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Subacute Hepatotoxicity of Extracts of Senna occidentalis Seeds in Swiss Albino Mice. J Toxicol 2020; 2020:8843044. [PMID: 32908500 PMCID: PMC7474370 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8843044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Senna occidentalis is potentially toxic to humans and animals. Its seeds are crop contaminant weeds in some localities where liver disease is prevalent. This study assessed the subacute hepatotoxicity of S. occidentalis seeds in mice model. Three groups of female Swiss Albino mice (25–28 g, aged 8–10 weeks) received distilled water (control), 400, and 1000 mg/kg extract of S. occidentalis seed, respectively. At the end of the study, body weight and liver organ weight were recorded, and tissue and blood samples were collected and analyzed. The results indicated that the extract treated groups, at both doses, showed significant (p ≤ 0.001) decrease in mean body weight gain in the fourth week of the experiment. Besides, the extract treated groups showed significant (p ≤ 0.001) elevation of liver enzyme markers: alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Also, histopathological examinations of liver tissue showed moderate microvesicular steatosis of hepatocytes and mild inflammation in the 400 mg/kg treated group as well as marked micro- and macrovesicular steatosis, focal area necrosis, and periportal inflammation with mononuclear cell infiltration in the 1000 mg/kg treated group. Thus, these findings show that S. occidentalis seeds exhibit hepatotoxicity in mice, characterized by changes in liver tissue architecture and liver enzyme levels.
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Calliandra surinamensis lectin (CasuL) does not impair the functionality of mice splenocytes, promoting cell signaling and cytokine production. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:650-655. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Panigrahi GK, Yadav A, Mandal P, Tripathi A, Das M. Immunomodulatory potential of Rhein, an anthraquinone moiety of Cassia occidentalis seeds. Toxicol Lett 2016; 245:15-23. [PMID: 26784856 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhein, the most toxic anthraquinone moiety in Cassia occidentalis seeds, has been associated with hepatomyoencephalopathy (HME) in children. Structural and functional alterations in the lymphoid organs have been reported both in HME patients and experimental animals indicating a possibility of the dysfunction of immune system following exposure to CO seeds or its toxic anthraquinones (Panigrahi et al., 2014a). In the present study the mechanism of immune response of Rhein in splenocytes has been investigated by measuring functional assays of lymphocyte, cell surface receptor expression and analysis of cytokine levels. Results indicate that Rhein at a maximum dose of 10 μM is non cytotoxic up to 72 h in splenocytes. In addition to its potential to decrease the allogenic response of T-cells, Rhein significantly suppresses the proliferation of the concavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated splenocytes. Lymphocyte receptor expression analysis revealed that Rhein exposure significantly down regulate the expression of CD3e, CD4, CD8, CD28, CD69 molecules in T-cells. The expression of CD19, CD28, CD40 in B-cells were also found to be significantly decreased following Rhein exposure. In accordance with the functional responses, Rhein treatment significantly lowered the expression of IL2 and IL6 cytokines in Con A stimulated splenocytes, and IL6, IL10, IFNγ and TNFα in LPS stimulated splenocytes. Over all, the study suggests the immunomodulatory activity of Rhein and that it would be useful in understanding the immune response of CO seeds in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gati Krushna Panigrahi
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), M. G. Marg, Post Box No 80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Yadav
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), M. G. Marg, Post Box No 80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Payal Mandal
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), M. G. Marg, Post Box No 80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), M. G. Marg, Post Box No 80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Mukul Das
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), M. G. Marg, Post Box No 80, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Teles AVFF, Fock RA, Górniak SL. Effects of long-term administration of Senna occidentalis seeds on the hematopoietic tissue of rats. Toxicon 2015; 108:73-9. [PMID: 26435339 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Senna occidentalis (S. occidentalis) is a toxic leguminous plant that contaminates crops and has been shown to be toxic to several animal species. All parts of the plant are toxic, but most of the plant's toxicity is due to its seeds. Despite its toxicity, S. occidentalis is widely used for therapeutic purposes in humans. The aim of the present work was to investigate, for the first time, the effects of the chronic administration of S. occidentalis seeds on hematopoietic organs, including the bone marrow and spleen. Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of 10 animals. Rats were treated with diets containing 0% (control), 0.5% (So0.5), 1% (So1), or 2% (So2) S. occidentalis seeds for a period of 90 days. Food and water were provided ad libitum, except to pair-fed (PF) group which received the same amount of ration to those of So2 group, however free of S. occidentalis seeds. It was verified that rats treated with 2% S. occidentalis seeds presented changes in hematological parameters. The blood evaluation also showed a significant decrease of the Myeloid/Erythroid (M/E) ratio. Chronic treatment with S. occidentalis promoted a reduction in the cellularity of both the bone marrow and spleen. Additionally, we observed changes in bone marrow smears, iron stores and spleen hemosiderin accumulation. Histological analyses of bone marrow revealed erythroid hyperplasia which was consistent with the increased reticulocyte count. These findings suggest that the long-term administration of S. occidentalis seeds can promote blood toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V F F Teles
- Departament of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A Fock
- Departament of Clinical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S L Górniak
- Departament of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Tchoumtchoua J, Mouchili OR, Ateba SB, Zingue S, Halabalaki M, Mbanya JC, Skaltsounis AL, Njamen D. Safety assessment of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms: Acute and subchronic oral toxicity studies in Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:877-884. [PMID: 28962299 PMCID: PMC5598524 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphimas pterocarpoides Harms (Leguminosae) is widely used traditionally in Central and West Africa for the treatment of various ailments. However, no data regarding its safety have been published until now. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the potential toxicity of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Amphimas pterocarpoides (AP) in Wistar rats following the OECD guidelines. In acute oral toxicity, female rats received a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of AP and were observed for 14 days. In subchronic toxicity, doses of 150, 300, 600 mg/kg/day of AP were given per os to rats (males and females) for 28 days. No death and abnormal behaviors were observed in acute toxicity and the LD50 was estimated higher than 5000 mg/kg. In the subchronic study, AP induced no significant variation in body weight and relative weight of organs, whereas a delayed decrease of white blood cell count and granulocytes was observed. Inconsistent increase of the total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein was observed at 600 mg/kg in males. Such variation (not dose dependent) and without biological relevance indicate a wide margin of safety for the traditional use of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Tchoumtchoua
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Oumarou Riepouo Mouchili
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sylvin Benjamin Ateba
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Stéphane Zingue
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers' Treaning College, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 55 Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Jean Claude Mbanya
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, PO Box 8046, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Dieudonné Njamen
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
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Panigrahi G, Tiwari S, Ansari KM, Chaturvedi RK, Khanna VK, Chaudhari BP, Vashistha VM, Raisuddin S, Das M. Association between children death and consumption of Cassia occidentalis seeds: Clinical and experimental investigations. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 67:236-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Diallo A, Eklu-Gadeg K, Agbonon A, Aklikokou K, Creppy E, Gbeassor M. Acute and Subchronic (28-Day) Oral Toxicity Studies of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Lannea kerstingii Engl. And K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) Stem Bark. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2010.343.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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