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Monika M, Durajczyk M. Evaluation of the Prevalence of Refractive Defects and Ocular Function in a Group of 1518 Children Aged 8 Years in Northwestern Poland-A Retrospective Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082880. [PMID: 37109217 PMCID: PMC10143658 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of refractive errors in a group of 8-year-old school children in northwestern Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 2017-2019, refractive errors were examined in a group of 1518 Caucasian children aged 8 years old with cycloplegia. Refraction was obtained with a hand-held autorefractor (Retinomax 3). The refractive error reading was expressed as the spherical equivalent (SE) as myopia (≤-0.5 D), emmetropia (>-0.5 D to ≤+0.5 D), mild hyperopia (>+0.5 D to ≤+2.0 D) and hyperopia (>+2.0 D), and astigmatism (≤-0.75 DC) and anisometropia (≥1.00 D). Data analysis was performed using Statistica 13.5 software and included Pearson's chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests. p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Mild hyperopia was most common (37.6%), myopia was observed in 16.8% and astigmatism in 10.6% of participants. Pseudomyopia concerned up to 51.91% children. Girls were significantly more likely to have mild hyperopia (p = 0.0144) and were significantly more likely to wear glasses (p = 0.00093). CONCLUSIONS Screening children for refractive errors after cycloplegia is key for detecting accommodative spasm and refractive errors. The largest group of children presented with mild hyperopia, which is a physiological feature of refraction in 8-year-old children, but myopia and astigmatism were the most common refractive errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modrzejewska Monika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin in Poland, Al. Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Durajczyk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin in Poland, Al. Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Hashemi H, Khabazkhoob M, Fayaz M, Emamian MH, Yekta A, Iribarren R, Fotouhi A. Refractive Errors and Their Associated Factors in Schoolchildren: A Structural Equation Modeling. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2023; 30:46-56. [PMID: 35333680 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2022.2048397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in Shahroud schoolchildren and their risk factors. METHODS Optometric examinations including the measurement of uncorrected and corrected visual acuity as well as non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction using retinoscopy were done for students. Generalized Structural Equation Modeling (GSEM) was used to determine direct and indirect effects of independent variables on myopia and hyperopia. RESULTS The data of 5581 students with a mean age of 9.24 ± 1.7 years were used in this study. The prevalence of myopia was 5.0% (95%CI: 4.3-5.7) and the prevalence of hyperopia was 4.8% (95%CI: 4.0 - 5.5) in all schoolchildren. According to the GSEM results, the odds of myopia in rural areas were 0.55 compared to urban areas. A one-unit increase in the ocular AL increased the odds of myopia by 4.91 times. The interaction of sex and age on myopia was significant such that in girls, the odds of myopia increased by 20% for every one-year increase in age while no significant change was seen in boys. A one-unit increase in the ocular AL decreased the odds of hyperopia by 0.49 times. Moreover, the interaction of outdoor activity hours and sex on the prevalence of hyperopia was significant such that increased outdoor activity reduced the odds of hyperopia in girls while no significant correlation was found in boys. CONCLUSION Myopia and hyperopia had moderate prevalence. Axial Length had the largest direct association on myopia and hyperopia. Age and outdoor activity had weak associations on refractive errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Management, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Fayaz
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Akbar Fotouhi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Dayi O, Bulut E, Karadag M, Bulut H. Ocular biometry characteristics and its relationship with age, gender, spherical equivalent in Turkish children. Niger J Clin Pract 2022; 25:569-575. [PMID: 35593597 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_1277_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Studying ocular biometric parameters in different populations and determining the relationship with personal characteristics can provide valuable information about ocular growth and help provide a better understanding of refractive errors. Aims To describe distributions of ocular biometry and to evaluate its associations with age, gender, spheric equivalent in Turkish children. Patients and Methods In this prospective study 344 children aged 3-14 years were evaluated. Parameters studied included axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and mean corneal radius (CR) measured with optical biometry. Cycloplegic refraction values were obtained using autorefractometer. The change of biometric parameters according to age and gender were evaluated. The relationship between ocular biometry parameters with refraction and age was analyzed by linear regression. Results Mean spherical equivalent (SE), AL, ACD and AL/CR observed to be lowest in the preschooler group (P < 0.001). SE reduced with age, and a weak correlation observed between SE and age (r = -0.333). AL and ACD had moderate and weak positive correlations with age respectively (r = 0.511; r = 0.304). There were negative correlations between SE with AL, ACD and AL/CR (r = -0.826; r = -0.540; r = -0.886). The strongest correlation with SE among these parameters was identified for AL/CR. AL and ACD were higher in boys, while the CR was lower in girls (p < 0.001). Conclusion While AL in children in late schooler group is higher than European countries, it shows similar characteristics in early schooler group. In addition AL is lower in all age groups than Asian population sexcept preschooler group. With age AL increases, SE decreases and AL plays a key role in refractive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Dayi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beylikduzu State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E Bulut
- Department of Opticianry, Vocational School of Health Services, Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Karadag
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical information, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Medicine Hatay, Turkey
| | - H Bulut
- Department of Child Development, Vocational School of Health Services, Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Magakwe TS, Hansraj R, Xulu-Kasaba ZN. The impact of uncorrected refractive error and visual impairment on the quality of life amongst school-going children in Sekhukhune district (Limpopo), South Africa. AFRICAN VISION AND EYE HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.4102/aveh.v81i1.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Labadi L, Shahin R, Eperjesi F, Al-Shanti Y, Shehadeh M, Taha I. Prevalence of Visual Disorders among Urban Palestinian Preschool Children. Open Ophthalmol J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18743641-v16-e2112241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Childhood blindness is a major public health concern since 40% of visual disorders that can cause blindness among children are preventable. Vision screening programs among preschool children have been implemented in several countries as a tool for early detection and intervention of visual disorders. In Palestine, there is a lack of scientific data on the prevalence of visual disorders among children. In addition, vision-screening programs that are currently implemented are neither validated nor effective.
Objective:
Using validated vision screening protocols, a cross-sectional study is conducted to determine the prevalence of visual disorders among urban Palestinian preschool children between the ages of 3 to 5 years in Nablus city.
Methods:
All children attending eight preschools selected using single-stage cluster sampling technique, underwent a validated vision screening administered by trained eye care professionals. The screening protocol was based on a combination of clinical assessment adopted from the Modified Clinical Technique and the Vision in Preschoolers studies, including assessment of visual acuity, ocular alignment, depth perception, color vision, non-cycloplegic retinoscopy, and ocular health. A pass-fail criterion was used to refer all children who did not attend the vision screening for comprehensive eye examination, including cycloplegic retinoscopy and a dilated fundus exam. A chi-squared test was used to determine any association between visual disorders and their independent risk factors.
Results:
A total number of 764 children underwent vision screening. Out of the 290 children who did not attend the vision screening, 127 children responded to the referral call for comprehensive eye examinations. Refractive error was the most prevalent visual disorder with a prevalence of (29.37%), followed by amblyopia (4.10%), color vision deficiency (1.24%), strabismus (1.24%), and ocular health abnormalities (0.70%). There was no age (p=0.35) and gender (p=0.32) variation in children having refractive errors. Anisometropia was the leading cause for amblyopia (1.32%, n=7), followed by significant refractive error (1.13%, n=6) and strabismus (0.37%, n=2).
Conclusion:
Refractive error was the most prevalent visual disorder affecting Palestinian preschoolers in Nablus. Anisometropia and significant refractive errors were found to be the major causes of amblyopia. Effective nationwide preschool vision screening programs should be implemented in Palestine to screen amblyogenic risk factors.
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Hu B, Liu Z, Zhao J, Zeng L, Hao G, Shui D, Mao K. The Global Prevalence of Amblyopia in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:819998. [PMID: 35601430 PMCID: PMC9114436 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.819998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data about the prevalence of amblyopia around the world vary widely among regions and periods. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the global prevalence of amblyopia in children. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for prevalence studies published up to 5 November 2021. The outcome was the prevalence of amblyopia, analyzed as pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 97 studies were included, including 4,645,274 children and 7,706 patients with amblyopia. The overall worldwide pooled prevalence of amblyopia was 1.36% (95%CI: 1.27-1.46%). The prevalence of amblyopia was higher in males (1.40%, 95%CI: 1.10-1.70%) than in females (1.24%, 95%CI: 0.94-1.54%) (OR = 0.885, 95%CI: 0.795-0.985, P = 0.025). The results of the meta-regression analysis showed that there were no significant associations between the prevalence of amblyopia and geographical area, publication year, age, sample size, and whether it was carried out in a developed or developing country (all P > 0.05). Begg's test (P = 0.065) and Egger's test (P < 0.001) showed that there was a significant publication bias in the prevalence of amblyopia. In conclusion, amblyopia is a significant vision problem worldwide, and public health strategies of early screening, treatment, and management are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Zongshun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Jiao Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Gengsheng Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Dan Shui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Ke Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
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Hashemi H, Asharlous A, Khabazkhoob M, Yekta A, Emamian MH, Fotouhi A. The profile of astigmatism in 6-12-year-old children in Iran. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2021; 14:58-68. [PMID: 32345571 PMCID: PMC7752993 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of astigmatism and its determinants in schoolchildren aged 6-12 years. METHODS The students selected by stratified cluster random sampling in Shahroud, north of Iran. Optometric examination included uncorrected visual acuity, refraction with autorefractometer, manifest refraction with retinoscopy followed by subjective and cycloplegic refraction (after two drops of cyclopentolate 1% with 5min interval were instilled in each eye). A cylinder power ≥0.75diopter (D) in at least one eye was considered as astigmatism. The prevalence of astigmatism was reported based on a cylinder power higher than 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00D in cycloplegic refraction, followed by power vector analysis. RESULTS After applying the inclusion criteria, the data of 5528 children were analyzed. The prevalence of astigmatism was 16.7% (95% CI: 15.6-17.7) in total, 16.6% (95% CI: 15.2-18.0) in boys and 16.8% (95% CI: 15.2-18.3) in girls (p=0.920) and decreased from 21.5% in 6-year-old children to 13.7% in 10-year-olds, and then again increased to 18.3% in children aged 12 years. Moreover, 17.2% (95% CI: 16.0-18.3) of urban and 12.1% (95% CI: 10.0-14.1) of rural children had astigmatism (p<0.001). The prevalence of with-the-rule, against-the-rule, and oblique astigmatism was 14.2%, 2.1%, and 0.33%, respectively. The mean cylinder power was -1.31, -0.46, and -0.44D in children with spherical myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia, respectively (p<0.001). Urban students had a higher J0 and boys had a higher J45. CONCLUSION The prevalence of astigmatism in this study was lower than previous studies. Astigmatism prevalence was markedly higher in urban children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Asharlous
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
| | - Akbar Fotouhi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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He H, Fu J, Meng Z, Chen W, Li L, Zhao X. Prevalence and associated risk factors for childhood strabismus in Lhasa, Tibet, China: a cross-sectional, school-based study. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:463. [PMID: 33238929 PMCID: PMC7687812 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To estimate the prevalence of strabismus and associated risk factors among grade one school children in Lhasa, Tibet, China. Methods The Lhasa Childhood Eye Study (LCES) was a cross-sectional, school-based childhood study conducted in Grade one students from primary schools in Lhasa, Tibet, China. Comprehensive ophthalmic examinations and basic systemic examinations were evaluated. A questionnaire survey containing information about children, as well as parents’ information, was sent to the corresponding parents of eligible children. The prevalence of strabismus and its 95% confidence interval was estimated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the associated risk factors. Results A total of 1942 eligible grade one students were enrolled, of which 1856 participants completed all examinations. The average age was 6.83 ± 0.46 years, 53% of participants were boys and 1762 were the Tibetan Minority. Over all, the prevalence of strabismus was 68/1856 (3.7%) (95%CI: 2.81,4.52), with no difference between the ages, genders, ethnicities and body mass index, while tilting one’s head when writing may be a risk factor for strabismus (P = 0.004). Strabismus students had mean best corrected visual acuity of 0.16 ± 0.28(LogMAR), over 50% patients with esotropia were hyperopic, and participants who had stereopsis impairments showed a significant difference between esotropia and exotropia (P = 0.026). Conclusions The prevalence of strabismus in LCES was 3.7%, which is higher than previous reports from Chinese childhood epidemiology studies. Strabismus is a common contributing factor to amblyopia. Tilting one’s head when writing may be a risk factor. Esotropia is more likely to affect stereopsis and be associated with the refractive state of hyperopia. Trial registration The study has finished the clinical registration on Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. (http://www.chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR1900026693). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12886-020-01732-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong He
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, No.1, Dong Jiao Min Xiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, No.1, Dong Jiao Min Xiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Zhaojun Meng
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, No.1, Dong Jiao Min Xiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, No.1, Dong Jiao Min Xiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, No.1, Dong Jiao Min Xiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Brandt M, Truckenbrod C, Meigen C, Vogel M, Poulain T, Kiess W, Wahl S. Impaired visual acuity caused by uncorrected refractive errors and amblyopia in a German paediatric cohort. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 41:42-52. [PMID: 33104264 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study describes the prevalence of visual impairment caused by uncorrected distance refractive error and the spectacle coverage in a large cohort of German children and adolescents. Furthermore, we determined the prevalence of amblyopia and amblyopia treatment. METHODS Optometrists carried out visual acuity (VA) testing, non-cycloplegic autorefraction, VA retesting with the refractive correction obtained by autorefraction, and if necessary subjective refraction and cover-test in 1,874 subjects (901 girls/973 boys), aged 3 to 16 years. Additionally, a questionnaire on the history of previous eye care was completed. RESULTS Distance visual impairment (VI) with VA worse than 6/18 Snellen in the better eye was present in 0.5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.2% to 0.9%) of children. Logistic regression showed a significant positive association between VI and older age (OR = 1.21, P = 0.03). Gender differences were not found (P = 0.77). The spectacle coverage of all participants was 74.8% (95% CI: 65.2% to 82.8%). Amblyopia was found in 29 participants (1.5%; 95% CI: 1.0% to 2.2%) with no age or sex differences. The causes of unilateral amblyopia (27 cases, 93.1%) were anisometropia in 55.6% of children, strabismus in 25.9% and the combination of these factors in 18.5%. All children with bilateral amblyopia (2 cases, 6.9%) showed bilateral high ametropia. We observed 15 children with current amblyopia, who had been treated with occlusion therapy in the past (62.2%; 95% CI: 42.7% to 83.6%). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of impaired VA caused by uncorrected refractive error and amblyopia is comparable with previous studies conducted in urban areas worldwide. Adding the measurement of refractive error to existing medical check-ups, possibly using autorefraction, would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Brandt
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolin Truckenbrod
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christof Meigen
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Vogel
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tanja Poulain
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Women and Child Health, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
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Magakwe TS, Xulu-Kasaba ZN, Hansraj R. Visual impairment and refractive error amongst school-going children aged 6–18 years in Sekhukhune District (Limpopo, South Africa). AFRICAN VISION AND EYE HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.4102/aveh.v79i1.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Refractive error (RE) and visual impairment (VI) remain major problems affecting school-going children worldwide.Aim: To determine the prevalence and distribution of VI and RE in school-going children aged 6–18 years.Setting: The study was conducted in Sekhukhune District, Limpopo, South Africa.Methods: A multistage random sampling method was used to select school-going children aged 6–18 years from Grades 1 to 12. A total of 326 learners went through eye examinations, which included visual acuity (VA) measurement using a logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution chart, autorefraction under cycloplegia and ocular health assessment.Results: The prevalence of uncorrected, presenting and best-corrected VA of 0.30 M or worse in the better eye was 12.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.70–15.80), 12.3% (95% CI, 8.70–15.80) and 2.1% (95% CI, 0.60–3.70), respectively. Refractive error accounted for 80% (95% CI, 67.6–92.4) of all causes of VI. Myopia was the most prevalent RE (50.7%; 95% CI, 38.8–62.7), followed by astigmatism (36%; 95% CI, 24.3–47.3) and hypermetropia (13.6%; 95% CI, 5.30–21.6). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of RE and VI between males (50.7%; 95% CI, 38.8–62.7) and females (49.3%; 95% CI, 37.3–61.2). Refractive error and VI were higher amongst children aged 14–18 years: 56.7% (95% CI, 44.9–68.6) and 60% (95% CI, 44.8–75.20), respectively.Conclusion: The prevalence of RE and VI amongst school-going children in Sekhukhune District was high, highlighting the need for school visual screening and strategies to address these conditions in that area.
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Asare AK, Akuffo KO, Kumah DB, Agyei-Manu E, Darko CK, Addo EK. Prevalence and pattern of amblyopia in a rural hospital in Ghana. Strabismus 2020; 28:119-127. [PMID: 32627626 DOI: 10.1080/09273972.2020.1779319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Amblyopia is a developmental ocular disease of childhood-onset which may lead to persistent sequelae into adulthood. Early detection and management of amblyopia usually result in an improved visual outcome. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of amblyopia in a rural hospital in Ghana. Clinical records of patients seen (from January 2014 to December 2018) at Westphalian Medical Center, Oyoko, Ashanti Region, Ghana, were reviewed retrospectively. Unilateral amblyopia was defined as a two-line interocular difference or more in visual acuity. Bilateral amblyopia was defined as best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of Snellen 6/12 or worse in both eyes, with evidence of bilateral ametropia or obstruction of the visual pathway. Following a review of 12,602 patient records, 258 cases of amblyopia were identified. The mean (±SD) presenting age of amblyopic patients was 24.3 ± 16.1 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.1. The period prevalence of amblyopia was 2.04%. The period prevalence of unilateral and bilateral amblyopia was 1.38% and 0.66%, respectively. The most prevalent form of amblyopia was refractive with a cumulative prevalence of 1.42%. Strabismic and stimulus deprivation amblyopia accounted for 0.36% and 0.21% of all amblyopic cases, respectively. A major cause of amblyopia in this population was refractive error, hence the use of spectacle correction for its initial management. Repeated assessment after an appropriate period of refractive adaptation would elucidate the proportion of amblyopias needing additional treatment modalities. Vision screening for early detection of amblyopia in childhood with accessible and effective management of amblyopia (including refractive correction and occlusion treatment) is necessary to reduce the impact of amblyopia in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akosua Kesewah Asare
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Owusu Akuffo
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana
| | - David Ben Kumah
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Eldad Agyei-Manu
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Christine Karikari Darko
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Kofi Addo
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , Kumasi, Ghana
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Paduca A, Arnaut O, Cardaniuc C, Spinei L, Bendelic E, Bruenech JR, Lundmark PO. Epidemiology of childhood manifest strabismus in the Republic of Moldova. Strabismus 2020; 28:128-135. [DOI: 10.1080/09273972.2020.1791912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ala Paduca
- Ophthalmology Department, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg
| | - Oleg Arnaut
- Department of Human Physiology and Biophysics, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau
| | - Corina Cardaniuc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau
| | - Larisa Spinei
- Department of Management and Psychology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau
| | - Eugeniu Bendelic
- Ophthalmology Department, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau
| | - Jan Richard Bruenech
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg
| | - per Olof Lundmark
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg
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13
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Khoshhal F, Hashemi H, Hooshmand E, Saatchi M, Yekta A, Aghamirsalim M, Ostadimoghaddam H, Khabazkhoob M. The prevalence of refractive errors in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:1571-1586. [PMID: 32107693 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of refractive errors in the Middle East region. METHODS In this meta-analysis, a structured strategy was applied to search databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, databases as well as the reference lists of the selected articles to identify cross-sectional studies assessing the prevalence of refractive errors in the Middle East region until September 2019. The outcome measure was the prevalence of refractive errors, including myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, in two age groups of ≤ 15 years and > 15 years. The study results were combined using a random effects model at a confidence level of 95%. RESULTS The prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 4% (95% CI 4, 5), 8% (95% CI 6, 10), and 15% (95% CI 10, 19) in people less than or equal to 15 years and 30% (95% CI 25, 34), 21% (95% CI 15, 28), and 24% (95% CI 16, 31) in subjects over 15 years, respectively. The prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 3.5%, 12.4%, and 9.0% in male and 4.2%, 13.1%, and 9.9% in female subjects aged ≤ 15 years, respectively. In subjects aged > 15 years, the prevalence was 31.7%, 14.5%, and 31.5% in males and 31.9%, 11.2%, and 31% in females, respectively. CONCLUSION The prevalence of hyperopia is relatively high in Middle Eastern children, while the prevalence of myopia is higher in adults in this region. It seems that astigmatism is not a serious refractive problem in this region compared to the rest of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Khoshhal
- Department of Pediatrics, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elham Hooshmand
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saatchi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Ostadimoghaddam
- Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Fu Z, Hong H, Su Z, Lou B, Pan CW, Liu H. Global prevalence of amblyopia and disease burden projections through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 2019; 104:1164-1170. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PurposeAmblyopia is a leading cause of vision impairment among children and young adults. Individual studies showed significant variations in the prevalence of amblyopia in different regions and age groups. This study is to estimate the global prevalence of amblyopia by pooling its prevalence from the previous studies and to project the number of people affected through 2040.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of amblyopia using data published before 20 October 2018. We estimated the prevalence rate of amblyopia and its 95% CI globally and by subgroups (eg, region and age). The prevalence data were applied to United Nations World Population Prospects to derive the projected number with amblyopia through 2040.ResultsA meta-analysis of 60 studies (1 859 327 subjects) showed that the pooled prevalence rate of amblyopia was 1.44% (95% CI 1.17% to 1.78%). Prevalences in Europe (2.90%) and North America (2.41%) were higher than in Asia (1.09%) and Africa (0.72%). The highest prevalence was found in subjects over 20 years old (3.29%). There was no difference in the prevalence between genders. We estimated 99.2 (95% CI 71.7 to 146.1) million people with amblyopia in 2019 worldwide, increasing to 175.2 (95% CI 81.3 to 307.8) million by 2030 and 221.9 (95% CI 83.7 to 429.2) million by 2040.ConclusionsThe amblyopia is becoming a significant vision problem worldwide. It is of great importance to design and implement amblyopia screening, treatment and related public health strategies.
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Gürsel Özkurt Z, Balsak S, Çamçi MS, Bilgen K, Katran İH, Aslan A, Han ÇÇ. Approach of Family Physicians to Pediatric Eye Screening in Diyarbakır. Turk J Ophthalmol 2019; 49:25-29. [PMID: 30829022 PMCID: PMC6416478 DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2018.10829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives In Turkey, preventive medicine services are the responsibility of family physicians and vision screening is a key component of this responsibility. In this study, we aimed to investigate the approach of family physicians to vision screening in infants and children. Materials and Methods Data were collected using a 16-item questionnaire administered to 100 family physicians working in the center and provinces of Diyarbakır. Results The results indicated that 88 (88%) physicians declared knowing what the red reflex test was, while 12 physicians declared that they had never heard of it. Only 16 (16%) physicians performed the test routinely and 36 (36%) physicians performed it only in suspicious cases. Ten (10%) physicians indicated that they did not refer the patients to an ophthalmologist even though they did not perform the red reflex test. Moreover, 5 (5%) physicians did not have an ophthalmoscope and 12 (12%) physicians reported not knowing how to use an ophthalmoscope. Forty (40%) of the physicians measured preschool visual acuity at least once. Sixty-six (66%) physicians referred younger children who could not express their vision problems to an ophthalmologist. Four (4%) physicians declared that they would delay surgery in children with strabismus until they were old enough for surgery. Ninety-three (93%) physicians suggested that educational seminars about vision screening would be beneficial. Conclusion Educational seminars about vision screening may have favorable outcomes. The medical devices in family medicine centers should be improved. Vision screening can be added to the negative performance-based compensation system in order to increase physicians’ attention to vision screening. To implement detailed eye screening programs like those in developed countries, an infrastructure should be established for this screening program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Gürsel Özkurt
- Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Selahattin Balsak
- University of Health Sciences, Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Ophthalmology Clinic, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sinan Çamçi
- Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Kadir Bilgen
- Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Halil Katran
- Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Adar Aslan
- Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Çağla Çilem Han
- Dicle University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Ugurbas SC, Kucuk N, Isik I, Alpay A, Buyukuysal C, Ugurbas SH. Objective vision screening using PlusoptiX for children aged 3-11 years in rural Turkey. BMC Ophthalmol 2019; 19:73. [PMID: 30871506 PMCID: PMC6419461 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This population based cross sectional study was conducted to detect amblyopia risk factors and myopia in a rural district of Northwestern Turkey by using PlusoptiX S12R (Photoscreener PlusoptiX Inc., Nuremberg, Germany). Methods Children from 38 rural schools in Caycuma district of Zonguldak Turkey underwent vision screening in their school using PlusoptiX S12 photoscreener. Data were analyzed using the factory default level 5 referral criteria targeting 80% sensitivity and 95% specificity. Referral, unable readings, and positive predictive value (PPV) were reported. Results Data from 2846 children were analyzed. Mean age was 7.9 years (±0.8) (range 36 months to 11 years). Three hundred ten (11%) were referred of whom 32% were read as ‘unable’. 150 children (48% of the referred) received a gold standard examination. Positive predictive value of PlusoptiX was 69%. PPV was 83% when unable readings were excluded. 93 children with amblyopia risk factors were identified. Only 26% (n = 25) had received glasses priorly. 49 children had amblyopia of whom 33 were newly diagnosed. Conclusions PlusoptiX showed a reasonable level of positive predictive value in community setting and the device could be a useful tool for vision screening in preschoolers and schoolers. We found most of the amblyogenic refractive errors were underdiagnosed in rural school children leading to a call for action on vision screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silay Canturk Ugurbas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Esenkoy-Kozlu, 67600, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Numan Kucuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Esenkoy-Kozlu, 67600, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Irem Isik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Esenkoy-Kozlu, 67600, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Atilla Alpay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Esenkoy-Kozlu, 67600, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Buyukuysal
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Esenkoy-Kozlu, Zonguldak, 67600, Turkey
| | - Suat Hayri Ugurbas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Esenkoy-Kozlu, 67600, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Popović-Beganović A, Zvorničanin J, Vrbljanac V, Zvorničanin E. The Prevalence of Refractive Errors and Visual Impairment among School Children in Brčko District, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Semin Ophthalmol 2018; 33:858-868. [PMID: 30365355 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2018.1539182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen Popović-Beganović
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jasmin Zvorničanin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Vera Vrbljanac
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Edita Zvorničanin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Hashemi H, Pakzad R, Yekta A, Bostamzad P, Aghamirsalim M, Sardari S, Valadkhan M, Pakbin M, Heydarian S, Khabazkhoob M. Global and regional estimates of prevalence of amblyopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Strabismus 2018; 26:168-183. [PMID: 30059649 DOI: 10.1080/09273972.2018.1500618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Amblyopia is one of the most important causes of vision impairment in the world, especially in children. Although its prevalence varies in different parts of the world, no study has evaluated its prevalence in different geographical regions comprehensively. The aim of the present study was to provide global and regional estimates of the prevalence of amblyopia in different age groups via a systematic search.Methods: In this study, international databases, including Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and other relevant databases, were searched systematically to find articles on the prevalence of amblyopia in different age groups published in English. The prevalence and 95% CI were calculated using binomial distribution. The Cochran's Q-test and I2 statistic were applied to assess heterogeneity, a random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence, and a meta-regression method was utilized to investigate the factors affecting heterogeneity between studies.Results: Of 1252 studies, 73 studies were included in the analysis (sample volume: 530,252). Most of these studies (n = 25) were conducted in the WHO-Western Pacific Regional Office. The pooled prevalence estimate of amblyopia was 1.75% (95% CI: 1.62-1.88), with the highest estimate in European Regional Office (3.67%, 95% CI: 2.89-4.45) and the lowest in African Regional Office (0.51%, 95% CI: 0.24-0.78). The most common cause of amblyopia was anisometropia (61.64%). The I2 heterogeneity was 98% (p < 0.001). According to the results of univariate meta-regression, the variables of WHO region (b: 0.566, p < 0.001), sample size (b: -0.284 × 10-4, p: 0.025), and criteria for definition of amblyopia (b: -0.292, p: 0.010) had a significant effect on heterogeneity between studies, while age group, publication date, and cause of amblyopia had no significant effect on heterogeneity.Conclusion: The prevalence of amblyopia varies in different parts of the world, with the highest prevalence in European countries. Geographical location and criteria for definition of amblyopia are among factors contributing to the difference across the world. The results of this study can help stakeholders to design health programs, especially health interventions and amblyopia screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran
| | - Reza Pakzad
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad
| | | | | | - Sara Sardari
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran
| | - Mehrnaz Valadkhan
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran
| | - Mojgan Pakbin
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran
| | - Samira Heydarian
- Department of rehabilitation science, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
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Alsaqr A, Abu Sharha A, Fagehi R, Almutairi A, Alosaimi S, Almalki A, Alluwaymi A. The visual status of adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a population study. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12:965-972. [PMID: 29872255 PMCID: PMC5973314 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s162319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The visual status of adolescents in Saudi Arabia (SA) has not been well reported. To date, the prevalence and types of refractive errors (REs), amblyopia, strabismus, and correctable visual impairments have not been quantified. The aim of the study was to investigate the visual status in adolescents in Riyadh, SA. Methods This study was based on a population cross-sectional and random cluster design. After design and the sample calculations, 1,007 participants, 12–20 years of age, were screened during the study. Nine participants were excluded due to ocular disorders. The participants were assessed for REs, distance visual acuity logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, contrast sensitivity, stereoacuity, pinhole test findings, and cover–uncover test findings. Results The results showed that 55.5% of the participants had some form of REs, while correctable visual impairment was found in one-fifth of the screened participants. Myopia was the dominant type (53.3%, ranged from −0.50 DS to −14.00 DS), whereas hyperopia was found in 2.2% (+2.00 DS to +5.50 DS) and astigmatism was present in 15% (−0.75 DC to −5.25 DC). Only 43% of the participants had corrected REs; however, the noncompliance for spectacle use was 20.25%. Conclusion This study was the first attempt to investigate the visual status in adolescents in SA. It provided estimations of the REs, amblyopia, and strabismus. The high prevalence of REs emphasizes the need to identify the best proactive strategies to detect and manage REs to reduce the incidence of visual impairment in SA. Increasing awareness about eye health and employing efficient screening programs could help to address the need for REs corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alsaqr
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Abu Sharha
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raied Fagehi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif Almutairi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Alosaimi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Almalki
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alluwaymi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bitta M, Kariuki SM, Abubakar A, Newton CR. Burden of neurodevelopmental disorders in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Wellcome Open Res 2018. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13540.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Childhood mortality from infectious diseases has declined steadily in many low and middle-income (LAMIC) countries, with increased recognition of non-communicable diseases such as neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). There is lack of data on the burden of NDD in LAMIC. Current global burden of these disorders are largely extrapolated from high-income countries. The main objective of the study was therefore to estimate the burden of NDD in LAMIC using meta-analytic techniques. Methods: We systematically searched online databases including Medline/PubMed, PsychoInfo, and Embase for studies that reported prevalence or incidence of NDD. Pooled prevalence, heterogeneity and risk factors for prevalence were determined using meta-analytic techniques. Results: We identified 4,802 records, but only 51 studies met the eligibility criteria. Most studies were from Asia-Pacific (52.2%) and most were on neurological disorders (63.1%). The median pooled prevalence per 1,000 for any NDD was 7.6 (95%CI 7.5-7.7), being 11.3 (11.7-12.0) for neurological disorders and 3.2 (95%CI 3.1-3.3) for mental conditions such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The type of NDD was significantly associated with the greatest prevalence ratio in the multivariable model (PR=2.6(95%CI 0.6-11.6) (P>0.05). Incidence was only reported for epilepsy (mean of 447.7 (95%CI 415.3-481.9) per 100,000). Perinatal complications were the commonest risk factor for NDD. Conclusion: The burden of NDD in LAMIC is considerable. Epidemiological surveys on NDD should screen all types of NDD to provide reliable estimates.
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21
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Wallace DK, Repka MX, Lee KA, Melia M, Christiansen SP, Morse CL, Sprunger DT. Amblyopia Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology 2018; 125:P105-P142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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22
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Dogan M, Elgin U, Sen E, Tekin K, Yilmazbas P. Comparison of anterior segment parameters and axial lengths of myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic children. Int Ophthalmol 2017; 39:335-340. [PMID: 29285706 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the anterior segment parameters of myopic, hyperopic, and emmetropic children by using optical biometry. METHODS This prospective cross-sectional study included 150 eyes of 150 children between 6 and 16 years old. The eyes were divided into three groups according to their spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error values as myopic [between - 1.0 and - 6.0 diopter (D)], emmetropic (between + 0.50 and - 0.50 D), and hyperopic (between + 1. 0 and + 3.0 D). Axial length (AL), central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and mean keratometry (K mean) measurements were obtained by an optical biometry (LenStar LS 900, Haag Streit Diagnostics) were compared between the groups. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences regarding the ages and genders of the participants between the groups (p > 0.05). The mean SE refractive error values were - 2.20 ± 0.71 D in myopic, - 0.08 ± 0.49 D in emmetropic, and + 2.06 ± 0.53 D in hyperopic eyes. The mean AL values were 24.50 ± 0.69, 23.41 ± 0.61, and 22.33 ± 0.61 mm, respectively, in myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic eyes (p < 0.001). The mean ACD values were 3.94 ± 0.22, 3.78 ± 0.23, and 3.45 ± 0.20 mm, respectively, in myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic eyes (p < 0.001). The mean LT values were 3.56 ± 0.20, 3.43 ± 0.17, and 3.31 ± 0.12 mm, respectively, in myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic eyes (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the other parameters between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Refractive errors are the main factors those affect anterior segment parameters and AL in children and the most severely affected parameters were found to be the AL, ACD, and LT values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmethan Dogan
- Ulucanlar Eye Training and Research Hospital, 06240, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ufuk Elgin
- Ulucanlar Eye Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Sen
- Ulucanlar Eye Training and Research Hospital, 06240, Ankara, Turkey
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Bitta M, Kariuki SM, Abubakar A, Newton CRJC. Burden of neurodevelopmental disorders in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [PMID: 29881784 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13540.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Childhood mortality from infectious diseases has declined steadily in many low and middle-income (LAMIC) countries, with increased recognition of non-communicable diseases such as neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). There is lack of data on the burden of NDD in LAMIC. Current global burden of these disorders are largely extrapolated from high-income countries. The main objective of the study was therefore to estimate the burden of NDD in LAMIC using meta-analytic techniques. Methods: We systematically searched online databases including Medline/PubMed, PsychoInfo, and Embase for studies that reported prevalence or incidence of NDD. Pooled prevalence, heterogeneity and risk factors for prevalence were determined using meta-analytic techniques. Results: We identified 4,802 records, but only 51 studies met the eligibility criteria. Most studies were from Asia (52.2%) and most were on neurological disorders (63.1%). The median pooled prevalence per 1,000 for all NDD was 7.6 (95%CI 7.5-7.7), being 11.3 (11.7-12.0) for neurological disorders and 3.2 (95%CI 3.1-3.3) for mental conditions such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The type of NDD was significantly associated with the greatest prevalence ratio in the multivariable model (PR=2.6(95%CI 0.6-11.6) (P>0.05). Incidence was only reported for epilepsy (mean of 447.7 (95%CI 415.3-481.9) per 100,000). Perinatal complications were the commonest risk factor for NDD. Conclusion: The burden of NDD in LAMIC is considerable. Epidemiological surveys on NDD should screen all types of NDD to provide reliable estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Bitta
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research , (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Symon M Kariuki
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research , (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Amina Abubakar
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research , (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles R J C Newton
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research , (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Evidence for the need for vision screening of school children in Turkey. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:230. [PMID: 29197362 PMCID: PMC5712108 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many countries, access to general health and eye care is related to an individual's socioeconomic status (SES). We aimed to examine the prevalence of oculo-visual disorders in children in Istanbul Turkey, drawn from schools at SES extremes but geographically nearby. METHODS Three school-based vision screenings (presenting distance visual acuity, cover test, eye assessment history, colour vision, gross stereopsis and non-cycloplegic autorefraction) were conducted on 81% of a potential 1014 primary-school children aged 4-10 years from two private (high SES) schools and a nearby government (low SES) school in central Istanbul. Prevalence of refractive errors and school-based differences were analysed using parametric statistics (ANOVA). The remaining oculo-visual aspects were compared using non-parametric tests. RESULTS Of the 823 children with mean age 6.7 ± 2.2 years, approximately 10% were referred for a full eye examination (8.2% and 16.3% of private/government schools respectively). Vision had not been previously examined in nearly 22% of private school children and 65% of government school children. Of all children, 94.5% were able to accurately identify the 6/9.5 [LogMAR 0.2] line of letters/shapes with each eye and 86.6% the 6/6 line [LogMAR 0], while 7.9% presented wearing spectacles, 3.8% had impaired colour vision, 1.5% had grossly impaired stereo-vision, 1.5% exhibited strabismus, 1.8% were suspected to have amblyopia and 0.5% had reduced acuity of likely organic origin. Of the 804 without strabismus, amblyopia or organic conditions, 6.0% were myopic ≤ - 0.50DS, 0.6% hyperopic ≥ + 2.00DS, 7.7% astigmatic ≥1.00 DC and 6.2% anisometropic ≥1.00DS. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the need for general vision screenings for all children prior to school entry given the varied and different pattern of visual problems associated with lifestyle differences in two populations raised in the same urban locale but drawn from different socioeconomic backgrounds.
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Faghihi M, Hashemi H, Nabovati P, Saatchi M, Yekta A, Rafati S, Ostadimoghaddam H, Khabazkhoob M. The Prevalence of Amblyopia and Its Determinants in a Population-based Study. Strabismus 2017; 25:176-183. [DOI: 10.1080/09273972.2017.1391849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faghihi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Nabovati
- Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saatchi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shokoofeh Rafati
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Ostadimoghaddam
- Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bennett KP, Maloney W. Weighing in on Canadian school-based vision screening: A call for action. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2017; 108:e421-e426. [PMID: 29120316 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.108.6062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vision-screening programs are designed to detect common causes of visual impairment and increase the likelihood of early diagnosis and treatment. In the health authority Eastern Health - Newfoundland and Labrador, public health leaders raised a concern about the efficiency and effectiveness of the current non-routine, opportunistic vision screening protocol for school-aged children. An environmental scan of screening practices and programs across Canada was conducted, yielding a wide range of inconsistencies with respect to program type, target population, and screening tools. A significant gap in evidence-based research into universal vision-screening programs for the school-aged population (6+) was also noted. In light of these findings (both in practice and research), we recommend that researchers and public health practitioners across the country evaluate their current practice with respect to school-based vision screening and disseminate their findings through publication. We conclude that evaluation and research into current school-based screening programs (both opportunistic and universal) will provide the evidence needed to guide practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie P Bennett
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL.
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Pediatric Eye Evaluations Preferred Practice Pattern®: I. Vision Screening in the Primary Care and Community Setting; II. Comprehensive Ophthalmic Examination. Ophthalmology 2017; 125:P184-P227. [PMID: 29108745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Wallace DK, Christiansen SP, Sprunger DT, Melia M, Lee KA, Morse CL, Repka MX. Esotropia and Exotropia Preferred Practice Pattern®. Ophthalmology 2017; 125:P143-P183. [PMID: 29108746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David K Wallace
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stephen P Christiansen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Derek T Sprunger
- Indiana University Health Physicians, Midwest Eye Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Katherine A Lee
- Pediatric Ophthalmology, St. Luke's Health System, Boise, Idaho
| | | | - Michael X Repka
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Pan CW, Chen X, Zhu H, Fu Z, Zhong H, Li J, Huang D, Liu H. School-based assessment of amblyopia and strabismus among multiethnic children in rural China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13410. [PMID: 29042639 PMCID: PMC5645399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13926-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the prevalence and possible ethnic variations in strabismus and amblyopia among multiethnic school-aged children in rural China. A total of 9,263 children (4,347 Han, 3,352 Yi, 799 Dai and 765 Bai) aged 6 to 14 years were analyzed. Comprehensive eye examinations including monocular distance visual acuity, anterior segment examination, autorefraction, cover testing and ocular motility were conducted. Manifested strabismus was detected in 3.53% of the overall population. The prevalence of strabismus was 3.29% in Han, 4.12% in Yi, 2.25% in Dai, and 3.66% in Bai ethnic groups with marginally inter-ethnic differences (P = 0.046). There was an increasing trend in the prevalence of strabismus with increasing age (P < 0.001). Amblyopia affected 132 children (1.43%) overall, with no statistical differences in gender and age. The prevalence of amblyopia was highest in Dai ethnic group (2.00%) and lowest in ethnic Yi ethnic group (1.04%) with no significant difference being detected (P = 0.062). Refractive error and strabismus were the two major factors associated with amblyopia. No significant ethnic differences in strabismus and amblyopia among Chinese ethnic minorities were observed. Refractive error and strabismus were the major causes for amblyopia in rural Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Pan
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuejuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhujun Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Curr Ophthalmol 2017; 30:3-22. [PMID: 29564404 PMCID: PMC5859285 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was a systematic review of refractive errors across the world according to the WHO regions. Methods To extract articles on the prevalence of refractive errors for this meta-analysis, international databases were searched from 1990 to 2016. The results of the retrieved studies were merged using a random effect model and reported as estimated pool prevalence (EPP) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results In children, the EPP of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 11.7% (95% CI: 10.5–13.0), 4.6% (95% CI: 3.9–5.2), and 14.9% (95% CI: 12.7–17.1), respectively. The EPP of myopia ranged from 4.9% (95% CI: 1.6–8.1) in South–East Asia to 18.2% (95% CI: 10.9–25.5) in the Western Pacific region, the EPP of hyperopia ranged from 2.2% (95% CI: 1.2–3.3) in South-East Asia to 14.3% (95% CI: 13.4–15.2) in the Americas, and the EPP of astigmatism ranged from 9.8% in South-East Asia to 27.2% in the Americas. In adults, the EPP of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 26.5% (95% CI: 23.4–29.6), 30.9% (95% CI: 26.2–35.6), and 40.4% (95% CI: 34.3–46.6), respectively. The EPP of myopia ranged from 16.2% (95% CI: 15.6–16.8) in the Americas to 32.9% (95% CI: 25.1–40.7) in South-East Asia, the EPP of hyperopia ranged from 23.1% (95% CI: 6.1%–40.2%) in Europe to 38.6% (95% CI: 22.4–54.8) in Africa and 37.2% (95% CI: 25.3–49) in the Americas, and the EPP of astigmatism ranged from 11.4% (95% CI: 2.1–20.7) in Africa to 45.6% (95% CI: 44.1–47.1) in the Americas and 44.8% (95% CI: 36.6–53.1) in South-East Asia. The results of meta-regression showed that the prevalence of myopia increased from 1993 (10.4%) to 2016 (34.2%) (P = 0.097). Conclusion This report showed that astigmatism was the most common refractive errors in children and adults followed by hyperopia and myopia. The highest prevalence of myopia and astigmatism was seen in South-East Asian adults. The highest prevalence of hyperopia in children and adults was seen in the Americas.
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Hashemi H, Yekta A, Nabovati P, Khoshhal F, Riazi A, Khabazkhoob M. The prevalence of refractive errors in 5-15 year-old population of two underserved rural areas of Iran. J Curr Ophthalmol 2017; 30:250-254. [PMID: 30197956 PMCID: PMC6127353 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the prevalence of hyperopia and myopia and their associations with age and gender in 5- to 15-year-old children in underserved rural areas in Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, sampling was done using a multistage cluster sampling method from two underprivileged rural regions in Iran, and 3851 persons over 1 year old of age were invited to the study. After inviting the selected participants, examinations were conducted at a designated site in the selected villages. All participants underwent measurements of uncorrected and corrected visual acuity, manifest refraction, and a slit-lamp examination. Cycloplegic refraction was done by instilling cyclopentolate 1% eye drops in under 15-year-old participants. Results Of the 3851 selected persons, 3314 subjects participated (86.5%), and of these, 602 were in the 5–15 year age group. The prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in the studied children was 2.60% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10–4.10] and 4.00% (95% CI: 1.84–6.15), respectively. The prevalence of myopia in male and female children was 2.65% and 2.55%, respectively (P = 0.951). The prevalence of hyperopia in male and female children was 2.83% and 5.25%, respectively (P = 0.130). The prevalence of myopia in the villages of southwest and north was 2.42% and 3.09%, respectively (P = 0.618), and the prevalence of hyperopia was 4.71% and 2.10%, respectively (P = 0.0056). Conclusion The present report is a brief description of the status of refractive errors in children residing in underprivileged villages of two rural districts in Iran. As presented, the prevalence of myopia is not high, although the prevalence of hyperopia is in the mid-range compared to previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Payam Nabovati
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Riazi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Signes-Soler I, Hernández-Verdejo JL, Estrella Lumeras MA, Tomás Verduras E, Piñero DP. Refractive error study in young subjects: results from a rural area in Paraguay. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:467-472. [PMID: 28393041 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.03.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the distribution of refractive error in young subjects in a rural area of Paraguay in the context of an international cooperation campaign for the prevention of blindness. METHODS A sample of 1466 young subjects (ranging from 3 to 22 years old), with a mean age of 11.21±3.63 years old, were examined to assess their distance visual acuity (VA) and refractive error. The first screening examination performed by trained volunteers, included visual acuity testing, autokeratometry and non-cycloplegic autorefraction. Inclusion criteria for a second complete cycloplegic eye examination by an optometrist were VA <20/25 (0.10 logMAR or 0.8 decimal) and/or corneal astigmatism ≥1.50 D. RESULTS An uncorrected distance VA of 0 logMAR (1.0 decimal) was found in 89.2% of children. VA <20/25 and/or corneal astigmatism ≥1.50 D was found in 3.9% of children (n=57), with a prevalence of hyperopia of 5.2% (0.2% of the total) in this specific group. Furthermore, myopia (spherical equivalent ≤-0.5 D) was found in 37.7% of the refracted children (0.5% of the total). The prevalence of refractive astigmatism (cylinder ≤-1.50 D) was 15.8% (0.6% of the total). Visual impairment (VI) (0.05≤VA≤0.3) was found in 12/114 (0.4%) of the refracted eyes. Main causes for VI were refractive error (58%), retinal problems (17%, 2/12), albinism (17%, 2/12) and unknown (8%, 1/12). CONCLUSION A low prevalence of refractive error has been found in this rural area of Paraguay, with higher prevalence of myopia than of hyperopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Signes-Soler
- Non-governmental Organization Vision Without Borders (Visio Sense Fronteres), Alicante 03710, Spain; School of Advanced Education, Research and Accreditation (SAERA), Castellón de la Plana 12001, Spain
| | - José Luis Hernández-Verdejo
- Non-governmental Organization Vision Without Borders (Visio Sense Fronteres), Alicante 03710, Spain; Faculty of Optics and Optometry, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid 28037, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Estrella Lumeras
- Non-governmental Organization Vision Without Borders (Visio Sense Fronteres), Alicante 03710, Spain; European University of Madrid, Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Elena Tomás Verduras
- Non-governmental Organization Vision Without Borders (Visio Sense Fronteres), Alicante 03710, Spain; School of Advanced Education, Research and Accreditation (SAERA), Castellón de la Plana 12001, Spain
| | - David P Piñero
- Foundation for the Visual Quality (FUNCAVIS), Alicante 03016, Spain; Department of Optics, Pharmacology, and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
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Bitta M, Kariuki SM, Abubakar A, Newton CRJC. Burden of neurodevelopmental disorders in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:121. [PMID: 29881784 PMCID: PMC5964629 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13540.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Childhood mortality from infectious diseases has declined steadily in many low and middle-income (LAMIC) countries, with increased recognition of non-communicable diseases such as neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). There is lack of data on the burden of NDD in LAMIC. Current global burden of these disorders are largely extrapolated from high-income countries. The main objective of the study was therefore to estimate the burden of NDD in LAMIC using meta-analytic techniques. Methods: We systematically searched online databases including Medline/PubMed, PsychoInfo, and Embase for studies that reported prevalence or incidence of NDD. Pooled prevalence, heterogeneity and risk factors for prevalence were determined using meta-analytic techniques. Results: We identified 4,802 records, but only 51 studies met the eligibility criteria. Most studies were from Asia (52.2%) and most were on neurological disorders (63.1%). The median pooled prevalence per 1,000 for all NDD was 7.6 (95%CI 7.5-7.7), being 11.3 (11.7-12.0) for neurological disorders and 3.2 (95%CI 3.1-3.3) for mental conditions such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The type of NDD was significantly associated with the greatest prevalence ratio in the multivariable model (PR=2.6(95%CI 0.6-11.6) (P>0.05). Incidence was only reported for epilepsy (mean of 447.7 (95%CI 415.3-481.9) per 100,000). Perinatal complications were the commonest risk factor for NDD. Conclusion: The burden of NDD in LAMIC is considerable. Epidemiological surveys on NDD should screen all types of NDD to provide reliable estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Bitta
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research , (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Symon M Kariuki
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research , (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Amina Abubakar
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research , (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles R J C Newton
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research , (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Purpose To analyze changes in myopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia after laser treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), including aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (APROP), in Mainland Chinese children. Methods This was a retrospective study of children who had laser treatment for threshold or type 1 prethreshold ROP between January 2004 and October 2012 and age-matched control subjects with spontaneously regressed type 2 prethreshold ROP. One hundred fifteen eyes of 60 patients were included as the laser-treated group, which were further subdivided into APROP and non-APROP groups. Thirty-seven eyes of 20 patients who were diagnosed during the same period were included as the control group. Between 12 and 36 months postnatal age (PA) (mean [±SD], 22.9 [±8.1] months), cycloplegic retinoscopy was performed to measure refractive outcomes. A general linear model was used to analyze refractive changes among different groups at each PA. Results After adjusting for PA and the correlation between right and left eyes, the magnitude and proportion of astigmatism (p = 0.04 and p = 0.004, respectively) and myopia (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.006, respectively) were greater in the laser-treated group than in the control group. The differences in myopia were even greater in children with APROP than those with non-APROP, whereas the differences in astigmatism were not. Eyes with APROP had higher prevalence of high myopia and spherical anisometropia than the control (p = 0.002 and p = 0.02, respectively) and the non-APROP groups (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.04, respectively). Conclusions Children with laser treatment for ROP, including APROP, tended to have higher myopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia, which may progress to amblyopia. These findings highlight the need for regular refractive screening after laser treatment of ROP.
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Norouzirad R, Hashemi H, Yekta A, Nirouzad F, Ostadimoghaddam H, Yazdani N, Dadbin N, Javaherforoushzadeh A, Khabazkhoob M. The prevalence of refractive errors in 6- to 15-year-old schoolchildren in Dezful, Iran. J Curr Ophthalmol 2015; 27:51-5. [PMID: 27239576 PMCID: PMC4877718 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the prevalence of refractive errors, among 6- to 15-year-old schoolchildren in the city of Dezful in western Iran. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 1375 Dezful schoolchildren were selected through multistage cluster sampling. After obtaining written consent, participants had uncorrected and corrected visual acuity tests and cycloplegic refraction at the school site. Refractive errors were defined as myopia [spherical equivalent (SE) −0.5 diopter (D)], hyperopia (SE ≥ 2.0D), and astigmatism (cylinder error > 0.5D). Results 1151 (83.7%) schoolchildren participated in the study. Of these, 1130 completed their examinations. 21 individuals were excluded because of poor cooperation and contraindication for cycloplegic refraction. Prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism were 14.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 10.1–19.6), 12.9% (95% CI: 7.2–18.6), and 45.3% (95% CI: 40.3–50.3), respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an age-related increase in myopia prevalence (p << 0.001) and a decrease in hyperopia prevalence (p << 0.001). There was a higher prevalence of myopia in boys (p<<0.001) and hyperopia in girls (p = 0.007). Conclusion This study showed a considerably high prevalence of refractive errors among the Iranian population of schoolchildren in Dezful in the west of Iran. The prevalence of myopia is considerably high compared to previous studies in Iran and increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Ostadimoghaddam
- Refractive Errors Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Negareh Yazdani
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nooshin Dadbin
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor eye hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hashemi H, Yekta A, Jafarzadehpur E, Nirouzad F, Ostadimoghaddam H, Eshrati B, Mohazzab-Torabi S, Khabazkhoob M. The Prevalence of Amblyopia in 7-year-old Schoolchildren in Iran. Strabismus 2014; 22:152-7. [DOI: 10.3109/09273972.2014.971824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Oscar A, Cherninkova S, Haykin V, Aroyo A, Levi A, Marinov N, Kostova S, Elenkov C, Veleva N, Chernodrinska V, Petkova I, Spitzer J. Amblyopia screening in Bulgaria. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2014; 51:284-8. [PMID: 24971584 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20140618-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of amblyopia and the average age at first ophthalmological examination of school-aged children from northwestern Bulgaria. METHODS Visual acuity testing, stereopsis, orthoptics, ocular motility, non-cycloplegic refraction, direct ophthalmoscopy, and external ocular inspection were performed. Cycloplegic refraction and indirect ophthalmoscopy were done as necessary. A total of 2,054 children (1,020 girls and 1,034 boys) were divided into three age groups: 6 to 8 years (803 children), 8 to 10 years (719 children), and 10 to 12 years (530 children). RESULTS A total of 1,861 children (90.6%) received their first examination: 754 (93.9%) aged 6 to 8 years, 638 (88.7%) aged 8 to 10 years, and 469 (88.2%) aged 10 to 12 years. Amblyopia was detected in 88 children (4.3%): 42 (5.2%) aged 6 to 8 years, 27 (3.8%) aged 8 to 10 years, and 19 (3.6%) aged 10 to 12 years. The first group had higher prevalence compared to countries with well-developed screening programs. Refractive errors were detected in 403 children (19.7%): 125 (15.6%) aged 6 to 8 years, 146 (20.3%) aged 8 to 10 years, and 132 (24.8%) aged 10 to 12 years. The estimated prevalence increases with age. Strabismus was detected in 24 children (1.2%): 8 (1.0%) aged 6 to 8 years, 7 (1.0%) aged 8 to 10 years, and 9 (1.7%) aged 10 to 12 years. CONCLUSIONS The lack of screening programs in Bulgaria is the main reason for late diagnosis of amblyopia. The "Do Good "project provided eye examination of school-aged children aged 6 to 12 years, when amblyopia is curable. This model could be used in establishing a Bulgarian national screening program.
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Morgan IG, Rose KA. Myopia and international educational performance. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2013; 33:329-38. [PMID: 23662964 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyse the relationship between myopia, educational performance and engagement in after-school tutorial classes. METHODS Educational performance data and data on engagement in after-school tutorial classes were taken from the results of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Program in Secondary Assessment (PISA) reports for 2009, which tested educational outcomes in representative samples of 15 year-old school children from 65 jurisdictions. High prevalence of myopia (>70%) and low prevalence of myopia (<40%) locations were identified by systematic literature search. RESULTS Six locations with a high prevalence of myopia were identified from among the participants in PISA 2009 - Shanghai-China, Hong Kong-China, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan and South Korea. All were ranked in the top quartile on educational performance. Other participants in the top educational performance quartile were identified as locations with a low prevalence of myopia, including Australia and Finland. The locations with a high prevalence of myopia combined high educational performance and high engagement in after-school tutorials, whereas the locations with a low prevalence of myopia combined high educational performance with little engagement in tutorials. DISCUSSION These results show that it is possible to achieve high educational outcomes without extensive engagement in after-school tutorials, and that the combination of high educational outcomes with extensive use of tutorials is associated with high prevalence rates of myopia. We suggest that extensive use of after-school tutorials may be a marker of educational environments which impose high educational loads. Further quantification of educational loads to include after- school educational activities, such as homework, tutorials and other after-school classes, as well as formal school classes, is desirable. Policy initiatives to decrease these loads may contribute to the prevention of myopia, perhaps, at least in part, by enabling children to spend more time outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Morgan
- Research School of Biology, ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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