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Saad SY. Isolation of the isopropanol extract components of the leaves of Ailanthus glandulosa by a new method. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15881. [PMID: 37215867 PMCID: PMC10192775 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Ailanthus glandulosa were extracted with the Soxhlet apparatus using isopropanol. A new method was used to separate and isolate eleven chemical compounds present in the leaves of bird's tongue. The separation was carried out by column chromatography using displacement solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, dichloromethane, methanol) and four eluates were obtained. The four eluates were treated with a number of solvents, yielding thirty-four compounds. The chemical content of the mordants was determined using GC/MS technology. The samples tested contained six ester compounds, three aldehyde compounds, three ketone compounds, two alcoholic compounds, eight carboxylic acid compounds, five silicone compounds, five aromatic compounds and one phosphate compound. Eleven compounds were isolated, the most important of which are: 2-naphthoxyacetic acid, 2,6-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-ethylphenol, 2,5-tert-butylnitrobenzene, 5-hexyl-2-furaldehyde, 16-nitrobicyclo [10.4.0] hexadecan-1-ol-13-one, cyclooctasiloxan hexadecamethyl.
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Sapkal PR, Tatiya AU, Firke SD, Redasani VK, Gurav SS, Ayyanar M, Jamkhande PG, Surana SJ, Mutha RE, Kalaskar MG. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of stem bark extract and fractions of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.: In vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15952. [PMID: 37187902 PMCID: PMC10176067 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the methanolic extract of Ailanthus excelsa (Simaroubaceae) stem bark and its fractions. Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that methanolic extract and all fractions contained a high level of flavonoids (20.40-22.91 mg/g QE), phenolics (1.72-7.41 mg/g GAE), saponins (33.28-51.87 mg/g DE), and alkaloids (0.21-0.33 mg/g AE). The antioxidant potential was evaluated in vitro using a range of assays, i.e., DPPH•, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and total antioxidant capacity. The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed stronger antioxidant activity than the methanol extract. In vitro cytotoxic activity was investigated in three human tumor cell lines (A-549, MCF7 and HepG2) using the SRB assay. In addition, the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The chloroform fraction showed a more pronounced effect by effectively controlling the growth with the lowest GI50 and TGI concentrations. The human lung cancer cell line (A-549) was found to be more sensitive to the chloroform fraction. Furthermore, the chloroform fraction exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at a dose of 200 mg/kg in the latter phase of inflammation. Besides, methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction revealed a significant cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects. The chloroform fraction of stem bark showed a strong anti-inflammatory effect in experimental animals and significant COX-2 inhibitory potential in the in vitro experiments. GC-MS analysis of chloroform fraction identified the phytochemicals like caftaric acid, 3,4-dihydroxy phenylacetic acid, arachidonic acid, cinnamic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylvaleric acid, caffeic acid, hexadeconoic acid, and oleanolic acid. The in-silico results suggest that identified compounds have better affinity towards the selected targets, viz. the BAX protein (PDB ID: 1F16), p53-binding protein Mdm-2 (PDB ID: 1YCR), and topoisomerase II (PDB ID: 1QZR). Amongst all, caftaric acid exhibited the best binding affinity for all three targets. Thus, it can be concluded that caftaric acid in combination with other phenolic compounds, might be responsible for the studied activity. Additional in vivo and in vitro studies are required to establish their exact molecular mechanisms and consider them as lead molecules in developing of valuable drugs for treating oxidative stress-induced disorders, cancers, and inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka R. Sapkal
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Anilkumar U. Tatiya
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Sandip D. Firke
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Vivek K. Redasani
- Yashoda Technical Campus, Faculty of Pharmacy, Satara, Maharashtra 412 802, India
| | - Shailendra S. Gurav
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Goa College of Pharmacy, Goa University, Panaji, Goa 403 001, India
| | - Muniappan Ayyanar
- Department of Botany, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Poondi, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 503, India
| | - Prasad G. Jamkhande
- Centre for Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sharda Bhavan Education Society's Nanded Pharmacy College, Nanded, Maharashtra, 431605, India
| | - Sanjay J. Surana
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Rakesh E. Mutha
- H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Mohan G. Kalaskar
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
- Corresponding author.
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Dasgupta MG, Parveen AM, Rajasugunasekar D, Ulaganathan K. Wood transcriptome analysis and expression variation of lignin biosynthetic pathway transcripts in Ailanthus excelsa Roxb., a multi-purpose tropical tree species. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chu MHK, Wu IXY, Ho RST, Wong CHL, Zhang AL, Zhang Y, Wu JCY, Chung VCH. Chinese herbal medicine for functional dyspepsia: systematic review of systematic reviews. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2018; 11:1756284818785573. [PMID: 30034530 PMCID: PMC6048609 DOI: 10.1177/1756284818785573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacotherapy, including prokinetics and proton pump inhibitors for functional dyspepsia (FD) have limited effectiveness, and their safety has been recently questioned. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) could be considered as an alternative. A systematic review (SR) of SRs was performed to evaluate the potential effectiveness and safety of CHM. METHOD We conducted a comprehensive literature search for SRs with meta-analyses in eight international and Chinese databases. Pooled effect estimation from each meta-analysis was extracted. The AMSTAR instrument was used to assess the methodological quality of the included SRs. RESULTS A total of 14 SRs of mediocre quality assessing various CHMs, alone or in combination with conventional pharmacotherapy, were included. Meta-analyses showed that CHM was more effective than prokinetic agents for the alleviation of global dyspeptic symptoms. Three specific CHM formulae appeared to show superior results in the alleviation of global dyspeptic symptoms, including Si Ni San, modified Xiao Yao San and Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi decoction. No significant difference in the occurrence of adverse events in using CHM or pharmacotherapy was reported. CONCLUSION CHM can be considered as an alternative for the treatment of FD symptoms when prokinetic agents and proton pump inhibitors are contraindicated. Future trial design should focus on measuring changes in individual dyspeptic symptoms and differentiate the effectiveness of different CHM for postprandial distress syndrome and epigastric pain syndrome. A network meta-analysis approach should be used to explore the most promising CHM formula for FD treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. K. Chu
- Global Physician-Leadership Stream, MBChB
program, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Robin S. T. Ho
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary
Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Charlene H. L. Wong
- Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Department of Medicine and
Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Anthony L. Zhang
- China–Australia International Research Centre
for Chinese Medicine School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT
University, Melbourne, Australia Australian Research Centre in Complementary
and Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney,
Australia
| | - Yan Zhang
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and
Integrative Medicine (ARCCIM), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney,
Australia Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University
Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Justin C. Y. Wu
- Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent C. H. Chung
- Hong Kong Institute of Integrative Medicine, The
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Jockey Club School of Public
Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong
Kong
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Deepika S, Harishkumar R, Dinesh M, Abarna R, Anbalagan M, Roopan SM, Selvaraj CI. Photocatalytic degradation of synthetic food dye, sunset yellow FCF (FD&C yellow no. 6) by Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. possessing antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 177:44-55. [PMID: 29049940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our work is to identify the bioactive compounds of bark and leaves extract from Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. and to explore its effectiveness against synthetic food dye. The presence of primary and secondary metabolites was confirmed by carrying out phytochemicals analysis. With the prior knowledge accessible on the indispensable secondary metabolites holding antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity, the quantitative screening of total phenolic and flavonoid content in methanolic and aqueous extract of bark and leaves from Ailanthus excelsa were done. Comparatively, a higher value of flavonoid (161±0.3μg/mg) and phenolic acid content (152.4±0.14μg/mg) was found in bark extract. By FTIR analysis, the characteristic peak was obtained at 1581.63 and 1598.99cm-1 confirmed the presence of functional groups associated to flavonoids and other phenolic groups respectively. In bark extract, 81% of DPPH inhibition was observed when compared to ascorbic acid (standard) 92% of free radical scavenging activity. Bark extract from Ailanthus excelsa exhibited 71% cytotoxicity against HeLa cell line (cervical cancer). In examining the toxicity level of crude extracts with red blood cells (RBC), the bark extract was showed a very less (2.8%) haemolytic activity. They also showed maximum zone of inhibition in antibacterial activity i.e. 13±0.5mm against Escherichia coli culture. At a concentration of 10mg/mL of crude extract from A. excelsa, 55% degradation of sunset yellow dye was observed. It concludes that, the compounds present in the A. excelsa, especially the bark extract showed better photocatalytic, haemolytic, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity when compared to leaves extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanyam Deepika
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendran Harishkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Dinesh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajadurai Abarna
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Moorthy Anbalagan
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Mohana Roopan
- Chemistry of Heterocycles & Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chinnadurai Immanuel Selvaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Yousuf Dar M, Shah WA, Mubashir S, Rather MA. Chromatographic analysis, anti-proliferative and radical scavenging activity of Pinus wallichina essential oil growing in high altitude areas of Kashmir, India. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:1228-1233. [PMID: 22939260 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the in vitro anti-proliferative and radical scavenging properties of the essential oil and its fractions and to determine the chemo-type of P. wallichiana essential oil. METHOD Pinus wallichiana oil was extracted by hydro-distillation and fractionated by silica gel column chromatography method. The oil and its fractions were analyzed by Gas chromatography, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and (13)C NMR. Different concentrations of oil 12.5, 25, 50 and 100μg/ml and single concentration 50μg/ml of its fractions B(1), B(2), A(2), G(2), Uk(13) and I(2) were evaluated for its anti-proliferative activity by in vitro {3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide} assay against human monocyte, lung carcinoma, liver adenocarcinoma, prostate and ovarian carcinoma, while as the radical scavenging activity was evaluated by different in vitro DPPH assays. RESULTS The analyses indicated the presence of 17 constituents with β-pinene (46.8%) and α-pinene (25.2%) as major constituents. The oil and its fractions showed significant anti-proliferative activity. The radical scavenging activity also showed good results. CONCLUSION The oil could be used as a drug to control the diseases like cancer, cirrhosis and arteriosclerosis, caused by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Yousuf Dar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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A review of immunomodulators in the Indian traditional health care system. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2012; 45:165-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2011.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Kumar D, Bhat ZA, Kumar V, Chashoo IA, Khan NA, Ara I, Shah MY. Preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Stachys tibetica Vatke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5667/tang.2011.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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