Time and Motion Study of a Community Patient Navigator

New Injury Patterns in Pediatric Supracondylar Fractures During COVID-19: Beds Are the New Monkey Bars

BACKGROUND

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic drastically altered children's activity patterns. Our goal was to investigate how COVID-19 affected demographics, injury characteristics, treatment patterns, follow-up, and outcomes in pediatric supracondylar humerus (SCH) fractures.

METHODS

This was an Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective analysis of patients undergoing surgery for a SCH fracture from May to November 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and from May to November 2020 (during COVID-19) at 2 tertiary children's hospitals. Demographic information, injury characteristics, hospital course, and follow-up data were collected and compared.

RESULTS

SCH fractures decreased by >50% from 2019 (149) to 2020 (72). Children in the 2020 cohort were younger (mean 5.2 y old) compared with 2019 (6.0 y old) ( P =0.019). Mechanism of injury was significantly different in 2020 ( P <0.001), as the proportion of trampoline and furniture fractures increased from 8% and 17% to 15% and 33%, respectively. The proportion of playground and monkey bar fractures decreased from 20% and 17% to 3% and 4%, respectively. Distribution of Gartland type and neurovascular injury rates were similar in 2019 and 2020 ( P =0.411 and 0.538). Time from emergency department admission to the operating room and duration of hospital admission were both unchanged from 2019 to 2020 ( P =0.864 and 0.363). The duration of postoperative follow-up in 2019 was 94.5 days compared with 72.8 days in 2020 ( P =0.122), as more pandemic patients were lost to follow up (22.5% vs. 35.2%, P =0.049).

CONCLUSIONS

The demographics, mechanism of injury, and follow-up practices of pediatric SCH fractures changed significantly during the pandemic, likely because of school closures and lock-downs changing activity patterns. Different mechanisms of injury affected younger patients and reflected the new ways children played. Trampoline-related and furniture-related injuries overtook the classic playground falls as primary mechanism of injury. Despite the need for COVID-19 testing, there was no delay in time to the operating room. Hospitalization duration did not change, yet postoperative follow-up was shorter, and more patients were lost to follow up. Despite these stressors, outcomes remained excellent in most children.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III-Retrospective comparative study.

How is the COVID-19 pandemic shaping transportation access to health care?

The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted both transportation and health systems. While about 40% of Americans have delayed seeking medical care during the pandemic, it remains unclear to what extent transportation is contributing to missed care. To understand the relationship between transportation and unmet health care needs during the pandemic, this paper synthesizes existing knowledge on transportation patterns and barriers across five types of health care needs. While the literature is limited by the absence of detailed data for trips to health care, key themes emerged across populations and settings. We find that some patients, many of whom already experience transportation disadvantage, likely need extra support during the pandemic to overcome new travel barriers related to changes in public transit or the inability to rely on others for rides. Telemedicine is working as a partial substitute for some visits but cannot fulfill all health care needs, especially for vulnerable groups. Structural inequality during the pandemic has likely compounded health care access barriers for low-income individuals and people of color, who face not only disproportionate health risks, but also greater difficulty in transportation access and heightened economic hardship due to COVID-19. Partnerships between health and transportation systems hold promise for jointly addressing disparities in health- and transportation-related challenges but are largely limited to Medicaid-enrolled patients. Our findings suggest that transportation and health care providers should look for additional strategies to ensure that transportation access is not a reason for delayed medical care during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

A time motion study of community mental health workers in rural India

BACKGROUND

Community Health Workers (CHWs) are critical to providing healthcare services in countries such as India which face a severe shortage of skilled healthcare personnel especially in rural areas. The aim of this study is to understand the work flow of CHWs in a rural Community Mental Health Project (CMHP) in India and identify inefficiencies which impede their service delivery. This will aid in formulating a targeted policy approach, improving efficiency and supporting appropriate work allocation as the roles and responsibilities of the CHWs evolve.

METHODS

A continuous observation Time Motion study was conducted on Community Health Workers selected through purposive sampling. The CHWs were observed for the duration of an entire working day (9 am- 3 pm) for 5 days each, staggered during a period of 1 month. The 14 different activities performed by the CHWs were identified and the time duration was recorded. Activities were then classified as value added, non-value added but necessary and non-value-added to determine their time allocation.

RESULTS

Home visits occupied the CHWs for the maximum number of hours followed by Documentation, and Traveling. Documentation, Administrative work and Review of work process are the non-value-added but necessary activities which consumed a significant proportion of their time. The CHWs spent approximately 40% of their time on value added, 58.5% of their time on non-value added but necessary and 1.5% of their time on non-value added activities. The CHWs worked for 0.7 h beyond the stipulated time daily.

CONCLUSION

The CHW's are "dedicated" mental health workers as opposed to being "generalists" and their activities involve a significant investment of their time due to the specialized nature of the services offered such as counselling, screening and home visits. The CHWs are stretched beyond their standard work hours. Non-value added but necessary activities consumed a significant proportion of their time at the expense of value-added activities. Work flow redesign and implementation of Health Management Information Systems (HMIS) can mitigate inefficiencies.