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Murtaza N, Nawaz M, Yaqub T, Mehmood AK. Impact of Limosilactobacillus fermentum probiotic treatment on gut microbiota composition in sahiwal calves with rotavirus diarrhea: A 16S metagenomic analysis study". BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:114. [PMID: 38575861 PMCID: PMC10993544 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea poses a major threat to bovine calves leading to mortality and economic losses. Among the causes of calf diarrhea, bovine rotavirus is a major etiological agent and may result in dysbiosis of gut microbiota. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum (Accession No.OR504458) on the microbial composition of rotavirus-infected calves using 16S metagenomic analysis technique. Screening of rotavirus infection in calves below one month of age was done through clinical signs and Reverse Transcriptase PCR. The healthy calves (n = 10) were taken as control while the infected calves (n = 10) before treatment was designated as diarrheal group were treated with Probiotic for 5 days. All the calves were screened for the presence of rotavirus infection on each day and fecal scoring was done to assess the fecal consistency. Infected calves after treatment were designated as recovered group. Fecal samples from healthy, recovered and diarrheal (infected calves before sampling) were processed for DNA extraction while four samples from each group were processed for 16S metagenomic analysis using Illumina sequencing technique and analyzed via QIIME 2. RESULTS The results show that Firmicutes were more abundant in the healthy and recovered group than in the diarrheal group. At the same time Proteobacteria was higher in abundance in the diarrheal group. Order Oscillospirales dominated healthy and recovered calves and Enterobacterials dominated the diarrheal group. Alpha diversity indices show that diversity indices based on richness were higher in the healthy group and lower in the diarrheal group while a mixed pattern of clustering between diarrheal and recovered groups samples in PCA plots based on beta diversity indices was observed. CONCLUSION It is concluded that probiotic Limosilactobacillus Fermentum N-30 ameliorate the dysbiosis caused by rotavirus diarrhea and may be used to prevent diarrhea in pre-weaned calves after further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Murtaza
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Tahir Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Asim Khalid Mehmood
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Pet Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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Eicher SD, Kritchevsky JE, Bryan KA, Chitko-McKown CG. The Effect of Probiotics in a Milk Replacer on Leukocyte Differential Counts, Phenotype, and Function in Neonatal Dairy Calves. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2620. [PMID: 38004631 PMCID: PMC10673549 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been investigated for many health benefits; however, few studies have been performed to determine the effects of oral probiotics on peripheral blood and respiratory immune cells in cattle. Our objectives were to determine changes in health and growth status, differential blood cell counts and function, and blood and lung cell function using flow cytometry and PCR in dairy calves fed a milk replacer with (PRO, N = 10) or without (CON, N = 10) the addition of probiotics to the milk replacer and dry rations from birth to weaning. Performance and clinical scores were not different between the treatment groups. Treatment-by-day interactions for peripheral blood leukocyte populations differed in cell number and percentages. A greater percentage of leukocytes expressed the cell surface markers CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11b, and CD205 on d 21 in CON animals. Lung lavages were performed on five animals from each treatment group on d 52. There were no differences between treatment groups for the expression of cytokines and Toll-Like Receptors as measured using Polymerase Chain Reaction, possibly due to the small sample size. Oral probiotics appear to affect peripheral blood immune cells and function. Their effect on overall calf health remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Eicher
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Janice E. Kritchevsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | | | - Carol G. Chitko-McKown
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
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Umaña Sedó SG, Winder CB, Renaud DL. Graduate Student Literature Review: The problem of calf mortality on dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7164-7176. [PMID: 37210372 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Calf mortality can be used as an indicator of animal health and welfare on dairy farms. However, several challenges surround the estimation and reporting of this metric, specifically: (1) lack of records or reliable data, (2) methods of data collection, and (3) inconsistencies in calculation and definitions used. Therefore, despite its importance, the lack of consensus on a definition of calf mortality makes it difficult to compare mortality rates between dairy farms or studies. Monitoring factors associated with calf mortality is vital to create preventative strategies. Although common strategies have been set about how to raise dairy calves and manage dairy calves, discrepancies among studies evaluating factors associated with calf mortality still exist. This review summarizes research on the evaluation of calf mortality and associated risk factors, specifically, the lack of reliable data and standardization of the definition of calf mortality. In addition, current strategies to monitor and prevent calf mortality will be presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Umaña Sedó
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - C B Winder
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Wang X, Niu L, Wang Y, Zhan S, Wang L, Dai D, Cao J, Guo J, Li L, Zhang H, Zhong T. Combining 16S rRNA Sequencing and Metabolomics Data to Decipher the Interactions between Gut Microbiota, Host Immunity, and Metabolites in Diarrheic Young Small Ruminants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11423. [PMID: 37511183 PMCID: PMC10380214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is associated with gut microbiota, immunity, and metabolic alterations in goat kids and lambs. This study used 28 lambs (11 healthy and 17 diarrheic) and 20 goat kids (10 healthy and 10 diarrheic) to investigate the association between diarrhea occurrence and changes in gut microbiota, metabolism, and immunity in goat kids and lambs. The results revealed that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in goat kids and lambs. In addition, Enterobacteriaceae and Lachnospiraceae families were identified in both diarrheic goat kids and lambs. Furthermore, functional prediction of microbiota showed that it was involved in cell motility and cancer pathways. The identified differential metabolites were implicated in the bile secretion pathway. Lambs had significant differences in immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) compared to goat kids. IgG and IL-1β were positively correlated to Patescibacteria, Clostridiaceae, and unclassified_Muribaculaceae in both diarrheic goat kids and lambs. In addition, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that the MEgreen module was positively associated with IgG, IgM, IL-1β, TNF-α, and triglyceride (TG). In conclusion, our results characterized the gut microbiota, metabolism, and immune status of lambs and goat kids suffering from diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Siyuan Zhan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dinghui Dai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiaxue Cao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiazhong Guo
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongping Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Khan SM, Witola WH. Past, current, and potential treatments for cryptosporidiosis in humans and farm animals: A comprehensive review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1115522. [PMID: 36761902 PMCID: PMC9902888 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1115522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium is among the leading causes of waterborne diarrheal disease outbreaks throughout the world. The parasite is transmitted by ingestion of infective oocysts that are highly stable in the environment and resistant to almost all conventional disinfection methods and water treatments. Control of the parasite infection is exceedingly difficult due to the excretion of large numbers of oocysts in the feces of infected individuals that contaminate the environment and serve as a source of infection for susceptible hosts including humans and animals. Drug development against the parasite is challenging owing to its limited genetic tractability, absence of conventional drug targets, unique intracellular location within the host, and the paucity of robust cell culture platforms for continuous parasite propagation. Despite the high prevalence of the parasite, the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment of Cryptosporidium infections is nitazoxanide, which has shown moderate efficacy in immunocompetent patients. More importantly, no effective therapeutic drugs are available for treating severe, potentially life-threatening cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient patients, young children, and neonatal livestock. Thus, safe, inexpensive, and efficacious drugs are urgently required to reduce the ever-increasing global cryptosporidiosis burden especially in low-resource countries. Several compounds have been tested for both in vitro and in vivo efficacy against the disease. However, to date, only a few experimental compounds have been subjected to clinical trials in natural hosts, and among those none have proven efficacious. This review provides an overview of the past and present anti-Cryptosporidium pharmacotherapy in humans and agricultural animals. Herein, we also highlight the progress made in the field over the last few years and discuss the different strategies employed for discovery and development of effective prospective treatments for cryptosporidiosis.
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Gandhar JS, De UK, Kala A, Malik YS, Yadav S, Paul BR, Dixit SK, Sircar S, Chaudhary P, Patra MK, Gaur GK. Efficacy of Microencapsulated Probiotic as Adjunct Therapy on Resolution of Diarrhea, Copper-Zinc Homeostasis, Immunoglobulins, and Inflammatory Markers in Serum of Spontaneous Rotavirus-Infected Diarrhoetic Calves. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:1054-1066. [PMID: 34676503 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a microencapsulated probiotic as an adjunct therapy in rotavirus-positive diarrhea of neonatal calves that received supportive treatment or supportive along with microencapsulated probiotic treatment, for 5 days. We examined whether microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC15 probiotic treatment in rotavirus-infected diarrhoetic calves led to faster resolution of diarrhea, amelioration of zinc-copper imbalance, improved the immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G, and decreased the inflammatory markers in serum. Calves with rotavirus-positive diarrhea < 4-week age and fecal scores ≥ 2 were randomly assigned into two groups. The supportive along with microencapsulated probiotic treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased zinc and immunoglobulin A concentrations and decreased copper, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitric oxide level in serum on days 3 and 5 from pretreatment values; the immunoglobulin G concentration was elevated (p < 0.05) on day 5. The mean resolution time of abnormal fecal score was 5.3 and 3.3 days in supportive treatment and supportive along with microencapsulated probiotic groups, respectively, in log-rank Mantel-Cox test. The calves in the supportive along with microencapsulated probiotic treatment group had faster resolution of diarrhea than supportive treatment group in Dunn's multiple comparisons test. This study demonstrates that supportive treatment along with microencapsulated probiotic administered to naturally rotavirus-infected diarrhoetic calves at onset of diarrhea led to faster resolution of diarrhea, improved zinc and immunoglobulin levels, and decreased the inflammatory parameters in serum of rotavirus-infected diarrhoetic calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Singh Gandhar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Ujjwal Kumar De
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India.
| | - Anju Kala
- Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Supriya Yadav
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Babul Rudra Paul
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Shivendra Kumar Dixit
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Pallab Chaudhary
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Manas Kumar Patra
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Gyanendra Kumar Gaur
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
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7
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Sezgin E, Terlemez G, Bozkurt B, Bengi G, Akpinar H, Büyüktorun İ. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of bacterial biomarkers enable fast and accurate monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14217. [PMID: 36275453 PMCID: PMC9586115 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) affect millions of people worldwide with increasing incidence. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are the two most common IBDs. There is no definite cure for IBD, and response to treatment greatly vary among patients. Therefore, there is urgent need for biomarkers to monitor therapy efficacy, and disease prognosis. We aimed to test whether qPCR analysis of common candidate bacteria identified from a patient's individual fecal microbiome can be used as a fast and reliable personalized microbial biomarker for efficient monitoring of disease course in IBD. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of 16S rRNA gene region identified species level microbiota profiles for a subset of UC, CD, and control samples. Common high abundance bacterial species observed in all three groups, and reported to be associated with IBD are chosen as candidate marker species. These species, and total bacteria amount are quantified in all samples with qPCR. Relative abundance of anti-inflammatory, beneficial Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Streptococcus thermophilus was significantly lower in IBD compared to control samples. Moreover, the relative abundance of the examined common species was correlated with the severity of IBD disease. The variance in qPCR data was much lower compared to NGS data, and showed much higher statistical power for clinical utility. The qPCR analysis of target common bacterial species can be a powerful, cost and time efficient approach for monitoring disease status and identify better personalized treatment options for IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efe Sezgin
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
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8
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Varada VV, Kumar S, Chhotaray S, Tyagi AK. Host-specific probiotics feeding influence growth, gut microbiota, and fecal biomarkers in buffalo calves. AMB Express 2022; 12:118. [PMID: 36103095 PMCID: PMC9475018 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study is aimed to evaluate the effect of host-specific probiotics on the gut microbiome, performance, and select fecal biomarkers of gut health in preruminant buffalo calves. Eight Murrah buffalo calves (3–5 days old; 32.52 ± 0.43 kg average body weight (BW)) were randomly allocated into two groups as follows; 1) Group I (n = 4) fed basal diet alone (CON); 2) Group II (n = 4) supplemented with a lyophilized probiotic formulation at a dose rate of 1 g/day/head (1 × 109 CFU/g) having Limosilactobacillus reuteri BF-E7 and Ligilactobacillus salivarius BF-17 along with basal diet (PF) for 30 days. Results revealed that final BW (kg), average daily gain (g/day), average dry matter intake (g/day), and structural growth measurements were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the probiotics supplemented group (PF) compared to the control (CON). Fecal pH, fecal moisture, and fecal score were reduced (P < 0.05) in PF than in CON. Moreover, levels of fecal propionate, lactate, and ammonia altered positively in PF compared with CON. The relative abundance of Firmicutes tended to be higher (P = 0.10) in the probiotics fed group than CON. However, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly lower (P = 0.03) for calves fed probiotics on day 15. A trend was observed in Bacteroides (P = 0.07) and Lactobacillus (P = 0.08) abundances in the feces of the PF than in CON. Overall, it can be concluded that the administration of probiotic formulations significantly improved the performance and gut health of buffalo calves via modulating the gut microbiota composition.
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Mazkour S, Shekarforoush SS, Basiri S, Namazi F, Zarei‐Kordshouli F. Protective effects of oral administration of mixed probiotic spores of
Bacillus subtilis
and
Bacillus coagulans
on gut microbiota changes and intestinal and liver damage of rats infected with
Salmonella
Typhimurium
. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Mazkour
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
| | | | - Sara Basiri
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
| | - Fatemeh Namazi
- Department of Pathology School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
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Varada VV, Tyagi AK, Banakar PS, Das A, Tyagi N, Mallapa RH, Kumar S. Autochthonous Limosilactobacillus reuteri BFE7 and Ligilactobacillus salivarius BF17 probiotics consortium supplementation improves performance, immunity, and selected gut health indices in Murrah buffalo calves. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:757-767. [PMID: 35107723 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics have emerged as biotherapeutic adjuncts to combat neonatal calf gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, they are considered a suitable alternative to antibiotics for maintaining a healthy and balanced gut microbiota. Hence, the current investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of autochthonous probiotics on Murrah buffalo calves. Sixteen calves (5-7 days of age) were randomly divided into four groups. Group I served as control (CT), fed a basal diet with no supplementation. Groups II (LR), III (LS), and IV (CS) were supplemented with Limosilactobacillus reuteri BF-E7, Ligilactobacillus salivarius BF-17, and a consortium of both probiotic strains at a rate of 1x108 CFU/g/calf per day along with the basal diet, respectively. Two previously isolated potential probiotic strains, Limosilactobacillus reuteri BF-E7 and Ligilactobacillus salivarius BF-17, were found to be compatible in vitro. Dietary supplementation of probiotics for sixty days significantly increased (P<0.05) dry matter intake (DMI, g/d), average daily gain (ADG, g/d), net body weight gain (kg), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), and structural growth measurements as compared to control. Furthermore, a considerable (P<0.05) increase in the abundance of beneficial intestinal microbiota (lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) was observed along with improvement in fecal biomarkers like lactate and ammonia, immune status, and reduced fecal score. Upon comparative analysis among treatment groups, the results were found to be better in the probiotic consortium fed group compared to the LR and LS treated groups. The present findings conclusively deduced that autochthonous probiotic consortium might serve as potential candidate for fostering performance, immunity, and gut health biomarkers in Murrah buffalo calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Venkatesh Varada
- Rumen Biotechnology Lab., Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Amrish Kumar Tyagi
- Rumen Biotechnology Lab., Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.,Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Sivakumara Banakar
- Rumen Biotechnology Lab., Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Asit Das
- Rumen Biotechnology Lab., Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Nitin Tyagi
- Rumen Biotechnology Lab., Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | | | - Sachin Kumar
- Rumen Biotechnology Lab., Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.
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Slanzon GS, Ridenhour BJ, Moore DA, Sischo WM, Parrish LM, Trombetta SC, McConnel CS. Fecal microbiome profiles of neonatal dairy calves with varying severities of gastrointestinal disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262317. [PMID: 34982792 PMCID: PMC8726473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disease (GI) is the most common illness in pre-weaned dairy calves. Studies have associated the fecal microbiome composition with health status, but it remains unclear how the microbiome changes across different levels of GI disease and breeds. Our objective was to associate the clinical symptoms of GI disease with the fecal microbiome. Fecal samples were collected from calves (n = 167) of different breeds (Holstein, Jersey, Jersey-cross and beef-cross) from 4-21 d of age. Daily clinical evaluations assessed health status. Calves with loose or watery feces were diagnosed with diarrhea and classified as bright-sick (BS) or depressed-sick (DS) according to behavior. Calves with normal or semiformed feces and no clinical illness were classified as healthy (H). One hundred and three fecal samples were obtained from consistently healthy calves and 64 samples were from calves with diarrhea (n = 39 BS; n = 25 DS). The V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and analyzed. Differences were identified by a linear-mixed effects model with a negative binomial error. DS and Jersey calves had a higher relative abundance of Streptococcus gallolyticus relative to H Holstein calves. In addition, DS calves had a lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium longum and an enrichment of Escherichia coli. Species of the genus Lactobacillus, such as an unclassified Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus salivarius were enriched in calves with GI disease. Moreover, we created a model to predict GI disease based on the fecal microbiome composition. The presence of Eggerthella lenta, Bifidobacterium longum, and Collinsella aerofaciens were associated with a healthy clinical outcome. Although lactobacilli are often associated with beneficial probiotic properties, the presence of E. coli and Lactobacillus species had the highest coefficients positively associated with GI disease prediction. Our results indicate that there are differences in the fecal microbiome of calves associated with GI disease severity and breed specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana S. Slanzon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Ridenhour
- Department of Mathematics and Statistical Science, College of Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Dale A. Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - William M. Sischo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lindsay M. Parrish
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sophie C. Trombetta
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Craig S. McConnel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Effects of compound lyophilized probiotics on selected faecal microbiota, immune response, and antioxidant status in newborn buffalo calves. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Fan P, Kim M, Liu G, Zhai Y, Liu T, Driver JD, Jeong KC. The Gut Microbiota of Newborn Calves and Influence of Potential Probiotics on Reducing Diarrheic Disease by Inhibition of Pathogen Colonization. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:772863. [PMID: 34745079 PMCID: PMC8567051 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.772863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Calf diarrhea is one of the most concerning challenges facing both the dairy and beef cattle industry. Maintaining healthy gut microbiota is essential for preventing gastrointestinal disorders. Here, we observed significantly less bacterial richness in the abnormal feces with watery or hemorrhagic morphology compared to the normal solid feces. The normal solid feces showed high relative abundances of Osllospiraceae, Christensenellaceae, Barnesiella, and Lactobacillus, while the abnormal feces contained more bacterial taxa of Negativicutes, Tyzzerella, Parasutterella, Veillonella, Fusobacterium, and Campylobacter. Healthy calves had extensive bacterial-bacterial correlations, with negative correlation between Lactobacillus and potential diarrheagenic Escherichia coli-Shigella, but not in the abnormal feces. We isolated Lactobacillus species (L. reuteri, L. johnsonii, L. amylovorus, and L. animalis), with L. reuteri being the most abundant, from the healthy gut microbiota. Isolated Lactobacillus strains inhibited pathogenic strains including E. coli K88 and Salmonella Typhimurium. These findings indicate the importance of a diverse gut microbiota in newborn calf’s health and provide multiple potential probiotics that suppress pathogen colonization in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent calf diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Fan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Miju Kim
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Grace Liu
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yuting Zhai
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ting Liu
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joseph Danny Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kwangcheol C Jeong
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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14
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Ban Y, Guan LL. Implication and challenges of direct-fed microbial supplementation to improve ruminant production and health. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:109. [PMID: 34635155 PMCID: PMC8507308 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct-fed microbials (DFMs) are feed additives containing live naturally existing microbes that can benefit animals' health and production performance. Due to the banned or strictly limited prophylactic and growth promoting usage of antibiotics, DFMs have been considered as one of antimicrobial alternatives in livestock industry. Microorganisms used as DFMs for ruminants usually consist of bacteria including lactic acid producing bacteria, lactic acid utilizing bacteria and other bacterial groups, and fungi containing Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. To date, the available DFMs for ruminants have been largely based on their effects on improving the feed efficiency and ruminant productivity through enhancing the rumen function such as stabilizing ruminal pH, promoting ruminal fermentation and feed digestion. Recent research has shown emerging evidence that the DFMs may improve performance and health in young ruminants, however, these positive outcomes were not consistent among studies and the modes of action have not been clearly defined. This review summarizes the DFM studies conducted in ruminants in the last decade, aiming to provide the new knowledge on DFM supplementation strategies for various ruminant production stages, and to identify what are the potential barriers and challenges for current ruminant industry to adopt the DFMs. Overall literature research indicates that DFMs have the potential to mitigate ruminal acidosis, improve immune response and gut health, increase productivity (growth and milk production), and reduce methane emissions or fecal shedding of pathogens. More research is needed to explore the mode of action of specific DFMs in the gut of ruminants, and the optimal supplementation strategies to promote the development and efficiency of DFM products for ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Ban
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Vadopalas L, Zokaityte E, Zavistanaviciute P, Gruzauskas R, Starkute V, Mockus E, Klementaviciute J, Ruzauskas M, Lele V, Cernauskas D, Klupsaite D, Dauksiene A, Sederevicius A, Badaras S, Bartkiene E. Supplement Based on Fermented Milk Permeate for Feeding Newborn Calves: Influence on Blood, Growth Performance, and Faecal Parameters, including Microbiota, Volatile Compounds, and Fatty and Organic Acid Profiles. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092544. [PMID: 34573514 PMCID: PMC8466287 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gastrointestinal infections and diarrhoea are the main health issues in young calves. The application of microbial products containing probiotics and prebiotics may lead to better management of the gut microbiome and improved calf health. After fermentation with selected lactic acid bacterial strains, milk permeate (a dairy industry by-product) contains lactic acid bacteria and prebiotics, both of which possess viable antimicrobial properties. We hypothesised that fermented milk permeate could be a prospective feed supplement for newborn calves. A 14-day experiment was conducted in which a group of newborn calves were given a supplement of milk permeate fermented with Lactobacillus uvarum LUHS245. A significantly higher count of lactic acid bacteria, a lower total count of enterobacteria, a higher species variety, and greater concentrations of both propionic acid and dry matter were found in the faeces of the calves fed with fermented milk permeate compared with a control group. Most of the fatty acids and volatile compounds in the faeces differed significantly between the two groups. The results suggest that supplementing the calves’ feed with fermented milk permeate has a positive effect on certain health parameters but no influence on blood parameters and growth performance. Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a feed supplement, namely milk permeate (MP) fermented with Lactobacillus uvarum LUHS245, on the newborn calves’ growth performance and blood and faecal parameters, including microbiota and volatile compound and fatty acid profiles. Ten female Holstein calves in the control group (CON group) were fed with a standard milk replacer diet and colostrum only, from day 2 to 14 of life, while 10 calves of the treated group (MP group) were fed with the same diet supplemented with 50 mL of the fermented MP. After 14 days, there were no significant differences between the groups in blood parameters, growth performance, or faecal pH. There was a significantly higher percentage of live lactic acid bacteria (by 17.02%), a lower percentage of enterobacteria (by 10.38%), a higher overall number of probiotic bacteria, a 1.7-fold higher species variety, and a higher content of dry matter in the faeces of the MP group (p < 0.05). The fatty acid and volatile compound profiles differed significantly between the groups. The results suggest that supplementing calves’ feed with fermented milk permeate has a positive effect on certain health parameters but not on blood parameters or growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurynas Vadopalas
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.V.); (E.Z.); (P.Z.); (V.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.); (V.L.); (D.C.); (D.K.); (A.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Egle Zokaityte
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.V.); (E.Z.); (P.Z.); (V.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.); (V.L.); (D.C.); (D.K.); (A.D.); (S.B.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Paulina Zavistanaviciute
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.V.); (E.Z.); (P.Z.); (V.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.); (V.L.); (D.C.); (D.K.); (A.D.); (S.B.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Romas Gruzauskas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Vytaute Starkute
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.V.); (E.Z.); (P.Z.); (V.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.); (V.L.); (D.C.); (D.K.); (A.D.); (S.B.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ernestas Mockus
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.V.); (E.Z.); (P.Z.); (V.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.); (V.L.); (D.C.); (D.K.); (A.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Jolita Klementaviciute
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.V.); (E.Z.); (P.Z.); (V.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.); (V.L.); (D.C.); (D.K.); (A.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Modestas Ruzauskas
- Faculty of Veterinary, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Vita Lele
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.V.); (E.Z.); (P.Z.); (V.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.); (V.L.); (D.C.); (D.K.); (A.D.); (S.B.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Darius Cernauskas
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.V.); (E.Z.); (P.Z.); (V.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.); (V.L.); (D.C.); (D.K.); (A.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Dovile Klupsaite
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.V.); (E.Z.); (P.Z.); (V.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.); (V.L.); (D.C.); (D.K.); (A.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Agila Dauksiene
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.V.); (E.Z.); (P.Z.); (V.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.); (V.L.); (D.C.); (D.K.); (A.D.); (S.B.)
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Antanas Sederevicius
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Sarunas Badaras
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.V.); (E.Z.); (P.Z.); (V.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.); (V.L.); (D.C.); (D.K.); (A.D.); (S.B.)
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.V.); (E.Z.); (P.Z.); (V.S.); (E.M.); (J.K.); (V.L.); (D.C.); (D.K.); (A.D.); (S.B.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-601-35837
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Fernández-Ciganda S, Fraga M, Zunino P. Probiotic Lactobacilli Administration Induces Changes in the Fecal Microbiota of Preweaned Dairy Calves. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 14:804-815. [PMID: 34390476 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Early microbial colonization is a determinant factor in animal health, and probiotic administration has been demonstrated to modulate intestinal microbiota and promote health in dairy calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in calves' fecal microbiota after the administration of two probiotic lactobacilli strains that had previously exhibited beneficial effects in calves' health in relation to neonatal calf diarrhea. An in vivo assay was performed with 30 newborn male Holstein calves that were divided into three groups. Two groups were orally administered with two different lactobacilli strains (Lactobacillus johnsonii TP1.6 or Limosilactobacillus reuteri TP1.3B), and the third was the control group. Calves (5 to 9 days old) were administered with freeze-dried bacteria once a day for 10 consecutive days. Feces samples were taken before the first administration (day 0) and then again on days 10 and 21, and the V4 region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal gene was sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq 250 paired-end platform. The administration of both strains significantly affected the total bacterial community composition, and the effect lasted for 11 days after the last dose. In particular, amplicon sequence variants related to Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia genera were significantly higher in both treated groups. Therefore, modulation of the intestinal microbiota is a potential mechanism of action behind the beneficial effects of these probiotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Fernández-Ciganda
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay. .,Unidad de Investigación de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA-LE), Colonia, Uruguay.
| | - Martín Fraga
- Unidad de Investigación de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA-LE), Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Zunino
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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