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Loncar J, Bellich B, Parroni A, Reverberi M, Rizzo R, Zjalić S, Cescutti P. Oligosaccharides Derived from Tramesan: Their Structure and Activity on Mycotoxin Inhibition in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus carbonarius. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020243. [PMID: 33567727 PMCID: PMC7914814 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food and feed safety are of paramount relevance in everyday life. The awareness that different chemicals, e.g., those largely used in agriculture, could present both environmental problems and health hazards, has led to a large limitation of their use. Chemicals were also the main tool in a control of fungal pathogens and their secondary metabolites, mycotoxins. There is a drive to develop more environmentally friendly, “green”, approaches to control mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs. Different mushroom metabolites showed the potential to act as control agents against mycotoxin production. The use of a polysaccharide, Tramesan, extracted from the basidiomycete Trametes versicolor, for controlling biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A, has been previously discussed. In this study, oligosaccharides obtained from Tramesan were evaluated. The purified exopolysaccharide of T. versicolor was partially hydrolyzed and separated by chromatography into fractions from disaccharides to heptasaccharides. Each fraction was individually tested for mycotoxin inhibition in A. flavus and A. carbonarius. Fragments smaller than seven units showed no significant effect on mycotoxin inhibition; heptasaccharides showed inhibitory activity of up to 90% in both fungi. These results indicated that these oligosaccharides could be used as natural alternatives to crop protection chemicals for controlling these two mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Loncar
- Department of Ecology, Aquaculture and Agriculture, University of Zadar, Mihovila Pavlinovića 1, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Barbara Bellich
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Bdg. C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (B.B.); (R.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Alessia Parroni
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Roberto Rizzo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Bdg. C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (B.B.); (R.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Slaven Zjalić
- Department of Ecology, Aquaculture and Agriculture, University of Zadar, Mihovila Pavlinovića 1, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-5994-268-744
| | - Paola Cescutti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Bdg. C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (B.B.); (R.R.); (P.C.)
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Scala V, Pietricola C, Farina V, Beccaccioli M, Zjalic S, Quaranta F, Fornara M, Zaccaria M, Momeni B, Reverberi M, Iori A. Tramesan Elicits Durum Wheat Defense against the Septoria Disease Complex. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040608. [PMID: 32295231 PMCID: PMC7225966 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Septoria Leaf Blotch Complex (SLBC), caused by the two ascomycetes Zymoseptoria tritici and Parastagonospora nodorum, can reduce wheat global yearly yield by up to 50%. In the last decade, SLBC incidence has increased in Italy; notably, durum wheat has proven to be more susceptible than common wheat. Field fungicide treatment can efficiently control these pathogens, but it leads to the emergence of resistant strains and adversely affects human and animal health and the environment. Our previous studies indicated that active compounds produced by Trametes versicolor can restrict the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi and the biosynthesis of their secondary metabolites (e.g., mycotoxins). Specifically, we identified Tramesan: a 23 kDa α-heteropolysaccharide secreted by T. versicolor that acts as a pro-antioxidant molecule in animal cells, fungi, and plants. Foliar-spray of Tramesan (3.3 μM) on SLBC-susceptible durum wheat cultivars, before inoculation of causal agents of Stagonospora Nodorum Blotch (SNB) and Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB), significantly decreased disease incidence both in controlled conditions (SNB: -99%, STB: -75%) and field assays (SNB: -25%, STB: -30%). We conducted these tests were conducted under controlled conditions as well as in field. We showed that Tramesan increased the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), a plant defense-related hormone. Tramesan also increased the early expression (24 hours after inoculation - hai) of plant defense genes such as PR4 for SNB infected plants, and RBOH, PR1, and PR9 for STB infected plants. These results suggest that Tramesan protects wheat by eliciting plant defenses, since it has no direct fungicidal activity. In field experiments, the yield of durum wheat plants treated with Tramesan was similar to that of healthy untreated plots. These results encourage the use of Tramesan to protect durum wheat against SLBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Scala
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Difesa e Certificazione, Via C.G. Bertero, 22, 00156 Roma, Italy;
| | - Chiara Pietricola
- Università Sapienza, Dip. Biologia Ambientale, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.P.); (V.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Valentina Farina
- Università Sapienza, Dip. Biologia Ambientale, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.P.); (V.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Marzia Beccaccioli
- Università Sapienza, Dip. Biologia Ambientale, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.P.); (V.F.); (M.B.)
| | - Slaven Zjalic
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Ulica Mihovila Pavlinovića bb, 23000 ZADAR, Croatia;
| | - Fabrizio Quaranta
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via Manziana 30, 00189 Roma, Italy; (F.Q.); (M.F.); (A.I.)
| | - Mauro Fornara
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via Manziana 30, 00189 Roma, Italy; (F.Q.); (M.F.); (A.I.)
| | - Marco Zaccaria
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA; (M.Z.); (B.M.)
| | - Babak Momeni
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA; (M.Z.); (B.M.)
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Università Sapienza, Dip. Biologia Ambientale, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; (C.P.); (V.F.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Angela Iori
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via Manziana 30, 00189 Roma, Italy; (F.Q.); (M.F.); (A.I.)
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Parroni A, Bellabarba A, Beccaccioli M, Scarpari M, Reverberi M, Infantino A. Use of the Secreted Proteome of Trametes versicolor for Controlling the Cereal Pathogen Fusarium langsethiae. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174167. [PMID: 31454912 PMCID: PMC6747115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium langsethiae is amongst the most recently discovered pathogens of small grains cereals. F. langsethiae is the main producer, in Europe, of T2 and HT-toxins in small grain cereals, albeit often asymptomatic; this makes its control challenging. The European Union (EU) is pushing hard on the use of biocontrol agents to minimize the use of fungicides and pesticides, which are detrimental to the environment and responsible for serious pollution of the soil and superficial water. In line with EU directives (e.g., 128/2009), here we report the use of protein fractions, purified from the culture filtrate of the basidiomycete Trametes versicolor, for controlling F. langsethiae. T. versicolor, a so-called medicinal mushroom which is applied as a co-adjuvant in oncology and other pathologies as a producer of biological response modifiers. In this study, the exo-proteome of T. versicolor proved highly efficient in inhibiting the growth of F. langsethiae and the biosynthesis of the T2 toxin. Results are promising for its future use as a sustainable product to control F. langsethiae infection in cereals under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Parroni
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Bellabarba
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Beccaccioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Reverberi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Scarpari M, Reverberi M, Parroni A, Scala V, Fanelli C, Pietricola C, Zjalic S, Maresca V, Tafuri A, Ricciardi MR, Licchetta R, Mirabilii S, Sveronis A, Cescutti P, Rizzo R. Tramesan, a novel polysaccharide from Trametes versicolor. Structural characterization and biological effects. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171412. [PMID: 28829786 PMCID: PMC5567496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms represent a formidable source of bioactive compounds. Some of these may be considered as biological response modifiers; these include compounds with a specific biological function: antibiotics (e.g. plectasin), immune system stimulator (e,g, lentinan), antitumor agents (e.g. krestin, PSK) and hypolipidemic agents (e.g. lovastatin) inter alia. In this study, we focused on the Chinese medicinal mushroom "yun zhi", Trametes versicolor, traditionally used for (cit.) "replenish essence and qi (vital energy)". Previous studies indicated the potential activity of extracts from culture filtrate of asexual mycelia of T. versicolor in controlling the growth and secondary metabolism (e.g. mycotoxins) of plant pathogenic fungi. The quest of active principles produced by T. versicolor, allowed us characterising an exo-polysaccharide released in its culture filtrate and naming it Tramesan. Herein we evaluate the biological activity of Tramesan in different organisms: plants, mammals and plant pathogenic fungi. We suggest that the bioactivity of Tramesan relies mostly on its ability to act as pro antioxidant molecule regardless the biological system on which it was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Scarpari
- Sapienza University, Dept. of Environmental Biology, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Sapienza University, Dept. of Environmental Biology, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessia Parroni
- Sapienza University, Dept. of Environmental Biology, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Scala
- Research Unit for Plant Pathology, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy, Roma, Italy
| | - Corrado Fanelli
- Sapienza University, Dept. of Environmental Biology, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Pietricola
- Sapienza University, Dept. of Environmental Biology, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Roma, Italy
| | - Slaven Zjalic
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, HR, Zadar
| | | | - Agostino Tafuri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Hematology, "Sant'Andrea" University Hospital Sapienza, University of Rome Roma
| | - Maria R Ricciardi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Hematology, "Sant'Andrea" University Hospital Sapienza, University of Rome Roma
| | - Roberto Licchetta
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Hematology, "Sant'Andrea" University Hospital Sapienza, University of Rome Roma
| | - Simone Mirabilii
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Hematology, "Sant'Andrea" University Hospital Sapienza, University of Rome Roma
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