L. Eder, MD, PhD, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital and the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; J. Roth, MD, University of Ottawa, Chief, Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; S.Z. Aydin, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
| | - Wilson Stephenson
- From the Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and the Division of Internal Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa; Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,S. Bakirci, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa; D. Solmaz, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa; W. Stephenson, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Ottawa; L. Eder, MD, PhD, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital and the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; J. Roth, MD, University of Ottawa, Chief, Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; S.Z. Aydin, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
| | - Lihi Eder
- From the Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and the Division of Internal Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa; Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,S. Bakirci, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa; D. Solmaz, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa; W. Stephenson, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Ottawa; L. Eder, MD, PhD, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital and the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; J. Roth, MD, University of Ottawa, Chief, Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; S.Z. Aydin, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
| | - Johannes Roth
- From the Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and the Division of Internal Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa; Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,S. Bakirci, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa; D. Solmaz, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa; W. Stephenson, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Ottawa; L. Eder, MD, PhD, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital and the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; J. Roth, MD, University of Ottawa, Chief, Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; S.Z. Aydin, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
| | - Sibel Zehra Aydin
- From the Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and the Division of Internal Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa; Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto; Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. .,S. Bakirci, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa; D. Solmaz, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa; W. Stephenson, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Ottawa; L. Eder, MD, PhD, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital and the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; J. Roth, MD, University of Ottawa, Chief, Division of Pediatric Dermatology and Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; S.Z. Aydin, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute.
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Kaeley GS, Bakewell C, Deodhar A. The importance of ultrasound in identifying and differentiating patients with early inflammatory arthritis: a narrative review. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:1. [PMID: 31898524 PMCID: PMC6939339 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-2050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early differentiation between different types of inflammatory arthritis and subsequent initiation of modern treatments can improve patient outcomes by reducing disease activity and preventing joint damage. Routine clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and radiographs are typically sufficient for differentiating between inflammatory and predominantly degenerative arthritis (e.g., osteoarthritis). However, in some patients with inflammatory arthritis, these techniques fail to accurately identify the type of early-stage disease. Further evaluation by ultrasound imaging can delineate the inflammatory arthritis phenotype present. Ultrasound is a noninvasive, cost-effective method that enables the evaluation of several joints at the same time, including functional assessments. Further, ultrasound can visualize pathophysiological changes such as synovitis, tenosynovitis, enthesitis, bone erosions, and crystal deposits at a subclinical level, which makes it an effective technique to identify and differentiate most common types of inflammatory arthritis. Limitations associated with ultrasound imaging should be considered for its use in the differentiation and diagnosis of inflammatory arthritides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjit S Kaeley
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 653-1 West 8th St., LRC 2nd Floor L-14, Jacksonville, FL, 32209, USA.
| | | | - Atul Deodhar
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Bakewell C, Aydin SZ, Ranganath VK, Eder L, Kaeley GS. Imaging Techniques: Options for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Treatment of Enthesitis in Psoriatic Arthritis. J Rheumatol 2019; 47:973-982. [PMID: 31676700 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.190512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) affects up to 30% of patients with psoriasis and may include musculoskeletal manifestations such as enthesitis. Enthesitis is associated with joint damage, and early detection and treatment are essential to management of the disease. Traditionally assessed by clinical examination and conventional radiography, entheseal inflammation can now be more accurately assessed earlier in the disease using techniques such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and molecular imaging. However, there is little consensus on the optimum definition for diagnosing enthesitis in PsA or on the ideal scoring system for measuring response to treatment. This review aims to summarize the benefits and limitations of different imaging modalities in the assessment of enthesitis. It also proposes that adoption of standardized definitions and validation of scoring systems and imaging techniques in clinical trials will allow the efficacy of new treatment options to be assessed more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bakewell
- From the Intermountain Healthcare Medical Group, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA; Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA. .,C. Bakewell has received consultancy fees from and/or served on speakers bureaus for AbbVie and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. S.Z. Aydin has received honoraria from Novartis. V.K. Ranganath has served on the Data and Safety Monitoring Board for Amgen and has received grants for investigator-initiated studies from Mallinckrodt. L. Eder has received research or educational grants and/or consultancy fees from Novartis. G.S. Kaeley has received consultancy fees from Novartis. .,C. Bakewell, MD, Rheumatologist, Intermountain Healthcare Medical Group Salt Lake Clinic; S.Z. Aydin, MD, Associate Professor in Rheumatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; V.K. Ranganath, MD, MS, Health Sciences Associate Clinical Professor, Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; L. Eder, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto; G.S. Kaeley, MBBS, MRCP, RhMSUS, Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine.
| | - Sibel Zehra Aydin
- From the Intermountain Healthcare Medical Group, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA; Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,C. Bakewell has received consultancy fees from and/or served on speakers bureaus for AbbVie and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. S.Z. Aydin has received honoraria from Novartis. V.K. Ranganath has served on the Data and Safety Monitoring Board for Amgen and has received grants for investigator-initiated studies from Mallinckrodt. L. Eder has received research or educational grants and/or consultancy fees from Novartis. G.S. Kaeley has received consultancy fees from Novartis.,C. Bakewell, MD, Rheumatologist, Intermountain Healthcare Medical Group Salt Lake Clinic; S.Z. Aydin, MD, Associate Professor in Rheumatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; V.K. Ranganath, MD, MS, Health Sciences Associate Clinical Professor, Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; L. Eder, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto; G.S. Kaeley, MBBS, MRCP, RhMSUS, Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine
| | - Veena K Ranganath
- From the Intermountain Healthcare Medical Group, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA; Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,C. Bakewell has received consultancy fees from and/or served on speakers bureaus for AbbVie and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. S.Z. Aydin has received honoraria from Novartis. V.K. Ranganath has served on the Data and Safety Monitoring Board for Amgen and has received grants for investigator-initiated studies from Mallinckrodt. L. Eder has received research or educational grants and/or consultancy fees from Novartis. G.S. Kaeley has received consultancy fees from Novartis.,C. Bakewell, MD, Rheumatologist, Intermountain Healthcare Medical Group Salt Lake Clinic; S.Z. Aydin, MD, Associate Professor in Rheumatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; V.K. Ranganath, MD, MS, Health Sciences Associate Clinical Professor, Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; L. Eder, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto; G.S. Kaeley, MBBS, MRCP, RhMSUS, Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine
| | - Lihi Eder
- From the Intermountain Healthcare Medical Group, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA; Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,C. Bakewell has received consultancy fees from and/or served on speakers bureaus for AbbVie and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. S.Z. Aydin has received honoraria from Novartis. V.K. Ranganath has served on the Data and Safety Monitoring Board for Amgen and has received grants for investigator-initiated studies from Mallinckrodt. L. Eder has received research or educational grants and/or consultancy fees from Novartis. G.S. Kaeley has received consultancy fees from Novartis.,C. Bakewell, MD, Rheumatologist, Intermountain Healthcare Medical Group Salt Lake Clinic; S.Z. Aydin, MD, Associate Professor in Rheumatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; V.K. Ranganath, MD, MS, Health Sciences Associate Clinical Professor, Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; L. Eder, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto; G.S. Kaeley, MBBS, MRCP, RhMSUS, Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine
| | - Gurjit S Kaeley
- From the Intermountain Healthcare Medical Group, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA; Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,C. Bakewell has received consultancy fees from and/or served on speakers bureaus for AbbVie and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. S.Z. Aydin has received honoraria from Novartis. V.K. Ranganath has served on the Data and Safety Monitoring Board for Amgen and has received grants for investigator-initiated studies from Mallinckrodt. L. Eder has received research or educational grants and/or consultancy fees from Novartis. G.S. Kaeley has received consultancy fees from Novartis.,C. Bakewell, MD, Rheumatologist, Intermountain Healthcare Medical Group Salt Lake Clinic; S.Z. Aydin, MD, Associate Professor in Rheumatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; V.K. Ranganath, MD, MS, Health Sciences Associate Clinical Professor, Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; L. Eder, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto; G.S. Kaeley, MBBS, MRCP, RhMSUS, Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Florida College of Medicine
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a multisystemic, inflammatory skin condition that can affect many areas of the body, but most commonly the extensor surfaces of the elbows and knees, and sometimes the intergluteal and umbilical area. It has a prevalence of 2–4% in western adults, and 20–30% of psoriasis patients will develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA). PsA is an inflammatory musculoskeletal disease associated with cutaneous psoriasis. It affects men and women almost equally with a peak age at onset of 40 and 50 years. It is a diverse disease that affects multiple organ systems includes peripheral and axial joints, entheses, skin, and nails. PsA is associated with comorbidities such as osteoporosis, uveitis, subclinical bowel inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Given this heterogeneity, its diagnosis has been difficult. Here we present an updated review of its classification criteria CASPAR (classification criteria for PsA), use of screening tools to aid in early diagnosis, recent findings on pathogenesis, and new therapeutic approaches including new biologic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ocampo D
- University of Toronto, Psoriatic Arthritis Program, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dafna Gladman
- University of Toronto, Psoriatic Arthritis Program, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Gladman DD, Orbai AM, Klitz U, Wei JCC, Gallo G, Birt J, Rathmann S, Shrom D, Marzo-Ortega H. Ixekizumab and complete resolution of enthesitis and dactylitis: integrated analysis of two phase 3 randomized trials in psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:38. [PMID: 30696483 PMCID: PMC6350390 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ixekizumab improves signs/symptoms of psoriatic arthritis (PsA). We present an integrated analysis of baseline disease burden and post-baseline outcomes in ixekizumab-treated patients with enthesitis or dactylitis. METHODS Data from SPIRIT-P1 and SPIRIT-P2 were integrated. Patients with PsA were randomized to 80-mg ixekizumab every 4 weeks (IXEQ4W) or 2 weeks (IXEQ2W), after a 160-mg starting dose, or to placebo. Inadequate responders at week 16 received rescue therapy. Among patients with baseline enthesitis (Leeds Enthesitis Index [LEI] > 0) or dactylitis (Leeds Dactylitis Index-Basic [LDI-B] > 0), baseline characteristics and disease burden were reported. At week 24, LEI and LDI-B (percentage of patients with resolution [LEI = 0, LDI-B = 0]) were assessed. In pooled treatment groups, the impact of enthesitis or dactylitis resolution on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (EuroQol-5 Dimensions Visual Analogue Scale [EQ-5D VAS]), physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index [HAQ-DI]), and pain was assessed. RESULTS The integrated analysis set comprised 679 patients; of these, 60% (n = 403 of 675) had baseline enthesitis (LEI > 0) and 23% (n = 155 of 676) had baseline dactylitis (LDI > 0). At week 24, ixekizumab-treated patients experienced significantly more resolution than placebo of enthesitis (39% IXEQ4W, 35% IXEQ2W, 21% placebo) and dactylitis (78% IXEQ4W, 65% IXEQ2W, 24% placebo). Furthermore, at entheseal points measured by the LEI, ixekizumab-treated patients had significantly higher resolution of enthesitis compared to placebo. At week 24, among all placebo- and ixekizumab-treated patients, resolution of enthesitis was associated with improvements in function and HRQoL whereas dactylitis resolution was associated with more limited improvements. The least squares mean HAQ-DI improvements from baseline were - 0.44 and - 0.25 for patients who did/did not resolve enthesitis, and - 0.41 and - 0.31 for patients who did/did not resolve dactylitis. EQ-5D VAS improvements were 12.3 and 5.8 for patients who did/did not resolve enthesitis, and 10.8 and 9.8 for patients who did/did not resolve dactylitis. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with pre-existing enthesitis or dactylitis, IXEQ2W- and IXEQ4W-treatment resulted in significant improvements in enthesitis and dactylitis. Enthesitis resolution was associated with improvements in patients' function, pain, and HRQoL. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01695239 , registered on September 25, 2012, and NCT02349295 , registered on October 10, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafna D Gladman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Prognosis Studies in The Rheumatic Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst St. 1E-410B, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.
| | - Ana-Maria Orbai
- Psoriatic Arthritis Program, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Uta Klitz
- Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet, Claudiusstr 45, 44649, Herne, Germany
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Institute of Medicine, Chinese Medicine Clinical Trial Center, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gaia Gallo
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julie Birt
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - David Shrom
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Helena Marzo-Ortega
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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