1
|
Pinto Neto LFDS, Perini FDB, Aragón MG, Freitas MA, Miranda AE. Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2020: HIV infection in adolescents and adults. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e2020588. [PMID: 34008717 PMCID: PMC8210492 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-588-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is presented in the chapters of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. Health professionals and managers must learn the signs and symptoms of HIV infection and know how to diagnose it to provide appropriate treatment and reduce complications. HIV infection has become a chronic disease. Its treatment includes addressing common comorbidities such as arterial hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, in addition to cardiac risk assessment, cancer prevention, and guidance on immunization. Initiation of treatment for HIV patients is recommended regardless of clinical or immunological criteria as adopted by the Ministry of Health since 2013. Lately, it has been simplified with more tolerable first-line medications and fewer drug interactions, making its management easy to implement, including by primary health care. HIV cases are concentrated in specific population groups, such as sex workers, men who have sex with men, transexuals, people who use alcohol or other drugs, and vulnerable people, such as black, incarcerated, or people living on the streets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayra Gonçalves Aragón
- Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Araújo Freitas
- Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| | - Angélica Espinosa Miranda
- Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas, Vitória, ES, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pinto Neto LFDS, Perini FDB, Aragón MG, Freitas MA, Miranda AE. [Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: HIV infection in adolescents and adults]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e2020588. [PMID: 33729400 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-4974202100013.esp1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection is the subject of one of the chapters of the "Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections", published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. It is important that health professionals and managers learn the signs and symptoms of HIV infection and know how to diagnose it, in order to provide appropriate treatment and reduce complications. HIV infection has become a chronic disease and its treatment includes addressing common comorbidities in clinical practice such as arterial hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia, in addition to cardiac risk assessment, cancer prevention and guidance on immunization. Initiation of treatment for all HIV patients, regardless of clinical or immunological criteria, adopted by the Ministry of Health since 2013, has now been simplified with more tolerable first-line medications and with fewer drug interactions, which makes its management easy to implement, including by Primary Health Care.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kong WH, Liu P, Tang L, Zhu ZR, Xiao P, Zhan JB, Wang X, Zhou W, Liu MQ. Estimation of the Seroconversion Duration of HIV-1 Antibodies in Individuals With Recent Infection in China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1322. [PMID: 31249564 PMCID: PMC6582625 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of recent HIV-1 infection is clinically important for the effective treatment and prevention of transmission. However, the window period for seroconversion with respect to various HIV-1 antibodies is not well characterized. In addition, the routine HIV testing algorithms are not particularly appropriate for the identification of recent HIV-1 infection. In this study, we enrolled individuals who showed seroconversion from negative Western blot (WB) or indeterminate WB results and analyzed the window periods for appearance of HIV-1 antibodies. A total of 10,934 individuals with suspected HIV infection were tested by Wuhan CDC between 2012 and 2017; of these, 40 individuals with initial negative WB and 102 individuals with initial indeterminate WB who showed positive WB results within 100 days were included in the analysis. The mean time for seroconversion was 43.90 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 37.30-50.50) days and 42.15 (95% CI: 37.99-46.30) days, respectively. The time duration for p31 seroconversion among people with negative WB and indeterminate WB was 58.11 (95% CI, 44.30-71.92) days and 51.91 (95% CI, 44.55-59.28) days, respectively, both of which were significantly longer (p = 0.0169) than those in people without p31 seroconversion. A similar difference was observed with respect to p66 seroconversion, with a window time of 53.53 (95% CI, 43.54-63.52) days and 47.87 (95% CI, 43.16-52.57) days among people with negative WB and indeterminate WB, respectively. These data suggest that HIV-1 antibody p66, like p31, may serve as a potential serological marker for distinguishing Fiebig stage V and stage VI at day 70 post-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Kong
- Department of Pathogen, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Pathogen, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Pathogen, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze-Rong Zhu
- Department of Pathogen, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Department of Pathogen, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhan
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Pathogen, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Wang Zhou
- Department of Pathogen, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Man-Qing Liu
- Department of Pathogen, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Acute Retroviral Syndrome Presenting with Hemolytic Anemia Induced by G6PD Deficiency. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 4:tropicalmed4010006. [PMID: 30591622 PMCID: PMC6473657 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzyme defect described in humans. Hemolysis in affected patients is usually triggered by circumstances involving free radical damage. While acute HIV infection is known to be a state of overwhelming oxidative stress, virus-induced hemolytic events in G6PD-deficient patients has rarely been reported. Despite an estimated overall prevalence of 6.8%⁻13% of this disorder in the HIV population, clinically significant hemolysis has been largely attributed to the use of offending medications rather than HIV infection itself. Here, we present a patient whose first episode of G6PD deficiency-associated hemolysis occurred as the main presentation of acute HIV infection.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hageman JR. A Historical Perspective of HIV Infection. Pediatr Ann 2018; 47:e226. [PMID: 29898231 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20180522-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
6
|
Loynachan C, Thomas MR, Gray ER, Richards DA, Kim J, Miller BS, Brookes JC, Agarwal S, Chudasama V, McKendry RA, Stevens MM. Platinum Nanocatalyst Amplification: Redefining the Gold Standard for Lateral Flow Immunoassays with Ultrabroad Dynamic Range. ACS NANO 2018; 12:279-288. [PMID: 29215864 PMCID: PMC5785759 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) are one of the most widely used point-of-care (PoC) devices; however, their application in early disease diagnostics is often limited due to insufficient sensitivity for the requisite sample sizes and the short time frames of PoC testing. To address this, we developed a serum-stable, nanoparticle catalyst-labeled LFIA with a sensitivity surpassing that of both current commercial and published sensitivities for paper-based detection of p24, one of the earliest and most conserved biomarkers of HIV. We report the synthesis and characterization of porous platinum core-shell nanocatalysts (PtNCs), which show high catalytic activity when exposed to complex human blood serum samples. We explored the application of antibody-functionalized PtNCs with strategically and orthogonally modified nanobodies with high affinity and specificity toward p24 and established the key larger nanoparticle size regimes needed for efficient amplification and performance in LFIA. Harnessing the catalytic amplification of PtNCs enabled naked-eye detection of p24 spiked into sera in the low femtomolar range (ca. 0.8 pg·mL-1) and the detection of acute-phase HIV in clinical human plasma samples in under 20 min. This provides a versatile absorbance-based and rapid LFIA with sensitivity capable of significantly reducing the HIV acute phase detection window. This diagnostic may be readily adapted for detection of other biomolecules as an ultrasensitive screening tool for infectious and noncommunicable diseases and can be capitalized upon in PoC settings for early disease detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen
N. Loynachan
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, U.K.
| | - Michael R. Thomas
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, U.K.
| | - Eleanor R. Gray
- London Centre for Nanotechnology
and the Division of Medicine, and Department of
Physics and Astronomy, University College
London, 17−19
Gordon Street, London WC1H
0AH, U.K.
| | - Daniel A. Richards
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Jeongyun Kim
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, U.K.
| | - Benjamin S. Miller
- London Centre for Nanotechnology
and the Division of Medicine, and Department of
Physics and Astronomy, University College
London, 17−19
Gordon Street, London WC1H
0AH, U.K.
| | - Jennifer C. Brookes
- London Centre for Nanotechnology
and the Division of Medicine, and Department of
Physics and Astronomy, University College
London, 17−19
Gordon Street, London WC1H
0AH, U.K.
| | - Shweta Agarwal
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, U.K.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Rachel A. McKendry
- London Centre for Nanotechnology
and the Division of Medicine, and Department of
Physics and Astronomy, University College
London, 17−19
Gordon Street, London WC1H
0AH, U.K.
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, U.K.
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|