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Koller-Ditto N. Identification and Best Practice Management of Comorbid Geri-Psych Conditions in Critical Care. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2023; 35:481-493. [PMID: 37838420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnc.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Mental illnesses among critically ill patients are approximately 2.5 times that of the general population. Although older adults with physical-mental multimorbidity represent more than 50% of critical care admissions, health-care professionals caring for geriatric patients are not adequately educated to effectively recognize and treat serious mental illness. Additionally, critical care nurses feel vulnerable, unsupported, and unable to provide the best and safest possible patient-centered care for patients with mental illness. Hospitals can reduce these burdens by creating critical care policies and practices that are inclusive of geriatric and mental health concepts, care, and continuing education to those providing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Koller-Ditto
- Eastern Michigan University, College of Nursing, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
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Lee SI, Koh Y, Huh JW, Hong SB, Lim CM. Characteristics and prognostic factors of very elderly patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Acute Crit Care 2022; 37:372-381. [PMID: 35977895 PMCID: PMC9475142 DOI: 10.4266/acc.2022.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Korea is rapidly becoming a super aging society and is facing the increased burden of critical care for the elderly people. Traditionally, far-advanced age has been regarded as a triage criterion for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We evaluated how the characteristics and prognostic factors of very elderly patients (≥85 years) admitted to the ICU changed over the last decade. Methods We retrospectively evaluated the data of patients admitted to the ICU over 11 years (2007–2017). The clinical characteristics and outcomes of the very elderly-patients group were evaluated. Factors associated with mortality were assessed by a cox regression analysis. Results Comparing the first half (2007–2012) and the second half (2013–2017) of the study period, the proportion of very elderly group increased from 603/47,657 (1.3%), to 697/37,756 (1.8%) (P<0.001). Among 1,294 very elderly patients, 1,274 patients were analyzed excluding hopeless discharge (n=20). The non-surgical reasons for ICU admission (67.0% vs. 76.1%, P<0.001) and the percentage of patients with co-morbidities (78.3% vs. 82.7%, P=0.048) were increased. Nevertheless, the hospital mortality decreased (21.3% vs. 14.9%, P=0.001). High creatinine levels, use of vasopressors and ventilator weaning failure were associated with in-hospital mortality. Conclusions The proportion of very elderly people in the ICU increased over the last decade. The non-surgical causes of ICU admission increased compared with the surgical causes. Despite an increasement in ICU admissions of very elderly patients, in-hospital mortality of very elderly ICU patients decreased.
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Ko SJ, Cho J, Choi SM, Park YS, Lee CH, Lee SM, Yoo CG, Kim YW, Lee J. Phase Angle and Frailty Are Important Prognostic Factors in Critically Ill Medical Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Nutr Health Aging 2021; 25:218-223. [PMID: 33491037 PMCID: PMC7548529 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether phase angle (PhA) measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and frailty are associated with the outcomes of critical illnesses. DESIGN A single-center prospective cohort study. SETTING Medical intensive care unit (ICU) in Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. PARTICIPANTS 97 patients who were admitted to the medical ICU. MEASUREMENTS On admission, PhA was measured by BIA, and frailty was assessed by the Korean Modified Barthel Index (KMBI) scoring system. Patients were classified according to PhA and KMBI scores, and their impact on the outcomes of critical illnesses was evaluated. RESULTS The patients' mean age was 62.4 ± 16.4 years, and 56 of the patients (57.7%) were men. Having a high PhA above 3.5 at the time of ICU admission was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR 0.42, p = .042), and a shorter duration of ICU stay (5.6 days vs. 9.8 days, p = .016) compared to those with a low PhA. Other indices measured by BIA were not significantly associated with outcomes of critical illnesses. Frailty (KMBI > 60) was associated with more mechanical ventilation days (2.3 days vs. 7.1 days; p = .018). CONCLUSION Both PhA and frailty are important prognostic factors predicting the outcomes of critical illnesses. Low PhA scores were associated with increased mortality and a longer duration of ICU stay, and frailty was associated with more mechanical ventilation days.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Ko
- Jinwoo Lee, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea; E-mail:
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Miniksar ÖH, Özdemir M. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Very Elderly Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective and Observational Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021; 25:629-634. [PMID: 34316141 PMCID: PMC8286395 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we aim to describe clinical features and outcomes of very elderly (85 years old or older) patients and provide information about predictors of mortality and factors associated with the length of hospital stay (LOS). Materials and methods We reviewed retrospectively the files of patients over 85 years old and older who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of our training and research hospital between January 2017 and December 2018. Demographic and clinical findings, treatment modalities, and outcomes were recorded. The patients who died during the ICU stay were compared to the survivors, and factors associated with mortality and LOS in the intensive care were evaluated. Results We reviewed 2350 files, and 218 patients (58.3% females) were included. The rate of mortality was 81.7%. The factors independently associated with a higher rate of mortality were the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score; the need for mechanical ventilation (MV), or inotropic support; and the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) or chronic kidney disease (CKD). A tracheostomy and a blood transfusion were inversely associated with mortality. We found an association between LOS and comorbidities (renal replacement, percutaneous gastrostomy, blood transfusion, and a tracheostomy). Conclusion The rate of survival in the intensive care was low among these very elderly intensive care patients. A higher APACHE II score; application of MV or inotropic support; and the presence of CAD or CKD were associated with a higher mortality rate. How to cite this article Miniksar OH, Özdemir M. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Very Elderly Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective and Observational Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021; 25(6):629–634.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ökkeş H Miniksar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Mikail Özdemir
- Public Health Department, Tuberculosis Dispensary, Osmaniye Community Health Center, Osmaniye, Turkey
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Clinical characteristics and cost of hospital stay of octogenarians and nonagenarians in intensive care nephrology unit. Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 53:147-153. [PMID: 32949335 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As the population gets older, the elderly and very elderly patients are increasingly been treated in nephrology intensive care units (ICU). In this study we evaluated the characteristics and outcomes of the octogenarians (80-89 years old), nonagenarians (≥ 90 years old) and compared them with elderly (65-79 years old) patients treated in nephrology ICU. METHODS Eighteen nonagenarians, 70 octogenarians and 88 elderly patients were included in the study. Indication for hospitalization, presence of comorbid diseases, and requirement for acute dialysis treatment were investigated. Need for mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, central venous catheterization, urinary catheterization, anticoagulation, and transfusion of blood products were evaluated. Mortality rate and hospital cost were calculated. Data about survival at 1 month after discharge was collected. RESULTS Causes of hospitalization, need for dialysis treatment, mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, central venous catheterization, urinary catheterization, anticoagulation, and transfusion of blood products were not different between age groups. Diabetes mellitus and malignancy were more frequent in elderly, whereas dementia/Alzheimer's disease was more common in nonagenarians. Although, mortality in ICU was increased as the age increased, it was statistically insignificant. However, 1 month mortality rate after discharge from hospital was increased especially in nonagenarians. In nonagenarians infection, whereas in octogenarians need for dialysis treatment, were related with mortality. Length of intensive care stay and hospital cost did not differ between age groups. CONCLUSION Length of nephrology intensive care stay, mortality rate and hospital cost did not differ for very elderly age groups, but mortality risk was higher for nonagenarians after discharge from hospital.
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Tsang J, Bloomfield K, Lawrey Y, Wu Z, Connolly MJ. The very old in intensive care: Admission characteristics, mortality and supports needed at six months postdischarge. Australas J Ageing 2020; 39:305-309. [PMID: 32279457 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe survival and six-month outcomes (residence, community supports) in the very old (≥80 years) admitted to intensive care in Waitemata District Health Board, New Zealand. METHODS Hospital records of patients 80 years and over admitted from August 2015 to June 2017 were reviewed. RESULTS One hundred and seventeen patients were admitted (median age: 83). Standard ICU risk scores predicted survival to hospital discharge. Patients admitted electively were more likely to survive to discharge than emergency ICU/HDU admissions (P = .007). Ninety-two (79%) survived to hospital discharge, and 84 (72%) survived to 6 months. Eighty-four were discharged home (91% of survivors), and 79 were living at home at 6 months (94% of survivors). Community supports increased from admission (34, 29%) to 6 months later (34, 43% of community dwellers). Forty-four (47.8% surviving to discharge) were readmitted within 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Most patients are alive at discharge and 6 months, with a majority requiring no formal supports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine Bloomfield
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ywain Lawrey
- Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Martin J Connolly
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
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Lee SH, Kim JY, Kim TH, Ju SM, Yoo JW, Lee SJ, Cho YJ, Jeong YY, Lee JD, Kim HC. Retrospective Analysis of Long-Term Survival in Very Elderly (age ≥80) Critically Ill Patients of a Medical Intensive Care Unit at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Korea. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2020; 83:242-247. [PMID: 32578409 PMCID: PMC7362745 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2019.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term survival rates of very elderly (age ≥80) critically ill patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (MICU) at a regional tertiary-care hospital in Korea. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data from patients who survived after discharged from the MICU of our hospital. Survival rates at 90 days, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years were assessed between patients age ≥80 and those age <80. Survival status was evaluated using the National Health Insurance Service data. Results A total of 468 patients were admitted, 286 (179 males, 97 females; mean age, 70.18±13.2) of whom survived and were discharged soon after their treatment. Among these patients, 69 (24.1%) were age ≥80 and 217 (75.9%) were age <80. The 90-day, 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year survival rates of patients age ≥80 were significantly lower than those in patients age <80 (50.7%, 31.9%, 15.9% and 14.5% vs. 68.3%, 54.4%, 45.6%, and 40.1%, respectively) (p<0.01). The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed significantly lower survival rates in patients age ≥80 than in those age <80 (p=0.001). Conclusion The poor rates of long-term survival in very elderly (age ≥80) and critically ill patients admitted to an ICU should be considered while managing and treating them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, On Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Sun Mi Ju
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jung-Wan Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Seung Jun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Yu Ji Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Yi Yeong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jong Deog Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ho Cheol Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
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Oh DK, Na W, Park YR, Hong SB, Lim CM, Koh Y, Huh JW. Medical resource utilization patterns and mortality rates according to age among critically ill patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15835. [PMID: 31145326 PMCID: PMC6709157 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ongoing controversy about how to address the growing demand for intensive care for critically ill elderly patients. We investigated resource utilization patterns and mortality rates according to age among critically ill patients.We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit (ICU) in a tertiary referral teaching hospital between July 2006 and June 2015. Patients were categorized into non-elderly (age <65 years, n = 4140), young-elderly (age 65-74 years, n = 2306), and old-elderly (age ≥75 years, n = 1508) groups.Among 7954 admissions, the mean age was 61.5 years, and 5061 (63.6%) were of male patients. The proportion of comorbidities increased with age (64.6% in the non-elderly vs 81.4% in the young-elderly vs 82.8% in the old-elderly, P < .001 and P for trend <.001), whereas the baseline Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score decreased with age (8.1 in the non-elderly vs 7.2 in the young-elderly vs 7.2 in the old-elderly, P < .001, R = -.092 and P for trend <.001). Utilization rates of mechanical ventilation (48.6% in the non-elderly vs 48.3% in the young-elderly vs 45.5% in the old-elderly, P = .11) and renal replacement therapy (27.5% in the non-elderly vs 25.5% in the young-elderly vs 24.8% in the old-elderly, P = .069) were comparable between the age groups. The 28-day ICU mortality rates were lower in the young-elderly and the old-elderly groups than in the non-elderly group (35.6% in the non-elderly vs 34.2% in the young-elderly, P = .011; and vs 32.6% in the old-elderly, P = .002).A substantial number of critically ill elderly patients used medical resources as non-elderly patients and showed favorable clinical outcomes. Our results support that underlying medical conditions rather than age per se need to be considered for determining intensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyu Oh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Wonjun Na
- Department of Medical Engineering, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine
| | - Yu Rang Park
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Chae-Man Lim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Younsuck Koh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Jin-Won Huh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
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Zhu Y, Yin H, Zhang R, Ye X, Wei J. Gastric versus postpyloric enteral nutrition in elderly patients (age ≥ 75 years) on mechanical ventilation: a single-center randomized trial. Crit Care 2018; 22:170. [PMID: 29976233 PMCID: PMC6034338 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is reduced when postpyloric enteral nutrition (EN) is administered compared to when gastric EN is administered in specific populations. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that postpyloric EN is superior to gastric EN in reducing the incidence of VAP in elderly patients (age ≥ 75 years) who are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and require mechanical ventilation. METHODS We performed a single-center randomized clinical trial involving elderly patients (age ≥ 75 years) who were admitted to the ICU and required mechanical ventilation. The patients were randomly assigned to either the postpyloric EN group or the gastric EN group. The primary outcome was the VAP rate. RESULTS Of the 836 patients screened, 141 patients were included in the study (70 in the postpyloric EN group and 71 in the gastric EN group). The patients in the postpyloric EN group were 82.0 (75.0-99.0) years old (male 61.4%), and those in the gastric EN group were 82.0 (75.0-92.0) years old (male 63.4%). The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores were 28.09 ± 6.75 in the postpyloric EN group and 27.80 ± 7.60 in the gastric EN group (P = 0.43). VAP was observed in 8 of 70 patients (11.4%) in the postpyloric EN group and in 18 of 71 patients (25.4%) in the gastric EN group, which resulted in a significant between-group difference (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.15-0.94; P = 0.04). In the postpyloric EN group, there were significant reductions in vomiting (12 patients in the postpyloric EN group vs 29 patients in the gastric EN group; OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14-0.65; P = 0.002) and abdominal distension (18 patients in the postpyloric EN group vs 33 patients in the gastric EN group; OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.20-0.81; P = 0.01). No significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding mortality and other secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that, compared with gastric EN, postpyloric EN reduced the VAP rate among elderly patients who were admitted to the ICU and required mechanical ventilation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-IPR-16008485 . Registered on 17 May 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youfeng Zhu
- 0000 0004 1790 3548grid.258164.cDepartment of Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220 China
| | - Haiyan Yin
- 0000 0004 1790 3548grid.258164.cDepartment of Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220 China
| | - Rui Zhang
- 0000 0004 1790 3548grid.258164.cDepartment of Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220 China
| | - Xiaoling Ye
- 0000 0004 1790 3548grid.258164.cDepartment of Intensive Care Unit, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220 China
| | - Jianrui Wei
- 0000 0004 1790 3548grid.258164.cInstitute of Clinical Nutrition, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Tongfuzhong Road No. 396, Guangzhou, 510220 China
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Oh TK, Lee J, Lee YJ, Hwang JW, Do SH, Jeon YT, Song IA. Association between Modified Body Mass Index and 30-Day and 1-Year Mortality after Intensive Care Unit Admission: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7040081. [PMID: 29652842 PMCID: PMC5920455 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Because conventional body mass index (cBMI) does not reflect fluid accumulation, modified BMI (mBMI, serum albumin multiplied by cBMI) is a more accurate measure of malnutrition status. This study aimed to determine whether mortality after intensive care unit (ICU) admission was associated with cBMI, mBMI, and/or serum albumin levels. The medical records of patients who were admitted to a tertiary hospital ICU between 1 January 2012 and 31 July 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. In total, 6169 ICU-admitted patients were included in the analyses. Multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that low cBMI, mBMI and albumin level were significantly associated with 30-day and 1-year mortality after ICU admission (hazard ratio < 1.0, p < 0.05). The adjusted area under the curve (AUC) of mBMI for 1-year mortality was significantly higher than that of cBMI (p < 0.001), but not significantly different from that of albumin level (p = 0.098). Low values of mBMI, cBMI and albumin were independently associated with 30-day and 1-year mortality after ICU admission. Combining cBMI and albumin (mBMI) did not increase the validity of the AUC of albumin for 1-year mortality after ICU admission. Our study showed that serum albumin alone, rather than mBMI (combining cBMI), is recommended in predicting mortality among ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Kyu Oh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166, Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Jaebong Lee
- Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166, Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Yeon Joo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166, Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Jung-Won Hwang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166, Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Sang-Hwan Do
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166, Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Young-Tae Jeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166, Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - In-Ae Song
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166, Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
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Lim JU, Lee J, Ha JH, Kang HH, Lee SH, Moon HS. The Authors Reply. Korean J Crit Care Med 2017; 32:377-379. [PMID: 31723663 PMCID: PMC6786680 DOI: 10.4266/kjccm.2017.00521.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Uk Lim
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongmin Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jick Hwan Ha
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Hui Kang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Haak Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwa Sik Moon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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