1
|
A One Health Review of Community-Acquired Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212089. [PMID: 34831844 PMCID: PMC8625392 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens to undermine nearly a century of progress since the first use of antimicrobial compounds. There is an increasing recognition of the links between antimicrobial use and AMR in humans, animals, and the environment (i.e., One Health) and the spread of AMR between these domains and around the globe. This systematic review applies a One Health approach-including humans, animals, and the environment-to characterize AMR in Escherichia coli in India. E. coli is an ideal species because it is readily shared between humans and animals, its transmission can be tracked more easily than anaerobes, it can survive and grow outside of the host environment, and it can mobilize AMR genes more easily than other intestinal bacteria. This review synthesized evidence from 38 studies examining antimicrobial-resistant E. coli (AR-E) across India. Studies of AR-E came from 18 states, isolated from different sample sources: Humans (n = 7), animals (n = 7), the environment (n = 20), and combinations of these categories, defined as interdisciplinary (n = 4). Several studies measured the prevalence of AMR in relation to last-line antimicrobials, including carbapenems (n = 11), third-generation cephalosporins (n = 18), and colistin (n = 4). Most studies included only one dimension of the One Health framework, highlighting the need for more studies that aim to characterize the relationship of AMR across different reservoirs of E. coli.
Collapse
|
2
|
RAHAL ANU, KUMAR AMIT. Strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance in Indian scenario. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v91i2.113812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the major public health crisis recognised globally. Microbial infections cause significant productivity losses in animals and humans. In livestock, these microbial infections reduce the growth rates and fertility, diminish production of meat and milk, and occasionally lead to mortality, and are therefore, a major concern for animal welfare. In the dearth of alternative prophylactic measures, antibiotics remain the principal tool for their management. Once an antibiotic is used rampantly, resistance against it is inevidently seen in the microbe population and the hunt for a new drug grows. Discovery and development of a new antimicrobial drug is a time taking and expensive procedure with limited assurance of success. As a result, the past few decades have witnessed only a very few new classes of antibiotics. If the AMR can be restricted or reverted, the success rate of antimicrobial therapy can be boosted and many public health issues be avoided. All these ask for a comprehensive plan to prevent or reduce the antimicrobial resistance and economic losses to the animal husbandry sector. The present review provides an overview of AMR in India, mechanism of its occurrence and the possible roadmap to combat the emerging threat of AMR in Indian scenario.
Collapse
|
3
|
Tyagi N, Kumar A. Evaluation of recreational risks due to exposure of antibiotic-resistance bacteria from environmental water: A proposed framework. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 279:111626. [PMID: 33243622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research provides a framework for the human health risk assessment due to exposure of AR (antibiotic resistance) E. coli from recreational water (swimming activity). Literature-based epidemiological studies were used for f-value formulation (i.e., AR E. coli/total number of E. coli isolates) and the theoretical calculation of AR and non-AR E. coli concentrations. Risk was estimated using calculated values by considering four different dose-response (D-R) scenarios with known characteristics due to current lack of availability of D-R for AR bacteria. f-values ranged between 0.14 and 0.59 and the order of calculated theoretical values of maximum AR E. coli are as follows: ampicillin or amoxicillin (38 CFU/dip) > co-trimoxazole (19 CFU/dip) ~ tetracycline (18 CFU/dip) > ceftriaxone or cefotaxime or ceftazidime (10 CFU/dip) ~ ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin (9 CFU/dip). The risk of infection was considerably high for theoretical calculated concentration values regardless of the chosen D-R model (annual risk of infection (95th percentile) = 1, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = -0.06 to 0.94), under the conditions studied. Further, AR levels of human gastrointestinal-tract were determined using literature-reported data in stool samples and indicated that the resistance level was very high in healthy human (range: 3.7 × 107-8.4 × 107 CFU/g of wet lumen content). The maximum allowable concentration values for AR E. coli and non-ARB (0.0075 CFU/dip and 2.56 CFU/dip) were found to be smaller than the USEPA recreational water quality guidelines (≤126 CFU/100 mL), which can help the USEPA and other regulatory bodies in revisiting the current guidelines. So based on the noted results, we can conclude that the maintenance of inventory of actual measured concentration of ARB in the recreational water sites is needed to prevent unwanted complication related to the treatment of infectious sustained by resistant microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tyagi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liao YH, Muthuramalingam K, Tung KH, Chuan HH, Liang KY, Hsu CP, Cheng CM. Portable Device for Quick Detection of Viable Bacteria in Water. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11121079. [PMID: 33291693 PMCID: PMC7761948 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Access to clean water is a very important factor for human life. However, pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water often cause diseases, and convenient/inexpensive testing methods are urgently needed. (2) Methods: The reagent contains 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and phenazine methosulfate (PMS) and can react with succinate dehydrogenase within bacterial cell membranes to produce visible purple crystals. The colorimetric change of the reagent after reaction can be measured by a sensor (AS7262). (3) Results: Compared with traditional methods, our device is simple to operate and can provide rapid (i.e., 5 min) semi-quantitative results regarding the concentration of bacteria within a test sample. (4) Conclusions: This easy-to-use device, which employs MTT-PMS reagents, can be regarded as a potential and portable tool for rapid water quality determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (K.-H.T.)
| | - Karthickraj Muthuramalingam
- Electronic and Optoelectronic System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Hao Tung
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (K.-H.T.)
| | - Ho-Hsien Chuan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Chu-Tung Branch, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Ko-Yuan Liang
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Peng Hsu
- Electronic and Optoelectronic System Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-P.H.); (C.-M.C.)
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (K.-H.T.)
- Correspondence: (C.-P.H.); (C.-M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Velpandian T, Halder N, Nath M, Das U, Moksha L, Gowtham L, Batta SP. Un-segregated waste disposal: an alarming threat of antimicrobials in surface and ground water sources in Delhi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:29518-29528. [PMID: 30136185 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of active pharmaceutical compounds (APCs) to the environment during human use is of potential importance in the emergence of drug resistance, changing soil microbiota and their residual effect on living organisms. Thus, this study aimed to assess the extent of exposure of APCs in the hydrologic cycle in and around New Delhi. This study analyzed the presence of 28 drugs from different classes in the surface water (river Yamuna) and aquifers collected from 48 places in Delhi (within the radius of 40 km). The collected water samples were quantified for APCs content using LC-MS/MS. This study revealed that aquifers are extensively affected in most areas based on the accumulation of APCs in water resources to the levels > 0.01 μg/L. Interestingly, a geographical plot of total APCs studied indicated clustering in aquifers with such high levels closer to an unscientific landfill. This 30-year-old un-segregated landfill is found to drain leachate into surface water that had high APCs. This study further revealed that apart from therapeutic usage, the main source of ecological exposure could be due to the disposal of unused and expired pharmaceutical compounds into landfills. For the first time, this study revealed the existence of antimicrobial agents and other APCs in the aquifers of Delhi with levels > 0.1 μg/L, which is a matter of serious concern in terms of multi-drug resistance and other environmental perils. This study warrants the enforcement of regulations for the disposal of unused/expired APCs in high-density population areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Nabanita Halder
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Madhu Nath
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ujjalkumar Das
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Laxmi Moksha
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - L Gowtham
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Shehnaz P Batta
- Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mishra RP, Jain U, Singh RK. Genotypic study of verocytotoxic Escherichia coli isolates from deer by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Vet World 2016; 9:919-21. [PMID: 27651685 PMCID: PMC5021846 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.919-921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was planned to study the genotypes of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) in fecal samples of deer due to its public health significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 160 fecal samples of deer were taken from Mathura district and Kanpur Zoo and screened for VTEC genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS All fecal samples were positive for E. coli. All the E. coli isolates were screened by PCR to detect virulence genes stx1 , stx2 , eaeA, and hlyA. Of these, 15 isolates were found positive for VTEC having one or more genes in different combinations. CONCLUSION Genes such as stx1 , stx2 , eaeA, and hlyA were prevalent in VTEC isolates from feces of deer. The presence of VTEC isolates having virulent genes may pose a threat to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Prasad Mishra
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary University, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Udit Jain
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary University, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Surface Water in Bassaseachic Falls National Park, Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13060597. [PMID: 27322297 PMCID: PMC4924054 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are a leading cause of waterborne disease, and may result in gastrointestinal outbreaks worldwide. Inhabitants of the Bassaseachic Falls National Park in Chihuahua, Mexico show seasonal gastroenteritis problems. This aim of this study was to detect enteropathogenic microorganisms responsible for diarrheal outbreaks in this area. In 2013, 49 surface water samples from 13 selected sampling sites along the Basaseachi waterfall and its main rivers, were collected during the spring, summer, autumn, and winter seasons. Fecal and total coliform counts were determined using standard methods; the AutoScan-4 system was used for identification of isolates and the antibiotic resistance profile by challenging each organism using 21 antibiotics. Significant differences among seasons were detected, where autumn samples resulted in the highest total (p < 0.05) and fecal (p < 0.001) coliform counts, whereas the lowest total coliform counts were recorded in spring. Significant differences between sampling sites were observed, where samples from sites 6, 8, and 11 had the highest total coliform counts (p < 0.009), whereas samples from site 9 exhibited the lowest one. From the microbiological analysis, 33 bacterial isolates from 13 different sites and four sampling seasons were selected; 53% of isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 15% exhibited a multidrug resistance (MDB) phenotype. MDB were identified as Klebsiella oxytoca (two out of four identified isolates), Escherichia coli (2/7), and Enterobacter cloacae (1/3). In addition, some water-borne microorganisms exhibited resistance to cefazoline, cefuroxime, ampicillin, and ampicillin-sulbactam. The presence of these microorganisms near rural settlements suggests that wastewater is the contamination source, providing one possible transmission mechanism for diarrheal outbreaks.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mishra RP, Jain U, Bist B, Verma AK, Kumar A. Prevalence of vero toxic Escherichia coli in fecal samples of domestic as well as wild ruminants in Mathura districts and Kanpur zoo. Vet World 2016; 9:71-4. [PMID: 27051188 PMCID: PMC4819354 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.71-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was planned to reveal the prevalence of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) in fecal samples of domestic and wild ruminants in Mathura district and Kanpur zoo. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 240 fecal samples comprising 60 each of cattle, buffalo, sheep and deer from Mathura districts and Kanpur zoo were screened for the presence of E. coli and VTEC genes positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULT Out of 240 fecal samples, 212 E. coli strains were obtained. All the E. coli isolates were screened by PCR to detect virulence genes stx1 , stx2 , eaeA and hlyA. Of these, 25 isolates were identified as VTEC. The prevalence of VTEC in cattle, buffalo, sheep and deer was found 13.4% (8/60), 13.4% (8/60), 6.67% (4/60) and 8.33% (5/60), respectively. CONCLUSION stx1 , stx2 , eaeA and hlyA genes were prevalent in VTEC isolates from feces of cattle, buffalo, sheep and deer population of Mathura districts and Kanpur zoo. The presence of VTEC isolates in this region may pose a threat to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Prasad Mishra
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishvidhyalaya Ewam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura - 281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Udit Jain
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishvidhyalaya Ewam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura - 281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Basanti Bist
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishvidhyalaya Ewam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura - 281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar Verma
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishvidhyalaya Ewam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura - 281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Adzitey F, Nafisah S, Haruna A. Antibiotic Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Isolated from some Drinking Water Sources in Tamale Metropolis of Ghana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/crb.2015.34.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|