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Hasanah U, Rejeki PS, Wungu CDK, Pranoto A, Izzatunnisa N, Rahmanto I, Halim S. High-intensity combination exercise has the highest effect on increasing serum irisin and interleukin 6 levels in women with obesity. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 35:71-78. [PMID: 38482824 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2023-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lifestyle, overnutrition, socioeconomic status, environmental conditions, and genetics are factors that cause obesity. Lifestyle modification with a nonpharmacological approach based on physical exercise is the starting point in overcoming obesity. However, physical exercise with the appropriate and effective intensity for obese subjects is still debated. Therefore, this study aims to prove the effect of intensity differences with aerobic-resistance combination exercise on increasing irisin and IL-6 levels in obese women. METHODS A total of 32 obese women were selected as subjects and administered the interventions of low-intensity combination exercise (Q2), moderate-intensity combination exercise (Q3), and high-intensity combination exercise (Q4). ELISA was used to measure irisin and IL-6 levels in all samples. Statistical analysis used one-way ANOVA and Turkey's-Honest Significant Difference (HSD) post hoc test. RESULTS The mean Δ IL-6 levels in the control groups (Q1), Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.27 ± 2.54, 2.07 ± 2.55, 5.99 ± 6.25, and 7.98 ± 2.82 pg/mL with (p=0.015). The mean Δ irisin levels were 0.06 ± 0.81 ng/mL in Q1, 0.59 ± 0.67 ng/mL in Q2, 1.99 ± 1.65 ng/mL in Q3, 4.63 ± 3.57 ng/mL in Q4 with (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study proved that all three types of combined exercise intensity increased myokine levels, such as irisin and IL-6. However, high-intensity combination exercise provided the most optimal improvement in myokine levels in obese women. Future studies are needed to design long-term exercise programs specifically for obese adolescent women using the findings from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uswatun Hasanah
- Sports Health Science, 194160 Universitas Airlangga Fakultas Kedokteran , Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Purwo Sri Rejeki
- Department of Physiology, 194160 Universitas Airlangga Fakultas Kedokteran , Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, 194160 Universitas Airlangga Fakultas Kedokteran , Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, 194160 Universitas Airlangga Fakultas Kedokteran , Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Adi Pranoto
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, 194160 Universitas Airlangga Fakultas Kedokteran , Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Nabilah Izzatunnisa
- Medical Program, 194160 Universitas Airlangga Fakultas Kedokteran , Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Ilham Rahmanto
- Medical Program, 194160 Universitas Airlangga Fakultas Kedokteran , Surabaya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Shariff Halim
- Clinical Research Centre, 54703 Management and Science University , Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Andiana O, Welis W, Taufik MS, Widiastuti, Siregar AH, Raharjo S. Effects of weight-bearing vs. non-weight-bearing endurance exercise on reducing body fat and inflammatory markers in obese females. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 34:215-225. [PMID: 36123345 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2022-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endurance exercise is an effective strategy for maintaining an anti-inflammatory environment and weight management. However, the effect of this type of exercise on decreasing body fat and TNF-α levels and increasing adiponectin levels is controversial. The aims of this study was to prove the effects of weight-bearing vs. non-weight-bearing endurance exercise on reducing body fat and inflammatory markers in obese females. METHODS 24 obese adolescents were recruited from female students from the State University of Malang. The interventions given in this study were weight-bearing endurance exercise (WBEE), and non-weight-bearing endurance exercise (NWBEE). Serum TNF-α levels and serum adiponectin levels were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis techniques use paired sample T-test with a significant level of 5%. RESULTS Results of the statistical analysis show that the average body fat (PBF, FM, FFM) and TNF-α levels before endurance exercise vs. after endurance exercise in both types of exercise experienced a significant decrease (p≤0.05), while average adiponectin levels in both types of exercise experienced a significant increase before endurance exercise vs. after endurance exercise (p≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS In general, it can be concluded that weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing endurance exercise with moderate-intensity for 40 min/exercise session reduce body fat and TNF-α levels and increase adiponectin levels as a marker of inflammation in obese female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Andiana
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, East Java, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Wilda Welis
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Padang, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Muhamad Syamsul Taufik
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Teacher and Education, University of Suryakancana, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Widiastuti
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Jakarta, East Jakarta, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Hakim Siregar
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Sports Sciences, State University of Medan, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Slamet Raharjo
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, East Java, Malang, Indonesia
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Pranoto A, Rejeki PS, Miftahussurur M, Setiawan HK, Yosika GF, Munir M, Maesaroh S, Purwoto SP, Waritsu C, Yamaoka Y. Single 30 min treadmill exercise session suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in obese female adolescents. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 34:235-242. [PMID: 36804995 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2022-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regular treadmill exercise may result in changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. However, the way acute treadmill exercise mechanisms affect the changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in obese has not been comprehensively exposed. This study aimed to analyze the pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress between 30 min before treadmill exercise and 24 h after treadmill exercise in obese adolescents. METHODS A total of 20 obese females aged 19-24 years were recruited from female students and given one session of treadmill exercise with an intensity of 60-70% HRmax. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) was used to analyze serum levels of MDA, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, the independent samples t-test with a significance level of 5% was employed to have the statistical analysis. RESULTS The results on 24 h after treadmill exercise and delta (Δ) between CTRL and TREG showed a significant difference (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study found a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress 24 h after treadmill exercise in obese adolescents. Therefore, treadmill exercise can be a promising strategy for preventing adolescents from obesity as well as preventing disease risks associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Pranoto
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Purwo Sri Rejeki
- Physiology Division, Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Miftahussurur
- Division of Gastroentero-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga - Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital - Institute of Tropical Disease, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hayuris Kinandita Setiawan
- Physiology Division, Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ghana Firsta Yosika
- Study Program of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | - Misbakhul Munir
- Physiology Division, Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Siti Maesaroh
- Study Program of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
| | | | - Cakra Waritsu
- Study Program of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
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Susanto H, Sugiharto, Taufiq A, Pranoto A, Dwi Trijoyo Purnomo J. Dynamic alteration of plasma levels of betatrophin in younger female onset obesity post acute moderate-intensity exercise training. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103546. [PMID: 36624736 PMCID: PMC9823226 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global metabolic disease anchored by a lack of physical activity lipid disturbances. Hitherto, betatrophin is a potential liver-derived hormone that regulates lipid metabolism. A total of 26 selected onset obese individuals (BMI range ± 28-31) were enrolled in this study and given moderate-intensity exercise. Importantly, our data show that acute moderate-intensity interval exercise (MIIE) and acute moderate-intensity continue to exercise (MICE) for 40 min significantly decrease the plasma level of full-length betatrophin respectively (174.18 ± 48.19 ng/mL; 182.31 ± 52.69 ng/mL), compared to the placebo (283.97 ± 32.23 ng/mL) post 10 min and 6 h exercise treatment (p ≤ 0.05). The plasma level of betatrophin was significantly and negatively correlated with BMI (r = - 0.412, p = 0.037), fasting blood glucose (r = - 0.390, p = 0.049), and positively correlated with VO2max (r = 0.456, p = 0.019). In addition, the linear and ordinal logistic regression analysis shows that betatrophin, is a potential predictor for BMI [estimate value = 0.995, p = 0.037 and OR (95 % CI) = 0.992 (0.0984-1.00), p = 0,048]. In summary, our data demonstrate that the circulating levels of betatrophin were decreased after acute moderate-intensity exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendra Susanto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia,Corresponding author at: Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Semarang No. 5 Street, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia.
| | - Sugiharto
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Taufiq
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
| | - Adi Pranoto
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java 60132, Indonesia
| | - Jerry Dwi Trijoyo Purnomo
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, East Java 60117, Indonesia
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Sugiharto, Merawati D, Pranoto A, Susanto H. Physiological response of endurance exercise as a growth hormone mediator in adolescent women's. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 34:61-67. [PMID: 35499967 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2022-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Overweight status decreases the growth hormone (GH) secretion, thus, increasing the risk factors for medical complications. However, proper exercise is reported to enhance GH and affect the energy balance. Therefore, exercise is proclaimed to be an accurate and engaging therapy to increase GH in preventing overweight. This study aims to investigate the physiological response of exercise in mediating the increase of GH secretion in female adolescents. METHODS 22 overweight women aged 19-20 years old, with maximal oxygen consumption of 27-35 mL/kg/min, were selected as sample size. They were divided into three groups, namely (CONT, n=7) Control, (MIEE, n=7) Moderate-intensity interval endurance exercise, and (MCEE, n=8) Moderate-intensity continuous endurance exercise. The exercise was carried out by running for 30-35 min using treadmills with an intensity of 60-70% HRmax. The blood sampling for GH examination was carried out four times before exercise, 10 min, 6 h, and 24 h after exercise. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the GH and IGF-1 levels. The data analysis was carried out using a one-way ANOVA test, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS The results of the one-Way ANOVA test suggested a significantly different average GH and IGF-1 before and after the exercise between the three groups (CON, MIEE, and MCEE) (p≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS MCEE increases the GH and IGF-1 levels more considerably than MIEE. Therefore, exercise is a mediator to increase GH and IGF-1 secretion in overweight individuals. Exercise could be a viable therapy for overweight people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugiharto
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Desiana Merawati
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Adi Pranoto
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Susanto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang, Indonesia
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Raharjo S, Rejeki P, Kurniawan A, Widiastuti, Taufik M, Siregar A, Harisman A, Andiana O, Hidayati H. Pattern of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels after acute interval exercise versus acute continuous exercise in obese adolescent females. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep220017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been linked to lower cognitive function, while exercise is known to be beneficial in enhancing the cognitive function. Exercise is also known to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as the biological marker of cognitive function. This study aimed to analyse the pattern of serum BDNF levels after acute interval exercise (MIE) versus acute continuous exercise (MCE) in obese adolescent females. A total of 24 obese females were enrolled in this study and given acute interval exercise and acute continuous exercise with moderate intensity. The serum level of BDNF in all samples was quantified using ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA, and LSD post-hoc test with a 5% significance level. The results revealed pre-exercise mean serum BDNF levels of 254.17±86.90 pg/ml (Control), 263.21±79.82 pg/ml (MIE) and 266.01±33.29 pg/ml (MCE) (P=0.948). The mean serum BDNF levels at 10 min post-exercise were 248.84±44.42 pg/ml (Control), 397.00±31.36 pg/ml (MIE), and 582.82±79.24 pg/ml (MCE) (P=0.000). The mean serum BDNF levels at 6 h post-exercise were 250.05±70.44 pg/ml (Control), 344.50±68.84 pg/ml (MIE), and 364.42±100.87 pg/ml (MCE) (P=0.029). The mean serum BDNF levels at 24 h post-exercise were 244.20±48.55 pg/ml (Control), 252.49±89.11 pg/ml (MIE), and 250.99±65.86 pg/ml (MCE) (P=0.986). It was concluded that serum BDNF in obese adolescent females increased but transiently. Serum BDNF levels increased by acute exercise in both MIE and MCE at 10 min and 6 h post-exercise. However, serum BDNF level at 24 h post-exercise decreased close to the pre-exercise serum BDNF level in all groups. Further research is needed studying the effect of chronic exercise on the kinetics of serum BDNF levels in obese adolescent females.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Raharjo
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Malang, Semarang No. 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - P.S. Rejeki
- Physiology Division, Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Prof. Dr. Moestopo No. 47, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - A.W. Kurniawan
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Sports Sciences, State University of Malang, Semarang No. 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Widiastuti
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Jakarta, Pemuda No. 10, Jakarta 13220, Indonesia
| | - M.S. Taufik
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Teacher and Education, University of Suryakancana, Pasirgede Raya, Cianjur 43216, Indonesia
| | - A.H. Siregar
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Sports Sciences, State University of Medan, Willem Iskandar, Medan 20221, Indonesia
| | - A.S.M. Harisman
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Malang, Semarang No. 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - O. Andiana
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Malang, Semarang No. 5, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - H.B. Hidayati
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Prof. Dr. Moestopo No. 47, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
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Rejeki PS, Baskara PG, Herawati L, Pranoto A, Setiawan HK, Lesmana R, Halim S. Moderate-intensity exercise decreases the circulating level of betatrophin and its correlation among markers of obesity in women. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 33:769-777. [PMID: 35286051 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Positive energy homeostasis due to overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle triggers obesity. Obesity has a close relationship with elevated levels of betatrophin and may increase the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Therefore, lifestyle modification through a nonpharmacological approach based on physical exercise is the right strategy in lowering betatrophin levels. This study aimed to analyze the effect of moderate-intensity interval and continuous exercises on decreased betatrophin levels and the association between betatrophin levels and obesity markers in women. METHODS A total of 30 women aged 20-24 years old were randomly divided into three groups. Measurement of betatrophin levels using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Data analysis techniques used were one-way ANOVA and parametric linear correlation. RESULTS The results showed that the average levels of betatrophin pre-exercise were 200.40 ± 11.03 pg/mL at CON, 203.07 ± 42.48 pg/mL at MIE, 196.62 ± 21.29 pg/mL at MCE, and p=0.978. Average levels of betatrophin post-exercise were 226.65 ± 18.96 pg/mL at CON, 109.31 ± 11.23 pg/mL at MIE, 52.38 ± 8.18 pg/mL at MCE, and p=0.000. Pre-exercise betatrophin levels were positively correlated with age, BMI, FM, WHR, FBG, and PBF (p≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that betatrophin levels are decreased by 10 min post-MIE and post-MCE. However, moderate-intensity continuous exercise is more effective in lowering betatrophin levels than moderate-intensity interval exercise. In addition, pre-exercise betatrophin levels also have a positive correlation with obesity markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purwo Sri Rejeki
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Physiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Pradika Gita Baskara
- Sport Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Lilik Herawati
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Physiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Adi Pranoto
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hayuris Kinandita Setiawan
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Physiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Department of Biomedical Science, Physiology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Shariff Halim
- Clinical Research Centre, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
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Andarianto A, Rejeki P, Sakina, Pranoto A, Seputra TA, Sugiharto, Miftahussurur M. Inflammatory markers in response to interval and continuous exercise in obese women. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep210038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is strongly associated with the degree of inflammation characterised by proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Lifestyle modification with exercise is the right strategy because it can stimulate interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion which acts as an anti-inflammatory. This study aimed to analyse the response of interval and continuous exercise to inflammatory markers in obese women. Twenty-four women participated in this study and were randomly divided into 3 groups: CONG (n=8, control group without any intervention): MCEG (n=8, continuous exercise group) and MIEG (n=8, interval exercise group). ELISA was used to measure the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, pre-exercise and post-exercise. The data were analysed using the paired sample t-test. The mean levels of TNF-α, pre-exercise and post-exercise, were 19.35±2.73 vs 19.36±2.23 pg/ml (P=0.989) in CONG, 19.42±2.79 vs 16.63±0.82 pg/ml (P=0.017) in MCEG, and 19.46±3.08 vs 16.96±2.11 pg/ml (P=0.079) in MIEG. Mean levels of IL-6, pre-exercise and post-exercise, were 7.56±2.88 vs 7.66±4.12 pg/ml (P=0.957) for CONG, 7.68±3.41 vs 13.97±2.38 pg/ml (P=0.001) for MCEG, and 7.78±1.99 vs 13.66±3.55 pg/ml (P=0.001) for MIEG. We concluded that interval and continuous exercise decreased pro-inflammatory and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Andarianto
- Sport Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, 60131 Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - P.S. Rejeki
- Sport Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, 60131 Surabaya, Indonesia
- Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, 60131 Surabaya, Indonesia
- Physiology Division, Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, 60131 Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sakina
- Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, 60131 Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, 60131 Surabaya Indonesia
| | - A. Pranoto
- Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, 60131 Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - T.W. Aga Seputra
- Sport Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No.47, 60131 Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sugiharto
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang No.5, 65145 Malang, Indonesia
| | - M. Miftahussurur
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, 60286 Surabaya, Indonesia
- Gastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo No. 6-8, 60286 Surabaya, Indonesia
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