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Boafo YA, Ohemeng FNA, Ayivor J, Ayitiah JA, Yirenya-Tawiah D, Mensah A, Datsa C, Annang TY, Adom L. Unraveling diarrheal disease knowledge, understanding, and management practices among climate change vulnerable coastal communities in Ghana. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1352275. [PMID: 38947353 PMCID: PMC11211366 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1352275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diarrheal disease is a global public health concern, particularly in low-income countries. In Ghana, widespread issues like inadequate sanitation, unsafe drinking water, malnutrition, and poor hygiene practices contribute to the high incidence of diarrhea. Climate change exacerbates these challenges by increasing the frequency and severity of conditions that spread diarrheal diseases. This study explores households' knowledge, understanding, and management practices for diarrhea in climate change-vulnerable coastal communities. Methods The study is set in Ghana's central (Mumford, Opetekwei) and eastern (Anyako, Anyanui-Atiteti) coastlines. Using a cross-sectional study design, a structured questionnaire was administered to randomly sampled households (n = 419) to collect quantitative data. The study collected qualitative data from focus group discussions (n = 8), with groups separated into men and women, key informant interviews, and observations of food, water, and sanitation conditions across the studied communities. Results and discussion The study found significant variations between the studied communities and socio-demographic variables except for the respondents' gender. Multivariate regression analyses identified significant associations between socio-demographic variables (especially gender and educational status) and perceptions of diarrhea causes. The most used first management action against diarrhea is 'over-the-counter drugs', followed by home-made traditional remedies. Significant differences were observed in the usage of management practices across the studied communities. Trust, affordability, and availability were identified as the main factors influencing households' use of approved pharmaceutical drugs and traditional herbal remedies for managing behavior, with significant differences being observed across communities. The study recommends a multi-sectoral approach, including improved access to regularly flowing, safe water and sanitation facilities, education on preventing diarrhea, and adequate healthcare services. Community-based interventions such as promoting good hygiene practices at homes and community settings such as schools, lorry parks, funeral grounds, and recreational areas can also effectively reduce the burden of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Agyeman Boafo
- Centre for Climate Change and Sustainability Studies, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fidelia N. A. Ohemeng
- Department of Sociology, College of Humanities, University of Ghana, Legon, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Jesse Ayivor
- Institute of Environment and Sanitation Studies, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Armah Ayitiah
- Institute of Environment and Sanitation Studies, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dzidzo Yirenya-Tawiah
- Institute of Environment and Sanitation Studies, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adelina Mensah
- Institute of Environment and Sanitation Studies, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Cecilia Datsa
- Institute of Environment and Sanitation Studies, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ted Yemoh Annang
- Institute of Environment and Sanitation Studies, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lois Adom
- Institute of Environment and Sanitation Studies, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Abay KA, Desalegn G, Weldu Y, Gebrehiwot GT, Gebreyohannes G, Welekidan LN, Desta KH, Asfaw YT, Teka AG, Gebremedhin MT. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter Species and Associated Factors Among Under-Five Children with Diarrhea at Randomly Selected Public Health Facilities in Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:495-505. [PMID: 38348229 PMCID: PMC10860571 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s438370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter species are the most predominant bacterial agents to cause diarrhea in under-five children. It poses a serious challenge to public health worldwide with ongoing acquisition of resistance to different antimicrobials with multiple patterns. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence, and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter species, and associated factors among under-five children with diarrhea in selected public health facilities. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among under-five children with diarrhea using convenient sampling. Health facilities were selected using a simple random sampling method. The stool samples collected from 214 study participants were transported and processed following standard microbiological protocols. Campylobacter isolates were identified using Gram staining, biochemical test, serological test, and aerobic growth at 25°C. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of isolates were performed using the Kirby-Bauer method. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 25.0. Association between variables was assessed using Chi-square test and Logistic regression, with P ≤ 0.05. Results The subject's mean age was 31.3 (±3.9) months. Of the 214 samples cultured, 14 (6.5%) of them were positive for Campylobacter species with 95% CI (3.3-10.3). Out of the isolated species, 12 (85.7%) were Campylobacter jejuni /Campylobacter coli and 2 (14.3%) were other Campylobacter species. Bottle feeding and history of direct contact to domestic animals were associated with Campylobacter species (AOR=5.13, CI=1.21-21.6, p=0.026 and AOR=4.93, CI=1.33-18.17, P=0.016), respectively. Campylobacter isolates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin 5 (35.7%), and tetracycline 3 (21.4%). Conclusion A higher incidence of Campylobacter species was obtained in children who were bottle-fed and who had a history of direct contact with domestic animals. The isolates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. These findings indicate that special attention is needed for better management of Campylobacter drug resistance in under-five children. To enhance and support our current findings, further research using molecular techniques is needed to identify the resistant and virulent genes of the bacterial isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebede Araya Abay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dr. Tewelde Legesse College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Girmay Desalegn
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Yemane Weldu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Gebrecherkos Teame Gebrehiwot
- Department of Biomedical Research and Technology Transfer, Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Gebreselema Gebreyohannes
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Mekelle Institute of Technology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Letemicheal Negash Welekidan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Kibra Hailu Desta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Yohanns Tekle Asfaw
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Ataklti Gessese Teka
- Department of Biomedical Research and Technology Transfer, Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Tilahun Gebremedhin
- Department of Biomedical Research and Technology Transfer, Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Melese M, Birhan TA, Simegn W, Adugna DG, Diress M, Getawa S, Azanaw J. Prevalence of Diarrhea, Intestinal Parasites, and Associated Factors Among Under-Five Children in Dabat District, Northwest Ethiopia: Multicenter Cross-sectional Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2023; 17:11786302231174744. [PMID: 37187706 PMCID: PMC10176582 DOI: 10.1177/11786302231174744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite global interventions to prevent and control diarrhea, it remains a public health problem leading to childhood morbidity and mortality majorly in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, data from 2021 indicated that diarrheal disease is responsible for 8% of deaths in children under the age of 5. In the world, more than 1 billion under-five children live in poverty, social exclusion, and discrimination affected by intestinal parasitic infections and diarrhea disease. In sub-Saharan African countries like Ethiopia, diarrheal diseases and parasite infections continue to cause significant and persistent morbidity and mortality in under-five children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of intestinal parasites and diarrheal diseases in children under the age of 5 years in Dabat District, Northwest Ethiopia in 2022. Method A community-based, cross-sectional study was carried out from September 16 to August 18th 2022. Four hundred households with at least one child under the age of 5 years were recruited by simple random sampling technique. Sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral factors were also collected using pretested interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data was entered into Epi-data version 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 for analysis. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with diarrhea and intestinal parasitic infections. The level of significance was computed at a P-value ⩽ .05. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and other summary statistics were used for describing sociodemographic variables and determining the prevalence of diarrhea and intestinal parasites. Tables, figures, and texts were used to present the findings. The variables having a P-value of less than .2 in the bivariable analysis were entered into the multivariable analysis at a P-value of ⩽.5. Results According to this study, the prevalence of diarrhea and intestinal parasites among under-five children was 20.8% (95% CI: [16.8-37.8] and 32.5% (95% CI: [28.6, 37.8], respectively. In multivariable logistic analysis at a P-value of ⩽.5, the educational level of mothers (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.7, 95% CI: [1.52, 8.95], residence (AOR: 4.7, 95% CI: [1.52, 8.09]), undernutrition (AOR: 3.6, 95% CI: [1.09, 11.3]), latrine availability (AOR:3.9, 95% CI: [1.23, 9.56]), types of the latrine (AOR: 5.9, 95% CI: [3.42, 11.66]), water treatment (AOR = 7.6; 95% CI: [6.4, 12.7]), eating uncooked vegetable or fruits (AOR = 4.6; 95% CI: [1.025, 15.2]), and source of water (AOR = 4.5; 95% CI: [2.32,8.92]) were significantly associated with diarrheal disease. Intestinal parasitic infection was also significantly associated with undernutrition (AOR = 3.9; 95% CI: [1.09, 9.67]), latrine availability (AOR = 2.1; 95% CI:[1.32, 9.32]), types of the latrine (AOR = 2.8; 95% CI: [1.92, 8.12]) residence (AOR = 4.7; 95% CI: [1.52, 8.09]), water treatment, source of water for drinking (AOR = 4.5; 95% CI: [2.32, 8.92]), eating uncooked vegetables or fruits (AOR = 6.7:95% CI: [3.9, 9.8]), and deworming children with anti-parasitic medication (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI: [1.34, 5.62]), washing hands after latrine used (AOR = 2.2: 95% CI: [1.06, 3.86]). Conclusion The prevalence of diarrhea and intestinal parasite among under-five children was 20.8% and 32.5%, respectively. Undernutrition, latrine availability, types of latrines, residence, eating uncooked vegetables or fruits, and source of water for drinking and water treatment were associated with intestinal parasitic infection and diarrheal disease. Deworming children with antiparasitic medications and washing hands after latrine use was also significantly associated with parasitic infection. Hence, awareness creation activities on latrine utilization and building, keeping personal hygiene, safe water supply, feeding cooked vegetables or fruits, taking anti-parasitic medications, practice hand washing habit after toilet use are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihret Melese
- Department of Human Physiology, School
of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar,
Ethiopia
- Mihret Melese, Department of Human
Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science,
University of Gondar, Gondar 196, Ethiopia.
| | - Tsegaye Adane Birhan
- Department of Environmental and
Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and
Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wudneh Simegn
- Social and administrative pharmacy,
School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar,
Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dagnew Getnet Adugna
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of
Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar,
Ethiopia
| | - Mengistie Diress
- Department of Human Physiology, School
of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar,
Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Getawa
- Department of Hematology and
Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine
and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Jember Azanaw
- Department of Environmental and
Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and
Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Girmay AM, Weldegebriel MG, Serte MG, Dinssa DA, Alemayehu TA, Kenea MA, Weldetinsae A, Teklu KT, Mengesha SD, Alemu ZA, Demisie B, Wagari B, Evans MR, Tessema M, Tollera G. Determinants of vaccine acceptance, knowledge, attitude, and prevention practices against COVID-19 among governmental healthcare workers in Addis Ababa and Adama, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1074. [PMID: 36698705 PMCID: PMC9846116 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims COVID-19 vaccines are vital tools for infection prevention and control of the pandemic. However, coronavirus immunization requires acceptance among healthcare workforces and by the community. In Ethiopia, studies focused on determinants of vaccine acceptance, knowledge, attitude, and prevention practices (KAP) contrary to the novel coronavirus among healthcare staff are limited. Hence, closing this gap requires research. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 844 governmental healthcare workers. A stratified, simple random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Binary and multivariable logistic regression statistical models were used to analyze the data. Results This study indicated that only 57.9% of the participants had good COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, meaning they took at least a dose of the vaccine themselves. We found that 65%, 60.9%, and 51.3% of the participants had good knowledge, prevention practices, and attitude against the pandemic. The novel coronavirus vaccine acceptance rate was 2.19 times more likely among females (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.19 with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.54-3.10) than among male participants. Further, respondents who did not report having any chronic diseases were 9.40 times higher to accept COVID-19 vaccines (AOR = 9.40 with 95% CI: 4.77, 18.53) than those who reported having a chronic condition. However, healthcare workers who had a habit of chewing khat at least once per week were 4% less likely to take the vaccine (AOR = 0.04 with 95% CI: 0.01, 0.32) than those who had no habit of chewing khat. Conclusion Many core factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine acceptance were identified. A significant number of participants had poor vaccine acceptance, KAP against COVID-19. Therefore, the government should adopt urgent and effective public health measures, including public campaigns to enhance public trust in COVID-19 vaccines. In addition, continuous, timely, and practical training should be provided to healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderajew M. Girmay
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Mesaye G. Weldegebriel
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Melaku G. Serte
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Daniel A. Dinssa
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Tsigereda A. Alemayehu
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Moa A. Kenea
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Abel Weldetinsae
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Kirubel T. Teklu
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Sisay D. Mengesha
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Zinabu A. Alemu
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Belaynesh Demisie
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Bedasa Wagari
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Martin R. Evans
- Laboratory and Microbiology Consultant, Global Health ProgramsAmerican Society for MicrobiologyHuntingtonNew YorkUSA
| | - Masresha Tessema
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Getachew Tollera
- Department of Nutrition and Environmental Health Research DirectorateEthiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)Addis AbabaEthiopia
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Beyene AM, Gezachew M, Mengesha D, Yousef A, Gelaw B. Prevalence and drug resistance patterns of Gram-negative enteric bacterial pathogens from diarrheic patients in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265271. [PMID: 35294487 PMCID: PMC8926281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhoea is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world particularly in developing countries and among vulnerable groups of the population. Gram-negative enteric bacterial pathogens (GNEBPs) are a group of organisms that reside mainly in the intestine and induce diarrhoea. Antimicrobial agents are usually the part of their treatment regimen. The therapeutic effect of antimicrobials is hindered by the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains. The information regarding the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of GNEBPs in Ethiopia is limited and found in a scattered form. Objectives This study was designed to determine the pooled prevalence and drug resistance patterns of GNEBPs by meta-analysis of data from diarrhoeic patients in Ethiopia. Method A comprehensive literature search was conducted through internet searches using Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, HINARI databases, and reference lists of previous studies. Published articles were included in the study based on priorly set inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results were presented in the forest plot, tables, and figures with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The inconsistency index (I2) test statistics was used to assess heterogeneity across studies. The pooled prevalence estimate of GNEBPs and their drug resistance patterns were computed by a random-effects model. Software for Statistics and Data Science (STATA) version 14 statistical software was used for the analysis. Result After removing those articles which did not fulfil the inclusion criteria, 43 studies were included in the analysis. Studies were conducted in 8 regions of the country and most of the published articles were from the Amhara region (30.23%) followed by Oromia (18.60%) and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ region (SNNP) (18.60%). The pooled prevalence of GNEBPs was 15.81% (CI = 13.33–18.29). The funnel plot indicated the presence of publication bias. The pooled prevalence of GNEBPs in Addis Ababa, Amhara, SNNP, and Oromia regions were 20.08, 16.67, 12.12, and 11.61%, respectively. The pooled prevalence was 14.91, 18.03, and 13.46% among studies conducted from 2006–2010, 2011–2015, and 2016–2021, respectively and it was the highest (20.35%) in children having age less than or equal to 15 years. The pooled prevalence of Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., Shigella spp., and Salmonella enterica were 19.79, 10.76, 6.24, and 5.06%, respectively. Large proportions (60–90%) of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. The pooled prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 70.56% (CI = 64.56–76.77%) and MDR in Campylobacter spp., Shigella spp., E. coli, and S. enterica. were 80.78, 79.08, 78.20, and 59.46%, respectively. Conclusion The pooled estimate showed a high burden of GNEBPs infections and a high proportion of drug resistance characters to commonly used antimicrobial agents in Ethiopia. Therefore, performing drug susceptibility tests, establishing an antimicrobial surveillance system and confirmation by molecular techniques are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achenef Melaku Beyene
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Mucheye Gezachew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Desalegn Mengesha
- Global One Health Initiative, East African Regional Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Yousef
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Ohio, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Baye Gelaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Girmay AM, Gari SR, Gebremariam AG, Alemu BM, Evans MR. Trichotomy of awareness, outlook and practice of food handlers towards food and water safety in food establishments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AIMS Public Health 2020; 7:241-257. [PMID: 32617353 PMCID: PMC7327399 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food and waterborne diseases are the commonest global public health problems. Specifically, in Ethiopia, public health problems associated with deterioration of food and water safety situations are much more complicated due to poverty, economic and environment related risks. Awareness, outlook and practice of food handlers are the three important factors that play major roles in the occurrence and outbreak of food borne diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate awareness, outlook and practice of food handlers towards food and water safety. METHODS Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among food handlers of Addis Ababa city administration. In this study, 416 participants were selected using a stratified, simple random sampling technique; and were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Linear Regression Model and analysis of variance were used for data analysis. RESULTS In this study, 55.5%, 66.1% and 60.6% of the food handlers had good awareness, outlook and proper hygiene practices respectively. This study revealed that, 17.5% and 23.1% of the respondents did not know about food and water borne disease respectively. Only 39.4% of the participants had proper practice of covering mouth with tidy cloth when they cough. Moreover, 75.7% of the food handlers reported that they did not wear personal protective devices during the working time. Predictor variables like educational status and length of work experience were correlated positively and significantly with awareness. However, being married was correlated negatively with awareness. CONCLUSION Assessing awareness, outlook and practice of food handlers regarding food and water safety is a vital activity to reduce public health problems. Significant number of food handlers had poor awareness, outlook and practice towards food and water safety. There is a call for enhancing the awareness, outlook and practice of food and water safety to achieve an excellent practice. Better food and water safety policy and firm regulatory actions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sirak Robele Gari
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Martin R. Evans
- Microbiology Consultant and Laboratory Director, New York, USA
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Girmay AM, Gari SR, Mengistie Alemu B, Evans MR, Gebremariam AG. Determinants of Sanitation and Hygiene Status Among Food Establishments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2020; 14:1178630220915689. [PMID: 32341652 PMCID: PMC7171998 DOI: 10.1177/1178630220915689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite advancements in food science and technology, foodborne disease remains one of the major public health problems. Poor sanitation and hygiene conditions of food establishments are the major causes for the occurrence of foodborne disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate core determinants of sanitation and hygiene status among food establishments. METHODS Institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in Addis Ababa city. A stratified random sampling technique was deployed to select 413 study participants. Data were collected through interview and using observational checklist. Sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula. To analyze the data, binary logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted. In all analysis, P-value less than .05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS The study revealed that 57.4% of the food establishments were under poor sanitation status. In the multivariable analysis, presence of trained managers on hygiene and sanitation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.10 with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.41-15.45), presence of renewed licenses (AOR = 3.07 with 95% CI: 1.18-7.99), absence of bureaucratic function to obtain permission to renew the food establishment buildings (AOR = 2.43 with 95% CI: 1.25-4.70), and presence of at least 10-m distance between toilet and kitchen (AOR = 9.19, at 95% CI: 5.63-15.02) were associated significantly with sanitation and hygiene status. CONCLUSIONS Above average of the food establishments were found to be in poor sanitation and hygiene state. Many core determinant factors that influence sanitation and hygienic status of food establishments were identified. The researchers suggest that formal training on sanitation and hygiene for managers of food establishments should be provided to reduce the occurrence of foodborne diseases. Moreover, strong food and water safety policy and strategy should be promulgated to improve sanitation and hygiene status of food establishments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sirak Robele Gari
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources (EIWR), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Martin R Evans
- Microbiology Consultant and Laboratory Director, New York, NY, USA
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