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Lijalem YG, Gab-Allah MA, Yu H, Choi K, Kim B. Development of a corn flour certified reference material for the accurate determination of zearalenone. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3173-3183. [PMID: 38568232 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A certified reference material (CRM, KRISS 108-01-002) for zearalenone in corn flour was developed to assure reliable and accurate measurements in testing laboratories. Commercially available corn flour underwent freeze-drying, pulverization, sieving, and homogenization. The final product was packed in amber bottles, approximately 14 g per unit, and preserved at -70 °C. 13C18-Zearalenone was used as an internal standard (IS) for the certification of zearalenone by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC‒MS/MS) and for the analysis of α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and zearalanone by LC‒MS/MS. The prepared CRM was sufficiently homogeneous, as the among-unit relative standard deviation for each mycotoxin ranged from 2.2 to 5.7 %. Additionally, the stability of the mycotoxins in the CRM was evaluated under different temperature conditions and scheduled test periods, including storage at -70°C, -20°C, and 4°C and room temperature for up to 12 months, 6 months, and 1 month, respectively. The content of each target mycotoxin in the CRM remained stable throughout the monitoring period at each temperature. Zearalenone content (153.6 ± 8.0 µg/kg) was assigned as the certified value. Meanwhile, the contents of α-zearalenol (1.30 ± 0.17 µg/kg), β-zearalenol (4.75 ± 0.33 µg/kg), and zearalanone (2.09 ± 0.16 µg/kg) were provided as informative values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Getachew Lijalem
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- National Metrology Institute of Ethiopia, P. O. Box: 5722, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mohamed A Gab-Allah
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Reference Materials Lab, National Institute of Standards, Tersa St, Haram, P. O. Box: 136, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Hyeonwoo Yu
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Material Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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Yu J, Pedroso IR. Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:480. [PMID: 37624237 PMCID: PMC10467131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Wang S, Fu W, Zhao X, Chang X, Liu H, Zhou L, Li J, Cheng R, Wu X, Li X, Sun C. Zearalenone disturbs the reproductive-immune axis in pigs: the role of gut microbial metabolites. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:234. [PMID: 36536466 PMCID: PMC9762105 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to zearalenone (ZEN, a widespread Fusarium mycotoxin) causes reproductive toxicity and immunotoxicity in farm animals, and it then poses potential threats to human health through the food chain. A systematic understanding of underlying mechanisms on mycotoxin-induced toxicity is necessary for overcoming potential threats to farm animals and humans. The gastrointestinal tract is a first-line defense against harmful mycotoxins; however, it remains unknown whether mycotoxin (e.g., ZEN)-induced toxicity on the reproductive-immune axis is linked to altered gut microbial metabolites. In this study, using pigs (during the three phases) as an important large animal model, we investigated whether ZEN-induced toxicity on immune defense in the reproductive-immune axis was involved in altered gut microbial-derived metabolites. Moreover, we observed whether the regulation of gut microbial-derived metabolites through engineering ZEN-degrading enzymes counteracted ZEN-induced toxicity on the gut-reproductive-immune axis. RESULTS Here, we showed ZEN exposure impaired immune defense in the reproductive-immune axis of pigs during phase 1/2. This impairment was accompanied by altered gut microbial-derived metabolites [e.g., decreased butyrate production, and increased lipopolysaccharides (LPS) production]. Reduction of butyrate production impaired the intestinal barrier via a GPR109A-dependent manner, and together with increased LPS in plasma then aggravated the systemic inflammation, thus directly and/or indirectly disturbing immune defense in the reproductive-immune axis. To validate these findings, we further generated recombinant Bacillus subtilis 168-expressing ZEN-degrading enzyme ZLHY-6 (the Bs-Z6 strain) as a tool to test the feasibility of enzymatic removal of ZEN from mycotoxin-contaminated food. Notably, modified gut microbial metabolites (e.g., butyrate, LPS) through the recombinant Bs-Z6 strain counteracted ZEN-induced toxicity on the intestinal barrier, thus enhancing immune defense in the reproductive-immune axis of pigs during phase-3. Also, butyrate supplementation restored ZEN-induced abnormalities in the porcine small intestinal epithelial cell. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results highlight the role of gut microbial-derived metabolites in ZEN-induced toxicity on the gut-reproductive-immune axis. Importantly, targeting these gut microbial-derived metabolites opens a new window for novel preventative strategies or therapeutic interventions for mycotoxicosis associated to ZEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, The People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xueya Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiao Chang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hujun Liu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, The People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Shenzhen Premix INVE Nutrition, Co., LTD., Shenzhen, 518100, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, The People's Republic of China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Changpo Sun
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, The People's Republic of China.
- Standards and Quality Center of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, The People's Republic of China.
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Koch M, Mauch T, Riedel J. Development of a Hydrazine-Based Solid-Phase Extraction and Clean-Up Method for Highly Selective Quantification of Zearalenone in Edible Vegetable Oils by HPLC-FLD. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080549. [PMID: 36006211 PMCID: PMC9413969 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid, cost-efficient, and eco-friendly methods are desired today for routine analysis of the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) in edible vegetable oils. Liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) is commonly used to reliably control the specified ZEN maximum levels, which requires efficient sample clean-up to avoid matrix interferences. Therefore, a highly selective extraction and clean-up method based on reversible covalent hydrazine chemistry (RCHC) using hydrazine-functionalized silica was developed. This efficient solid-phase extraction (SPE) involves reversible hydrazone formation of ZEN with the hydrazine moiety covalently bound to a solid phase. Optimal conditions were achieved with 1 mL SPE cartridges filled with 400 mg of hydrazine-functionalized silica. The developed RCHC-SPE method was validated in an interlaboratory comparison study (ILC) with twelve participants analyzing six edible vegetable oils with a focus on maize oils. The derived method parameters (ZEN recovery 83%, repeatability 7.0%, and reproducibility 18%) meet the performance criteria of Commission Regulation (EC) No 401/2006. The developed RCHC-SPE-based HPLC-FLD method allows the reliable quantification of ZEN in the range of 47–494 µg/kg for different types of edible vegetable oils, also for matrix-reach native oils. Due to the high efficiency, the significantly reduced matrix load helps to extend the lifetime of analytical equipment. Furthermore, the re-useability of the RCHC-SPE cartridges contributes to an eco-friendly approach and reduced analysis costs. To our knowledge, this is the first report on ZEN quantification in edible vegetable oils based on manual RCHC-SPE cartridges. Due to its high performance, the developed RCHC-SPE method is a promising alternative to the current European standard method EN 16924:2017 (HPLC-FLD part).
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SILVA JVBD, OLIVEIRA CAFD, RAMALHO LNZ. An overview of mycotoxins, their pathogenic effects, foods where they are found and their diagnostic biomarkers. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.48520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Jin J, Beekmann K, Ringø E, Rietjens IM, Xing F. Interaction between food-borne mycotoxins and gut microbiota: A review. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Development and certification of a reference material for zearalenone in maize germ oil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5483-5491. [PMID: 34287657 PMCID: PMC8405470 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium fungi, is a common contaminant of cereal-based food worldwide. Due to frequent occurrences associated with high levels of ZEN, maize oil is a particular source of exposure. Although a European maximum level for ZEN in maize oil exists according to Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1126/2007 along with a newly developed international standard method for analysis, certified reference materials (CRM) are still not available. To overcome this lack, the first CRM for the determination of ZEN in contaminated maize germ oil (ERM®-BC715) was developed in the frame of a European Reference Materials (ERM®) project according to the requirements of ISO Guide 35. The whole process of CRM development including preparation, homogeneity and stability studies, and value assignment is presented. The assignment of the certified mass fraction was based upon an in-house study using high-performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Simultaneously, to support the in-house certification study, an interlaboratory comparison study was conducted with 13 expert laboratories using different analytical methods. The certified mass fraction and expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of ERM®-BC715 (362 ± 22) μg kg-1 ZEN are traceable to the SI. This reference material is intended for analytical quality control and contributes to the improvement of consumer protection and food safety.
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Zearalenone and the Immune Response. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040248. [PMID: 33807171 PMCID: PMC8066068 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic fusariotoxin, being classified as a phytoestrogen, or as a mycoestrogen. ZEA and its metabolites are able to bind to estrogen receptors, 17β-estradiol specific receptors, leading to reproductive disorders which include low fertility, abnormal fetal development, reduced litter size and modification at the level of reproductive hormones especially in female pigs. ZEA has also significant effects on immune response with immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive results. This review presents the effects of ZEA and its derivatives on all levels of the immune response such as innate immunity with its principal component inflammatory response as well as the acquired immunity with two components, humoral and cellular immune response. The mechanisms involved by ZEA in triggering its effects are addressed. The review cited more than 150 publications and discuss the results obtained from in vitro and in vivo experiments exploring the immunotoxicity produced by ZEA on different type of immune cells (phagocytes related to innate immunity and lymphocytes related to acquired immunity) as well as on immune organs. The review indicates that despite the increasing number of studies analyzing the mechanisms used by ZEA to modulate the immune response the available data are unsubstantial and needs further works.
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Direct and Competitive Optical Grating Immunosensors for Determination of Fusarium Mycotoxin Zearalenone. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010043. [PMID: 33430121 PMCID: PMC7827007 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS)-based immunosensor formats were developed for label-free detection of Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (ZON). To achieve low limits of detection (LODs), both immobilised antibody-based (direct) and immobilised antigen-based (competitive) assay setups were applied. Immunoreagents were immobilised on epoxy-, amino-, and carboxyl-functionalised sensor surfaces, and by optimising the immobilisation methods, standard sigmoid curves were obtained in both sensor formats. An outstanding LOD of 0.002 pg/mL was obtained for ZON in the competitive immunosensor setup with a dynamic detection range between 0.01 and 1 pg/mL ZON concentrations, depending on the covalent immobilisation method applied. This corresponds to a five orders of magnitude improvement in detectability of ZON relative to the previously developed enzyme-linked immonosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The selectivity of the immunosensor for ZON was demonstrated with structural analogues (α-zearalenol, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol) and structurally unrelated mycotoxins. The method was found to be applicable in maize extract using acetonitrile as the organic solvent, upon a dilution rate of 1:10,000 in buffer. Thus, the OWLS immunosensor method developed appears to be suitable for the quantitative determination of ZON in aqueous medium. The new technique can widen the range of sensoric detection methods of ZON for surveys in food and environmental safety assessment.
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Lehle JD, McCarrey JR. Differential susceptibility to endocrine disruptor-induced epimutagenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2020; 6:dvaa016. [PMID: 33324495 PMCID: PMC7722801 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is now considerable evidence indicating the potential for endocrine disrupting chemicals to alter the epigenome and for subsets of these epigenomic changes or "epimutations" to be heritably transmitted to offspring in subsequent generations. While there have been many studies indicating how exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals can disrupt various organs associated with the body's endocrine systems, there is relatively limited information regarding the relative susceptibility of different specific organs, tissues, or cell types to endocrine disrupting chemical-induced epimutagenesis. Here we review available information about different organs, tissues, cell types, and/or cell lines which have been shown to be susceptible to specific endocrine disrupting chemical-induced epimutations. In addition, we discuss possible mechanisms that may be involved, or impacted by this tissue- or cell type-specific, differential susceptibility to different endocrine disrupting chemicals. Finally, we summarize available information indicating that certain periods of development display elevated susceptibility to endocrine disrupting chemical exposure and we describe how this may affect the extent to which germline epimutations can be transmitted inter- or transgenerationally. We conclude that cell type-specific differential susceptibility to endocrine disrupting chemical-induced epimutagenesis is likely to directly impact the extent to, or manner in, which endocrine disrupting chemical exposure initially induces epigenetic changes to DNA methylation and/or histone modifications, and how these endocrine disrupting chemical-induced epimutations can then subsequently impact gene expression, potentially leading to the development of heritable disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake D Lehle
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - John R McCarrey
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Tarazona A, Gómez JV, Mateo F, Jiménez M, Romera D, Mateo EM. Study on mycotoxin contamination of maize kernels in Spain. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sadeghi E, Oskoei LB, Nejatian M, Mehr SS. Effect of microwave, deep frying and oven cooking on destruction of zearalenone in spiked maize oil. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are one of the most common types of chemical hazards related to edible oils. Although the refining process can remove such contaminations, they may still be present in the final oils due to defects during the refining steps. In addition, most oils produced in local manufactories are not refined and as such may be contaminated with mycotoxins. However, the effect of various cooking methods on the stability of mycotoxins in edible oils has rarely been studied. Hence, this study evaluated the impact of microwave, deep frying and oven cooking on the degradation of spiked zearalenone (50, 100 and 200 μg/l) in maize oil. Measurements were done by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. The results showed that the majority of treatments, including time-temperature combinations of frying (130-190 °C for 2.5 and 5 min), oven cooking (110-230 °C for 2.5 and 5 min) and exposure time of microwave (2.5, 5 and 10 min) reduced zearalenone levels. Microwave cooking of samples containing 200 μg/l of zearalenone for 10 min showed the highest degradation of the toxin (~ 38%) following first order kinetics. The extent of destruction achieved by frying and oven cooking was also dependent on the initial concentration of zearalenone. These findings can be helpful to evaluate the chemical safety of edible oils or foods prepared by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Sadeghi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - L. Bohlouli Oskoei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - M. Nejatian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - S. Solaimani Mehr
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Zhang W, Zhang S, Wang J, Shan A, Xu L. Changes in intestinal barrier functions and gut microbiota in rats exposed to zearalenone. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:111072. [PMID: 32758694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that causes serious health problems in humans and animals. However, few studies have focused on the destruction of the intestinal barrier caused by ZEN. In this study, rats were exposed to different dosages of ZEN (0, 0.2, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg bw) by gavage for 4 weeks. The results showed that 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg ZEN impaired gut morphology, induced the inflammatory response, reduced mucin expression, increased intestinal permeability, decreased the expression of TJ proteins and activated the RhoA/ROCK pathway. However, 0.2 mg/kg ZEN had no significant effect on intestinal barrier except for reducing the expression of some TJ proteins and mucins. Moreover, exposure to ZEN led to slight imbalance in microbiota. In conclusion, ZEN exposure resulted in intestinal barrier dysfunction by inducing intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, decreasing the expression of TJ proteins, activating the RhoA/ROCK pathway, and inducing the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Shihua Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Li Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Song T, Yang W, Huang L, Yang Z, Jiang S. Zearalenone exposure affects the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and related genes of porcine endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:993-1005. [PMID: 32898953 PMCID: PMC8100490 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Zearalenone (ZEA) has estrogen-like effects. Our previous study has shown that ZEA (0.5 to 1.5 mg/kg) could induce abnormal uterine proliferation through transforming growth factor signaling pathway. To further study the other regulatory networks of uterine hypertrophy caused by ZEA, the potential mechanism of ZEA on porcine endometrial epithelial cells (PECs) was explored by the Illumina Hiseq 2000 sequencing system. Methods The PECs were treated with ZEA at 0 (ZEA0), 5 (ZEA5), 20 (ZEA20), and 80 (ZEA80) μmol/L for 24 h. The collected cells were subjected to cell cycle, RNA-seq, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and western blot analysis. Results The proportion of cells in the S and G2 phases decreased (p<0.05), but the proportion of cells in the G1 phase increased (p<0.05) in the ZEA80 treatment. Data analysis revealed that the expression of Wnt pathway-related genes, estrogen-related genes, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway-related genes increased (p<0.05), but the expression of genetic stability genes decreased (p<0.05) with increasing ZEA concentrations. The relative mRNA and protein expression of WNT1, β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) were increased (p<0.05) with ZEA increasing, while the relative mRNA and protein expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) was decreased (p<0.05). Moreover, our immunofluorescence results indicate that β-catenin accumulated around the nucleus from the cell membrane and cytoplasm with increasing ZEA concentrations. Conclusion In summary, ZEA can activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by up-regulating WNT1 and β-catenin expression, to promote the proliferation and development of PECs. At the same time, the up-regulation of GSK-3β and down-regulation of CCND1, as well as the mRNA expression of other pathway related genes indicated that other potential effects of ZEA on the uterine development need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Song
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271 018, China
| | - Weiren Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271 018, China
| | - Libo Huang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271 018, China
| | - Zaibin Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271 018, China
| | - Shuzhen Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Technology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271 018, China
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Shcherbakova L, Rozhkova A, Osipov D, Zorov I, Mikityuk O, Statsyuk N, Sinitsyna O, Dzhavakhiya V, Sinitsyn A. Effective Zearalenone Degradation in Model Solutions and Infected Wheat Grain Using a Novel Heterologous Lactonohydrolase Secreted by Recombinant Penicillium canescens. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E475. [PMID: 32722498 PMCID: PMC7472149 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the first results on obtaining an enzyme preparation that might be promising for the simultaneous decontamination of plant feeds contaminated with a polyketide fusariotoxin, zearalenone (ZEN), and enhancing the availability of their nutritional components. A novel ZEN-specific lactonohydrolase (ZHD) was expressed in a Penicillium canescens strain PCA-10 that was developed previously as a producer of different hydrolytic enzymes for feed biorefinery. The recombinant ZHD secreted by transformed fungal clones into culture liquid was shown to remove the toxin from model solutions, and was able to decontaminate wheat grain artificially infected with a zearalenone-producing Fusarium culmorum. The dynamics of ZEN degradation depending on the temperature and pH of the incubation media was investigated, and the optimal values of these parameters (pH 8.5, 30 °C) for the ZHD-containing enzyme preparation (PR-ZHD) were determined. Under these conditions, the 3 h co-incubation of ZEN and PR-ZHD resulted in a complete removal of the toxin from the model solutions, while the PR-ZHD addition (8 mg/g of dried grain) to flour samples prepared from the infected ZEN-polluted grain (about 16 µg/g) completely decontaminated the samples after an overnight exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Shcherbakova
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Alexandra Rozhkova
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.R.); (D.O.); (I.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Dmitrii Osipov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.R.); (D.O.); (I.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Ivan Zorov
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.R.); (D.O.); (I.Z.); (A.S.)
| | - Oleg Mikityuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Natalia Statsyuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Olga Sinitsyna
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vitaly Dzhavakhiya
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Bolshie Vyazemy, 143050 Moscow, Russia; (O.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Arkady Sinitsyn
- Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.R.); (D.O.); (I.Z.); (A.S.)
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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16
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Interaction of zearalenone-14-sulfate with cyclodextrins and the removal of the modified mycotoxin from aqueous solution by beta-cyclodextrin bead polymer. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Zafir Mohamad Nasir M, Novotný F, Alduhaish O, Pumera M. 3D-printed electrodes for the detection of mycotoxins in food. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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18
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Zhou J, Zhu L, Chen J, Wang W, Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang W. Degradation mechanism for Zearalenone ring-cleavage by Zearalenone hydrolase RmZHD: A QM/MM study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:135897. [PMID: 31887512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The danger of zearalenone (ZEN) as an endocrine disruptor to humans and the environment has aroused increasing attention. In this study, we implemented the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method to investigate the degradation mechanism of ZEN hydrolase (RmZHD) toward ZEN at the atomic level. The degradation process involves two concerted reaction pathways, where the active site contains a Ser-His-Glu triplet as a proton donor. With the Boltzmann-weighted average potential barriers of 18.1 and 21.5 kcal/mol, the process undergoes proton transfer and nucleophilic-substituted ring opening to form a hydroxyl product. Non-covalent interaction analyses elucidated hydrogen bonding between key amino acids with ZEN. The electrostatic influence analysis of 16 amino acids proposes residues Asp34 and His128 as the possible mutation target for future mutation design of enzyme RmZHD. An in-depth investigation of the protein environment of RmZHD can improve the bioremediation efficiency of endocrine disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ledong Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Ruiming Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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19
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Kohn BN, Bunzel M. Zearalenone‐malonyl‐glucosides as phase II metabolites in plant cell suspension cultures. Cereal Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beate N. Kohn
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Applied Biosciences Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Applied Biosciences Karlsruhe Germany
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20
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Molecular reaction mechanism for elimination of zearalenone during simulated alkali neutralization process of corn oil. Food Chem 2020; 307:125546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Food Consumption Data as a Tool to Estimate Exposure to Mycoestrogens. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020118. [PMID: 32070037 PMCID: PMC7076783 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone and alternariol are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium and Alternaria species, respectively, that present estrogenic activity and consequently are classified as endocrine disruptors. To estimate the exposure of the Portuguese population to these two mycotoxins at a national level, a modelling approach, based on data from 94 Portuguese volunteers, was developed considering as inputs: i) the food consumption data generated within the National Food and Physical Activity Survey; and ii) the human biomonitoring data used to assess the exposure to the referred mycotoxins. Six models of association between mycoestrogens urinary levels (zearalenone, total zearalenone and alternariol) and food items (meat, cheese, and fresh-cheese, breakfast cereals, sweets) were established. Applying the obtained models to the consumption data (n = 5811) of the general population, the median estimates of the probable daily intake revealed that a fraction of the Portuguese population might exceed the tolerable daily intake defined for zearalenone. A reference intake value for alternariol is still lacking, thus the characterization of risk due to the exposure to this mycotoxin was not possible to perform. Although the unavoidable uncertainties, these results are important contributions to understand the exposure to endocrine disruptors in Portugal and the potential Public Health consequences.
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22
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Faisal Z, Garai E, Csepregi R, Bakos K, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Szente L, Balázs A, Cserháti M, Kőszegi T, Urbányi B, Csenki Z, Poór M. Protective effects of beta-cyclodextrins vs. zearalenone-induced toxicity in HeLa cells and Tg(vtg1:mCherry) zebrafish embryos. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124948. [PMID: 31726616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a xenoestrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species. High exposure with zearalenone induces reproductive disorders worldwide. Cyclodextrins are ring-shaped host molecules built up from glucose units. The apolar cavity of cyclodextrins can entrap so-called guest molecules. The formation of highly stable host-guest type complexes with cyclodextrins can decrease the biological effect of the guest molecule. Therefore, cyclodextrins may be suitable to decrease the toxicity of some xenobiotics even after the exposure. In this study, the protective effect of beta-cyclodextrins against zearalenone-induced toxicity was investigated in HeLa cells and zebrafish embryos. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies demonstrated the formation of stable complexes of zearalenone with sulfobutyl-, methyl-, and succinyl-methyl-substituted beta-cyclodextrins at pH 7.4 (K = 1.4-4.7 × 104 L/mol). These chemically modified cyclodextrins considerably decreased or even abolished the zearalenone-induced loss of cell viability in HeLa cells and mortality in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, the sublethal effects of zearalenone were also significantly alleviated by the co-treatment with beta-cyclodextrins. To test the estrogenic effect of the mycotoxin, a transgenic bioindicator zebrafish model (Tg(vtg1:mCherry)) was also applied. Our results suggest that the zearalenone-induced vitellogenin production is partly suppressed by the hepatotoxicity of zearalenone in zebrafish. This study demonstrates that the formation of stable zearalenone-cyclodextrin complexes can strongly decrease or even abolish the zearalenone-induced toxicity, both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, cyclodextrins appear as promising new mycotoxin binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelma Faisal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Edina Garai
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Rita Csepregi
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 13, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Bakos
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Szente
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin Research & Development Laboratory, Ltd., Illatos út 7, H-1097, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Adrienn Balázs
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Mátyás Cserháti
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Kőszegi
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 13, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Csenki
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
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23
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Hort V, Nicolas M, Travel A, Jondreville C, Maleix C, Baéza E, Engel E, Guérin T. Carry-over assessment of fumonisins and zearalenone to poultry tissues after exposure of chickens to a contaminated diet – A study implementing stable-isotope dilution assay and UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Djekic I, Udovicki B, Kljusurić J, Papageorgiou M, Jovanovic J, Giotsas C, Djugum J, Tomic N, Rajkovic A. Exposure assessment of adult consumers in Serbia, Greece and Croatia to deoxynivalenol and zearalenone through consumption of major wheat-based products. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this research was to perform an exposure assessment of mycotoxin intake through consumption of wheat-based products in Serbia, Croatia, and Greece by estimating deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) exposure from wheat. Food consumption survey of wheat-based products has been performed during 2017 in the three countries with at least 1000 interviewees per country. Values for the concentration of DON and ZEA were extracted from available research published in this decade. Finally, a Monte Carlo analysis of 100,000 simulations was performed to estimate the intake of DON and ZEA from consumption of wheat-based products. Results revealed that the estimated daily wheat-borne intake of DON of the adult population in Croatia was 0.121 μg/kg bw/day, followed by Greece with 0.181 μg/kg bw/day and Serbia with 0.262 μg/kg bw/day. This shows that 0.25% of Croatian, 1.19% of Greek and 3.96% of Serbian adult population is exposed to higher daily dietary intakes of DON than recommended. Estimated daily wheat-borne intake of ZEA was 0.017 μg/kg bw/day in Greece, 0.026 μg/kg bw/day in Croatia and 0.050 μg/kg bw/day in Serbia. Higher intake of ZEA is associated with 0.62% of the Greek population, followed by 0.95% Croatian and 2.25% of Serbian citizens. This type of research is helpful to assess accurately the risk by DON/ZEA intake associated with the consumption of wheat-based products by consumers in these three countries. Distributions of potential mycotoxin intakes were highly right-skewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Djekic
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - B. Udovicki
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - J.G. Kljusurić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M. Papageorgiou
- Food Technology Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, POB 141, Thessaloniki 574 00, Greece
| | - J. Jovanovic
- Food Technology Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, POB 141, Thessaloniki 574 00, Greece
| | - C. Giotsas
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, A, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J. Djugum
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva ul. 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Ministry of Agriculture, Ulica grada Vukovara 78, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N. Tomic
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - A. Rajkovic
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Management, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
- Food Technology Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, POB 141, Thessaloniki 574 00, Greece
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25
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Warth B, Preindl K, Manser P, Wick P, Marko D, Buerki-Thurnherr T. Transfer and Metabolism of the Xenoestrogen Zearalenone in Human Perfused Placenta. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:107004. [PMID: 31596610 PMCID: PMC6867367 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy is a sensitive condition during which adverse environmental exposures should be monitored thoroughly and minimized whenever possible. In particular, the hormone balance during gestation is delicate, and disturbance may cause acute or chronic long-term health effects. A potential endocrine disruption may be provoked by in utero exposure to xenoestrogens mimicking endogenous estrogens. The mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN), a toxic fungal secondary metabolite and mycotoxin found frequently in food and feed, constitutes a prominent example. OBJECTIVES We performed a comprehensive assessment of the transfer as well as phase I and phase II metabolism of ZEN at the human placental barrier. METHODS Human placentas were perfused with 1μM (318μg/L) ZEN for 6 h. Samples from the maternal and fetal compartment, placental tissue, and fetal plasma were analyzed by a highly sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS assay to detect ZEN as well as nine key metabolites (α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalanone, α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol, ZEN-14-glucuronide, α-zearalenol-14-glucuronide, β-zearalenol-14-glucuronide, ZEN-14-sulfate). RESULTS The model revealed a fast maternofetal transfer of ZEN across the human placental barrier. We also unraveled phase I and phase II metabolism of the parent toxin ZEN into the approximately 70-times more estrogenic α-zearalenol and the less active ZEN-14-sulfate conjugate, which are effectively released into the maternal and fetal circulation in considerable amounts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that exposure to ZEN (such as through consumption of ZEN-contaminated cereal-based products) during pregnancy may result in in utero exposure of the fetus, not only to ZEN but also some of its highly estrogenically active metabolites. In the light of the known affinity of ZEN and potentially co-occurring xenoestrogens to the estrogen receptor, and our results demonstrating placental transfer of ZEN and its metabolites in an ex vivo model, we recommend further research and more comprehensive assessment of gestational exposures in women. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4860.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Network Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Preindl
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pius Manser
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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26
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Rogowska A, Pomastowski P, Rafińska K, Railean-Plugaru V, Złoch M, Walczak J, Buszewski B. A study of zearalenone biosorption and metabolisation by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Toxicon 2019; 169:81-90. [PMID: 31493420 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A study of the mechanism responsible for the zearalenone (ZEA) neutralization by lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis 56 and L929 cell line was carried out by determination of the kinetics of the binding process. In the case of prokaryotic cells the biosorption process was non-linear and three steps were identified. The maximum efficiency of zearalenone binding to L. lactis was almost 30% and no metabolites were observed. In turn, for eukaryotic cells only two steps of the binding process were differentiated, and the efficiency of zearalenone binding was 53.99%. Furthermore, L929 cell line metabolizes zearalenone to α-ZOL and β-ZOL. Additionally, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used for description of the structural changes at the protein and lipid level, while Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was applied to detect changes at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rogowska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland; Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland; Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Viorica Railean-Plugaru
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland; Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Michał Złoch
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Justyna Walczak
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland; Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7 St, PL-87-100 Toruń, Poland; Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
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27
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Faisal Z, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C, Lemli B, Kunsági-Máté S, Szente L, Poór M. Cyclodextrins Can Entrap Zearalenone-14-Glucoside: Interaction of the Masked Mycotoxin with Cyclodextrins and Cyclodextrin Bead Polymer. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E354. [PMID: 31405003 PMCID: PMC6724229 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a Fusarium-derived xenoestrogenic mycotoxin. In plants, zearalenone-14-O-β-d-glucoside (Z14G) is the major conjugated metabolite of ZEN, and is a masked mycotoxin. Masked mycotoxins are plant-modified derivatives, which are not routinely screened in food and feed samples. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides built up from D-glucopyranose units. CDs can form stable host-guest type complexes with lipophilic molecules (e.g., with some mycotoxins). In this study, the interaction of Z14G with native and chemically modified β- and γ-CDs was examined employing fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular modeling. Furthermore, the removal of Z14G from aqueous solution by insoluble β-CD bead polymer (BBP) was also tested. Our results demonstrate that Z14G forms the most stable complexes with γ-CDs under acidic and neutral conditions (K ≈ 103 L/mol). Among the CDs tested, randomly methylated γ-CD induced the highest increase in the fluorescence of Z14G (7.1-fold) and formed the most stable complexes with the mycotoxin (K = 2 × 103 L/mol). Furthermore, BBP considerably reduced the Z14G content of aqueous solution. Based on these observations, CD technology seems a promising tool to improve the fluorescence analytical detection of Z14G and to discover new mycotoxin binders which can also remove masked mycotoxins (e.g., Z14G).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelma Faisal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via G.P. 7 Usberti 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via G.P. 7 Usberti 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via G.P. 7 Usberti 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Beáta Lemli
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lajos Szente
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin Research & Development Laboratory, Ltd., Illatos út 7, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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Biomonitoring of zearalenone and its main metabolites in urines of Bangladeshi adults. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:276-283. [PMID: 31132390 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Fusarium toxin zearalenone (ZEN) is of concern due to its pronounced estrogenic effects in mammalian species. ZEN contaminates various cereal crops and grain-based food along with modified forms which contribute to overall mycoestrogen exposure. As no data exist on the occurrence of ZEN in food commodities consumed in Bangladesh, we have analyzed ZEN and its main metabolites α-and β-zearalenol (α-ZEL, β-ZEL) by targeted LC-MS/MS method as biomarkers of exposure in urines (n = 62) from rural and urban residents in Rajshahi district collected in two seasons and from a pregnant women cohort (n = 20) in Dhaka district. Average levels of α-ZEL, the far more potent estrogenic metabolite, were clearly higher than those of ZEN and β-ZEL. Biomarker levels in urban and rural residents showed some seasonal fluctuation: In winter urines, ZEN mean level was 0.040 ± 0.037, α-ZEL 0.182 ± 0.047 and β-ZEL 0.018 ± 0.016 ng/mL; in summer urines, ZEN mean was 0.028 ± 0.015, α-ZEL 0.198 ± 0.025 and β-ZEL 0.013 ± 0.005 ng/mL. In pregnant women, mean levels were: ZEN 0.057 ± 0.041, α-ZEL 0.151 ± 0.026 and β-ZEL 0.055 ± 0.057 ng/mL, thus similar to levels found in the Rajshahi cohort in winter season. Estimates of probable dietary mycoestrogen intake in the Bangladeshi adults reveal an exposure below the tolerable daily intake of 0.25 μg/kg b.w. set by EFSA.
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Marin DE, Pistol GC, Bulgaru CV, Taranu I. Cytotoxic and inflammatory effects of individual and combined exposure of HepG2 cells to zearalenone and its metabolites. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:937-947. [PMID: 30919009 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium spp., is most commonly found as a contaminant in stored grain. ZEA derivatives (α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), β-zearalenol (β-ZOL)) can also be produced by Fusarium spp. in corn stems infected by fungi in the field. Also, following oral exposure, zearalenone is metabolized in various tissues, particularly in the liver, the major metabolites being α-ZOL and β-ZOL. The co-exposure of cells to mixture of a combination of mycotoxins may cause an increase of toxicity produced by these mycotoxins. In this in vitro study, we investigated the combined effects of ZEA, α-ZOL, β-ZOL in binary mixtures on the viability and inflammatory response of human liver cancer cell line (HepG2). Cell viability was assessed after 72 h using a neutral red assay. Effect of the toxins and their binary combinations on the expression of genes involved in inflammation (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8) were assessed through qPCR. Our viability data showed that irrespective of the toxin combinations, the toxins have synergistic effect. ZEA + α-ZOL and ZEA + β-ZOL mixtures have induced a slight to high antagonistic response on inflammatory cytokines at low concentrations that have turned into strong synergism for high concentrations. α-ZOL + β-ZOL showed antagonistic effects on inflammation for IL-1β and TNF-α, but act synergic for IL-8 at high toxin concentrations. This study clearly shows that co-contamination of food and feed with ZEA metabolites should be taken into consideration, as the co-exposure to mycotoxins might result in stronger adverse effect than resulted from the exposure to individual toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Marin
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, 077015, Balotesti, Ilfov, Romania.
| | - G C Pistol
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, 077015, Balotesti, Ilfov, Romania
| | - C V Bulgaru
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, 077015, Balotesti, Ilfov, Romania
| | - I Taranu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, 077015, Balotesti, Ilfov, Romania
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Akar T, Güray T, Yilmazer DT, Tunali Akar S. Biosorptive detoxification of zearalenone biotoxin by surface-modified renewable biomass: process dynamics and application. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1850-1861. [PMID: 30264397 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contamination of food, feed, beverages and even drinking water with biotoxins is a growing global concern because of their potential health risks. In this work, surface-modified sugar beet pulp waste was used for the biosorptive removal of zearalenone biotoxin from contaminated aquatic media. RESULTS Infrared, Boehm titration, BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area and point of zero charge analysis were employed for surface characterization. Kinetic and equilibrium studies showed that biotoxin biosorption was well predicted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. Zearalenone was removed from the solution over a wide pH range (3.0-8.0) and within a short time (15 min). Maximum uptake capacity of modified biomass was recorded as 23.30 ± 0.17 g kg-1 . Highest removal yield in a dynamic flow mode (94.56 ± 0.13%) was achieved at 2 mL min-1 flow rate using 30 mg biosorbent. Regeneration experiments revealed high reusability potential of suggested biosorbent. Moreover, its application potential was tested in spiked samples of malt, beer and canned corn liquid. CONCLUSION Detoxification potential of this renewable biomass was significantly enhanced after modification. Modified biomass could be used as an efficient and low-cost green-type material with good application potential for zearalenone detoxification. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Akar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Tufan Güray
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Tunc Yilmazer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Sibel Tunali Akar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Influence of oven and microwave cooking with the addition of herbs on the exposure to multi-mycotoxins from chicken breast muscle. Food Chem 2019; 276:274-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Chilaka CA, De Boevre M, Atanda OO, De Saeger S. Fate of Fusarium mycotoxins during processing of Nigerian traditional infant foods (ogi and soybean powder). Food Res Int 2019; 116:408-418. [PMID: 30716963 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of processing methods used to produce traditional Nigerian infant foods (ogi and processed soybean powder) on four European Union regulated Fusarium mycotoxins using naturally and artificially contaminated raw materials was studied using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Generally, there was a significant reduction of all the mycotoxins when compared to the initial concentration of the raw materials. Reduction in concentrations of the mycotoxins during ogi-processing started immediately after 36 h' steeping/fermentation for all the mycotoxins (fumonisin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin), and proceeded along the process chain (milling and sieving). In addition, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (16 ± 3.2 μg/kg) and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (9 ± 5.5 μg/kg) initially absent in the raw maize were detected in the final ogi product. β-zearalenol, hydrolysed fumonisin B1, and HT-2 toxin were also detected at varying concentrations. Regarding soybean processing, a similar trend was observed with fumonisin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin, irrespective of the method used or the initial concentration. Other mycotoxins detected in soybean product include 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and zearalenone-14-glucoside. Although there was a reduction in the concentration of the free mycotoxin because of processing, other mycotoxins were detected in the products and thus, may present an additional health risk on consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Adaku Chilaka
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Applied Food Science and Tourism, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia-Ikot Ekpene Road, Umudike, PMB 7267 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olusegun Oladimeji Atanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, KM 96, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, 110117 Seriki Sotayo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Interactions of zearalenone and its reduced metabolites α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol with serum albumins: species differences, binding sites, and thermodynamics. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:269-278. [PMID: 30014206 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species. ZEN mainly appears in cereals and related foodstuffs, causing reproductive disorders in animals, due to its xenoestrogenic effects. The main reduced metabolites of ZEN are α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL). Similarly to ZEN, ZELs can also activate estrogen receptors; moreover, α-ZEL is the most potent endocrine disruptor among these three compounds. Serum albumin is the most abundant plasma protein in the circulation; it affects the tissue distribution and elimination of several drugs and xenobiotics. Although ZEN binds to albumin with high affinity, albumin-binding of α-ZEL and β-ZEL has not been investigated. In this study, the complex formation of ZEN, α-ZEL, and β-ZEL with human (HSA), bovine (BSA), porcine (PSA), and rat serum albumins (RSA) was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, affinity chromatography, thermodynamic studies, and molecular modeling. Our main observations are as follows: (1) ZEN binds with higher affinity to albumins than α-ZEL and β-ZEL. (2) The low binding affinity of β-ZEL toward albumin may result from its different binding position or binding site. (3) The binding constants of the mycotoxin-albumin complexes significantly vary with the species. (4) From the thermodynamic point of view, the formation of ZEN-HSA and ZEN-RSA complexes are similar, while the formation of ZEN-BSA and ZEN-PSA complexes are markedly different. These results suggest that the toxicological relevance of ZEN-albumin and ZEL-albumin interactions may also be species-dependent.
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Urinary biomarkers of exposure to the mycoestrogen zearalenone and its modified forms in German adults. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2691-2700. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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35
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Removal of Zearalenone and Zearalenols from Aqueous Solutions Using Insoluble Beta-Cyclodextrin Bead Polymer. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060216. [PMID: 29799507 PMCID: PMC6024756 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a Fusarium-derived mycotoxin, exerting xenoestrogenic effects in animals and humans. ZEN and its derivatives commonly occur in cereals and cereal-based products. During the biotransformation of ZEN, its reduced metabolites, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), are formed; α-ZEL is even more toxic than the parent compound ZEN. Since previous studies demonstrated that ZEN and ZELs form stable complexes with β-cyclodextrins, it is reasonable to hypothesize that cyclodextrin polymers may be suitable for mycotoxin removal from aqueous solutions. In this study, the extraction of ZEN and ZELs from water, buffers, and corn beer was investigated, employing insoluble β-cyclodextrin bead polymer (BBP) as a mycotoxin-binder. Our results demonstrate that even relatively small amounts of BBP can strongly decrease the mycotoxin content of aqueous solutions (including beer). After the first application of BBP for mycotoxin binding, BBP could be completely reactivated through the elimination of ZEN from the cyclodextrin cavities by washing with a 50 v/v% ethanol-water mixture. Therefore, our study suggests that insoluble cyclodextrin polymers may be suitable tools in the future to deplete mycotoxins from contaminated drinks.
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Comparative Analysis of Zearalenone Effects on Thyroid Receptor Alpha (TRα) and Beta (TRβ) Expression in Rat Primary Cerebellar Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051440. [PMID: 29751674 PMCID: PMC5983839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid receptors play an important role in postnatal brain development. Zearalenone (ZEN), a major mycotoxin of Fusarium fungi, is well known to cause serious health problems in animals and humans through various mechanisms, including the physiological pathways of thyroid hormone (TH). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the expression of thyroid receptors α (TRα) and β (TRβ) in primary cerebellar neurons in the presence or absence of glia and following ZEN treatment, using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Primary cerebellar granule cells were treated with low doses of ZEN (0.1 nM) in combination with physiologically relevant concentrations of l-thyroxine (T4), 3,3′,5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) and 17β-estradiol (E2). Expression levels of TRα and TRβ at mRNA and protein levels were slightly modified by ZEN administered alone; however, along with thyroid and steroid hormones, modelling the physiological conditions, expression levels of TRs varied highly depending on the given treatment. Gene expression levels were also highly modulated by the presence or absence of glial cells, with mostly contrasting effects. Our results demonstrate divergent transcriptional and translational mechanisms involved in the expression of TRs implied by ZEN and hormonal milieu, as well as culturing conditions.
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37
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Interaction of zearalenone with bovine serum albumin as determined by fluorescence quenching. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 34:39-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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38
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Poór M, Zand A, Szente L, Lemli B, Kunsági-Máté S. Interaction of α- and β-zearalenols with β-cyclodextrins. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111910. [PMID: 29113131 PMCID: PMC6150337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi. ZEN primarily contaminates different cereals, and exerts a strong xenoestrogenic effect in animals and humans. ZEN is a fluorescent mycotoxin, although molecular interactions and microenvironmental changes significantly modify its spectral properties. During biotransformation, ZEN is converted into α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL), the toxic metabolites of ZEN, which mimick the effect of estrogen. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are host molecules, and have been studied extensively; they can form stable complexes with several mycotoxins, including ZEN. However, information is limited regarding the interactions of CDs with ZOLs. Therefore, we studied the interactions of α- and β-ZOLs with native and six chemically modified β-CDs by fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence enhancement during complex formation, as well as binding constants, were determined. To understand ZOL-CD interactions better, molecular modeling studies were also carried out. Both mycotoxin derivatives formed the most stable complexes with methylated and sulfobutylated CD-derivatives; however, the CD complexes of α-ZOL were significantly stronger than those of β-ZOL. The data presented here indicate which of the chemically modified β-CDs appear more suitable as fluorescence enhancers or as potential mycotoxin binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Afshin Zand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Szente
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin Research & Development Laboratory, Ltd., Illatos út 7, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Beáta Lemli
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary.
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Filek M, Łabanowska M, Kurdziel M, Sieprawska A. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy in Studies of the Protective Effects of 24-Epibrasinoide and Selenium against Zearalenone-Stimulation of the Oxidative Stress in Germinating Grains of Wheat. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E178. [PMID: 28555005 PMCID: PMC5488028 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
These studies concentrate on the possibility of using selenium ions and/or 24-epibrassinolide at non-toxic levels as protectors of wheat plants against zearalenone, which is a common and widespread mycotoxin. Analysis using the UHPLC-MS technique allowed for identification of grains having the stress-tolerant and stress-sensitive wheat genotype. When germinating in the presence of 30 µM of zearalenone, this mycotoxin can accumulate in both grains and hypocotyls germinating from these grains. Selenium ions (10 µM) and 24-epibrassinolide (0.1 µM) introduced together with zearalenone decreased the uptake of zearalenone from about 295 to 200 ng/g and from about 350 to 300 ng/g in the grains of tolerant and sensitive genotypes, respectively. As a consequence, this also resulted in a reduction in the uptake of zearalenone from about 100 to 80 ng/g and from about 155 to 128 ng/g in the hypocotyls from the germinated grains of tolerant and sensitive wheat, respectively. In the mechanism of protection against the zearalenone-induced oxidative stress, the antioxidative enzymes-mainly superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)-were engaged, especially in the sensitive genotype. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies allowed for a description of the chemical character of the long-lived organic radicals formed in biomolecular structures which are able to stabilize electrons released from reactive oxygen species as well as the changes in the status of transition paramagnetic metal ions. The presence of zearalenone drastically decreased the amount of paramagnetic metal ions-mainly Mn(II) and Fe(III)-bonded in the organic matrix. This effect was particularly found in the sensitive genotype, in which these species were found at a smaller level. The protective effect of selenium ions and 24-epibrassinolide originated from their ability to inhibit the destruction of biomolecules by reactive oxygen species. An increased ability to defend biomolecules against zearalenone action was observed for 24-epibrassinolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Filek
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Maria Łabanowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kurdziel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Apolonia Sieprawska
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Cracow, Poland.
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40
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Poór M, Kunsági-Máté S, Bálint M, Hetényi C, Gerner Z, Lemli B. Interaction of mycotoxin zearalenone with human serum albumin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 170:16-24. [PMID: 28365492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced mainly by Fusarium species. Fungal contamination of cereals and plants can result in the formation of ZEN, leading to its presence in different foods, animal feeds, and drinks. Because ZEN is an endocrine disruptor, it causes reproductive disorders in farm animals and hyperoestrogenic syndromes in humans. Despite toxicokinetic properties of ZEN were studied in more species, we have no information regarding the interaction of ZEN with serum albumin. Since albumin commonly plays an important role in the toxicokinetics of different toxins, interaction of ZEN with albumin has of high biological importance. Therefore the interaction of ZEN with human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated using spectroscopic methods, ultrafiltration, and molecular modeling studies. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies demonstrate that ZEN forms complex with HSA. Binding constant (K) of ZEN-HSA complex was quantified with fluorescence quenching technique. The determined binding constant (logK=5.1) reflects the strong interaction of ZEN with albumin suggesting the potential biological importance of ZEN-HSA complex formation. Based on the results of the investigations with site markers as well as docking studies, ZEN occupies a non-conventional binding site on HSA. Considering the above listed observations, we should keep in mind this interaction if we would like to precisely understand the toxicokinetic behavior of ZEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pécs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Szigeti út 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Mónika Bálint
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Molecular Biophysics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pázmány sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Gerner
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Beáta Lemli
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Center, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
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Stypuła-Trębas S, Minta M, Radko L, Żmudzki J. Oestrogenic and (anti)androgenic activity of zearalenone and its metabolites in two in vitro yeast bioassays. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Selected resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) – zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalanol (α-ZAL), β-zearalanol (β-ZAL), α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) were investigated for their oestrogenic and (anti)androgenic activity using two in vitro RIKILT yeast Estrogen and Androgen bioAssays. Our results show that all tested compounds are able to induce hERα-dependent transcription and the rank of their potencies, based on EC50 values is as follows: α-ZOL > α-ZAL > ZEA > β-ZAL > β-ZOL. None of the tested compounds appeared to be androgenic when tested individually at concentrations ranging from 0.1 pM to 0.1 mM. However, all RALs inhibited 17β-testosterone-induced transcriptional activity. The highest antiandrogenic potential showed α-ZOL, β-ZAL and β-ZOL with the IC50 of 6.2 μM, 11.5 μM and 15.2 μM, respectively. When compared with flutamide, for which a relative antiandrogenic potency (RAAP) was assumed as 100%, the corresponding RAAPs for α-ZOL, β-ZAL and β-ZOL were 220, 119 and 89.8%, respectively. In summary, our study revealed that RALs possess not only oestrogenic, but also antiandrogenic activity. Further research is warranted to clarify the role of disruption of androgen receptor signalling in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Stypuła-Trębas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - M. Minta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - L. Radko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - J. Żmudzki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Ben Salem I, Prola A, Boussabbeh M, Guilbert A, Bacha H, Lemaire C, Abid-Essefi S. Activation of ER stress and apoptosis by α- and β-zearalenol in HCT116 cells, protective role of Quercetin. Neurotoxicology 2016; 53:334-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Rick J, Tsai MC, Hwang BJ. Biosensors Incorporating Bimetallic Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 6:E5. [PMID: 28344262 PMCID: PMC5302532 DOI: 10.3390/nano6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a review of electrochemical bio-sensing for target analytes based on the use of electrocatalytic bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs), which can improve both the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors. The review moves quickly from an introduction to the field of bio-sensing, to the importance of biosensors in today's society, the nature of the electrochemical methods employed and the attendant problems encountered. The role of electrocatalysts is introduced with reference to the three generations of biosensors. The contributions made by previous workers using bimetallic constructs, grouped by target analyte, are then examined in detail; following which, the synthesis and characterization of the catalytic particles is examined prior to a summary of the current state of endeavor. Finally, some perspectives for the future of bimetallic NPs in biosensors are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rick
- NanoElectrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Che Tsai
- NanoElectrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Bing Joe Hwang
- NanoElectrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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44
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Occurrence and risk assessment of zearalenone through broa consumption, typical maize bread from Portugal. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Pleadin J, Mihaljević Ž, Barbir T, Vulić A, Kmetič I, Zadravec M, Brumen V, Mitak M. Natural incidence of zearalenone in Croatian pig feed, urine and meat in 2014. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2015; 8:277-83. [PMID: 26367461 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1089946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the levels of zearalenone (ZEN) in different feed materials and feedstuffs for pigs, as well as in pig urine and pig meat following contaminated feed consumption. In total, 253 feed material and feedstuff samples were collected from Croatian pig farms. The results revealed the presence of ZEN in significant concentrations, the maximal being found in maize (5522 µg/kg), wheat (3366 µg/kg) and pig fattening feed (1949 µg/kg). In farms in which high feed contamination and pig hyperestrogenism were observed, samples of pig urine (n=30) and meat (n=30) were retrieved as well. The mean ZEN concentrations in pig urine and pig meat were 206±20.6 µg/L and 0.62±0.14 µg/kg, respectively. Despite high contamination of feedstuffs responsible for farmed pigs' intoxication, ZEN levels determined in pig meat were shown to be of little significance for human safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Pleadin
- a Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Željko Mihaljević
- b Department of Pathology , Croatian Veterinary Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Tina Barbir
- a Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ana Vulić
- a Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Croatian Veterinary Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ivana Kmetič
- c Laboratory for Toxicology , Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Manuela Zadravec
- d Laboratory for Feed Microbiology, Croatian Veterinary Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Vlatka Brumen
- e Work Environment & Managerial Systems Chair, University of Applied Health Sciences , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Mario Mitak
- d Laboratory for Feed Microbiology, Croatian Veterinary Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
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Salem IB, Boussabbeh M, Neffati F, Najjar MF, Abid-Essefi S, Bacha H. Zearalenone-induced changes in biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiac tissue. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 35:623-34. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327115597467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin from Fusarium species commonly found in food commodities and is known to cause reproductive disorders. Several in vivo studies have shown that ZEN is haematotoxic and hepatotoxic and causes several alterations of immunological parameters. Meantime, the available information on the cardiotoxic effects of ZEN is very much limited. In the present study, we investigated the toxic effects of ZEN in heart tissues of Balb/c mice. We demonstrated that ZEN (40 mg kg−1 body weight (b.w.)) increased creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and induced oxidative stress as monitored by measuring the malondialdehyde level, the generation of protein carbonyls, the catalase and superoxide dismutase activity and the expression of the heat shock proteins (Hsp 70). We also demonstrated that acute administration of ZEN triggers apoptosis in cardiac tissue. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of crocin (CRO), a natural carotenoid, to prevent ZEN-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. In fact, combined treatment of ZEN with different doses of CRO (50, 100, and 250 mg kg−1 b.w.) showed a significant reduction of ZEN-induced toxicity for all tested markers in a dose-dependent manner. It could be concluded that CRO was effective in the protection against ZEN-induced toxicity in cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ben Salem
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Carthage University, Carthage, Tunisia
| | - M Boussabbeh
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Carthage University, Carthage, Tunisia
| | - F Neffati
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - MF Najjar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - S Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - H Bacha
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia
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Belhassen H, Jiménez-Díaz I, Arrebola JP, Ghali R, Ghorbel H, Olea N, Hedili A. Zearalenone and its metabolites in urine and breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Tunisia. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 128:1-6. [PMID: 25602441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZON) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species. The exposure risk to humans and animals is the consumption of contaminated food and animal feeds. It has been reported that ZON and some of its metabolites promote the development of hormone-dependent tumors. The aim of this case-control study was to estimate exposure to ZON and its five metabolites (α-zearalenol [α-ZOL], β-zearalenol [β-ZOL], α-zearalanol [zeranol, α-ZAL], β-zearalanol [teranol, β-ZAL] and zearalanone [ZAN]) by measuring urinary concentrations of these compounds, and to evaluate the risk of breast cancer related to this exposure. Chemical analyses were carried out by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-MS/MS). Statistical analyses were performed in order to determine the association between exposure to these compounds and the development of breast cancer. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by unconditional logistic regression to estimate the magnitude of the associations. The obtained results (adjusted OR=1.54, 95% CI=1.10-2.77) suggest a potential role of α-ZAL in the risk of developing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Belhassen
- Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - I Jiménez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada E-18012, Spain.
| | - J P Arrebola
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada E-18012, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), E-18071 Granada, Spain; Radiation Oncology Department. Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - R Ghali
- Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - H Ghorbel
- Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - N Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada E-18012, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - A Hedili
- Center of Urgent Medical Assistance of Tunis, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environment (LR12SP07), Tunis, Tunisia
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Drzymala SS, Weiz S, Heinze J, Marten S, Prinz C, Zimathies A, Garbe LA, Koch M. Automated solid-phase extraction coupled online with HPLC-FLD for the quantification of zearalenone in edible oil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3489-97. [PMID: 25709066 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Established maximum levels for the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) in edible oil require monitoring by reliable analytical methods. Therefore, an automated SPE-HPLC online system based on dynamic covalent hydrazine chemistry has been developed. The SPE step comprises a reversible hydrazone formation by ZEN and a hydrazine moiety covalently attached to a solid phase. Seven hydrazine materials with different properties regarding the resin backbone, pore size, particle size, specific surface area, and loading have been evaluated. As a result, a hydrazine-functionalized silica gel was chosen. The final automated online method was validated and applied to the analysis of three maize germ oil samples including a provisionally certified reference material. Important performance criteria for the recovery (70-120 %) and precision (RSDr <25 %) as set by the Commission Regulation EC 401/2006 were fulfilled: The mean recovery was 78 % and RSDr did not exceed 8 %. The results of the SPE-HPLC online method were further compared to results obtained by liquid-liquid extraction with stable isotope dilution analysis LC-MS/MS and found to be in good agreement. The developed SPE-HPLC online system with fluorescence detection allows a reliable, accurate, and sensitive quantification (limit of quantification, 30 μg/kg) of ZEN in edible oils while significantly reducing the workload. To our knowledge, this is the first report on an automated SPE-HPLC method based on a covalent SPE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Drzymala
- Department 1 Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Frizzell C, Uhlig S, Miles CO, Verhaegen S, Elliott CT, Eriksen GS, Sørlie M, Ropstad E, Connolly L. Biotransformation of zearalenone and zearalenols to their major glucuronide metabolites reduces estrogenic activity. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:575-81. [PMID: 25645597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi. Once ingested, ZEN may be absorbed and metabolised to α- and β-zearalenol (α-ZOL, β-ZOL), and to a lesser extent α- and β-zearalanol (α-ZAL, β-ZAL). Further biotransformation to glucuronide conjugates also occurs to facilitate the elimination of these toxins from the body. Unlike ZEN and its metabolites, information regarding the estrogenic activity of these glucuronide conjugates in various tissues is lacking. ZEN-14-O-glucuronide, α-ZOL-14-O-glucuronide, α-ZOL-7-O-glucuronide, β-ZOL-14-O-glucuronide and β-ZOL-16-O-glucuronide, previously obtained as the major products from preparative enzymatic synthesis, were investigated for their potential to cause endocrine disruption through interference with estrogen receptor transcriptional activity. All five glucuronide conjugates showed a very weak agonist response in an estrogen responsive reporter gene assay (RGA), with activity ranging from 0.0001% to 0.01% of that of 17β-estradiol, and also less than that of ZEN, α-ZOL and β-ZOL which have previously shown estrogenic potencies of the order 17β-estradiol>α-ZOL>ZEN>β-ZOL. Confirmatory mass spectrometry revealed that any activity observed was likely a result of minor deconjugation of the glucuronide moiety. This study confirms that formation of ZEN and ZOL glucuronides is a detoxification reaction with regard to estrogenicity, serving as a potential host defence mechanism against ZEN-induced estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Frizzell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Gunnar S Eriksen
- Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Lisa Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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50
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Woo C, El-Nezami H. Mycotoxins in Asia: is China in danger? QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2014.x005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.S.J. Woo
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China P.R
| | - H. El-Nezami
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China P.R
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