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Schuchardt JP, Beinhorn P, Hu XF, Chan HM, Roke K, Bernasconi A, Hahn A, Sala-Vila A, Stark KD, Harris WS. Omega-3 world map: 2024 update. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101286. [PMID: 38879135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In 2016, the first worldwide n3 PUFA status map was published using the Omega-3 Index (O3I) as standard biomarker. The O3I is defined as the percentage of EPA + DHA in red blood cell (RBC) membrane FAs. The purpose of the present study was to update the 2016 map with new data. In order to be included, studies had to report O3I and/or blood EPA + DHA levels in metrics convertible into an estimated O3I, in samples drawn after 1999. To convert the non-RBC-based EPA + DHA metrics into RBC we used newly developed equations. Baseline data from clinical trials and observational studies were acceptable. A literature search identified 328 studies meeting inclusion criteria encompassing 342,864 subjects from 48 countries/regions. Weighted mean country O3I levels were categorized into very low ≤4%, low >4-6%, moderate >6-8%, and desirable >8%. We found that the O3I in most countries was low to very low. Notable differences between the current and 2016 map were 1) USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, UK, Ireland and Greece (moving from the very low to low category); 2) France, Spain and New Zealand (low to moderate); and 3) Finland and Iceland (moderate to desirable). Countries such as Iran, Egypt, and India exhibited particularly poor O3I levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Philine Beinhorn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xue Feng Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kaitlin Roke
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Aldo Bernasconi
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States
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Candel MJJM, van Breukelen GJP. Best (but oft forgotten) practices: Efficient sample sizes for commonly used trial designs. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:1063-1085. [PMID: 37270287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing studies such that they have a high level of power to detect an effect or association of interest is an important tool to improve the quality and reproducibility of findings from such studies. Since resources (research subjects, time, and money) are scarce, it is important to obtain sufficient power with minimum use of such resources. For commonly used randomized trials of the treatment effect on a continuous outcome, designs are presented that minimize the number of subjects or the amount of research budget when aiming for a desired power level. This concerns the optimal allocation of subjects to treatments and, in case of nested designs such as cluster-randomized trials and multicenter trials, also the optimal number of centers versus the number of persons per center. Since such optimal designs require knowledge of parameters of the analysis model that are not known in the design stage, in particular outcome variances, maximin designs are presented. These designs guarantee a prespecified power level for plausible ranges of the unknown parameters and minimize research costs for the worst-case values of these parameters. The focus is on a 2-group parallel design, the AB/BA crossover design, and cluster-randomized and multicenter trials with a continuous outcome. How to calculate sample sizes for maximin designs is illustrated for examples from nutrition. Several computer programs that are helpful in calculating sample sizes for optimal and maximin designs are discussed as well as some results on optimal designs for other types of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Math J J M Candel
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Gerard J P van Breukelen
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Methodology and Statistics, Graduate School of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Zhang X, Ritonja JA, Zhou N, Chen BE, Li X. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake and Blood Pressure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025071. [PMID: 35647665 PMCID: PMC9238708 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.025071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Current evidence might support the use of omega‐3 fatty acids (preferably docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) for lowering blood pressure (BP), but the strength and shape of the dose‐response relationship remains unclear. Methods and Results This study included randomized controlled trials published before May 7, 2021, that involved participants aged ≥18 years, and examined an association between omega‐3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, or both) and BP. A random‐effects 1‐stage cubic spline regression model was used to predict the average dose‐response association between daily omega‐3 fatty acid intake and changes in BP. We also conducted stratified analyses to examine differences by prespecified subgroups. Seventy‐one trials were included, involving 4973 individuals with a combined docosahexaenoic acid+eicosapentaenoic acid dose of 2.8 g/d (interquartile range, 1.3 g/d to 3.6 g/d). A nonlinear association was found overall or in most subgroups, depicted as J‐shaped dose‐response curves. The optimal intake in both systolic BP and diastolic BP reductions (mm Hg) were obtained by moderate doses between 2 g/d (systolic BP, −2.61 [95% CI, −3.57 to −1.65]; diastolic BP, −1.64 [95% CI, −2.29 to −0.99]) and 3 g/d (systolic BP, −2.61 [95% CI, −3.52 to −1.69]; diastolic BP, −1.80 [95% CI, −2.38 to −1.23]). Subgroup studies revealed stronger and approximately linear dose‐response relations among hypertensive, hyperlipidemic, and older populations. Conclusions This dose‐response meta‐analysis demonstrates that the optimal combined intake of omega‐3 fatty acids for BP lowering is likely between 2 g/d and 3 g/d. Doses of omega‐3 fatty acid intake above the recommended 3 g/d may be associated with additional benefits in lowering BP among groups at high risk for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
| | - Jennifer A Ritonja
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Canadian Cancer Trials Group Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Na Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
| | - Bingshu E Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Canadian Cancer Trials Group Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Xinzhi Li
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines Macau University of Science and Technology Taipa Macau China
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Mitrovic M, Sistilli G, Horakova O, Rossmeisl M. Omega-3 phospholipids and obesity-associated NAFLD: Potential mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13650. [PMID: 34291454 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increases in line with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and there is no approved drug therapy. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 series (omega-3) are known for their hypolipidaemic and anti-inflammatory effects. Existing clinical trials suggest varying effectiveness of triacylglycerol- or ethyl ester-bound omega-3 in the treatment of NAFLD, without affecting advanced stages such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Preclinical studies suggest that the lipid class used to supplement omega-3 may determine the extent and nature of their effects on metabolism. Phospholipids of marine origin represent an alternative source of omega-3. The aim of this review is to summarise the available evidence on the use of omega-3 phospholipids, primarily in obesity-related NAFLD, and to outline perspectives of their use in the prevention/treatment of NAFLD. A PubMed literature search was conducted in May 2021. In total, 1088 articles were identified, but based on selection criteria, 38 original papers were included in the review. Selected articles describing the potential mechanisms of action of omega-3 phospholipids have also been included. Preclinical evidence clearly indicates that omega-3 phospholipids have strong antisteatotic effects in the liver, which are stronger compared to omega-3 administered as triacylglycerols. Multiple mechanisms are likely involved in the overall antisteatotic effects, involving not only the liver but also adipose tissue and the gut. Robust preclinical evidence for strong antisteatotic effects of omega-3 phospholipids in the liver should be confirmed in clinical trials. Further research is needed on the possible effects of omega-3 phospholipids on advanced NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mitrovic
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriella Sistilli
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Horakova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Chen J, Cui H, Liu X, Li J, Zheng J, Li X, Wang L. Effects of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio on growth performance, blood indexes, tissue fatty acid composition and related gene expression in PPARγ signaling in finishing pigs. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:730-739. [PMID: 34727639 PMCID: PMC9065778 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigated the effects of dietary n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio on growth performance, blood indexes, tissue fatty acid composition and the gene expression in finishing pigs. Methods Seventy-two crossbred ([Duroc×Landrace]×Yorkshire) barrows (68.5±1.8 kg) were fed one of four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets with n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 5:1, and 8:1. Results Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio had quadratic responses but the measurements were increased and then decreased (quadratic, p<0.05). The concentrations of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and interleukin 6 were linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, while that of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol tended to decrease (p = 0.062), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol:low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and leptin concentration were linearly decreased (p<0.05). The concentration of serum adiponectin had a quadratic response but the measurement was decreased and then increased (quadratic, p<0.05). The proportion of C18:3n-3 was linearly decreased (p<0.05) in the longissimus thoracis (LT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) as dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio increasing, while the proportion of C18:2n-6 and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio were linearly increased (p<0.05). In addition, the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and lipoprotein lipase in the LT and SCAT, and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in the SCAT had quadratic responses but the measurements were increased and then decreased (quadratic, p<0.05). The expression of HSL in the LT was linearly decreased (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. Conclusion Dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio could regulate lipid and fatty acid metabolism in blood and tissue. Reducing dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (3:1) could appropriately suppress expression of related genes in PPARγ signaling, and result in improved growth performance and n-3 PUFA deposition in muscle and adipose tissue in finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Hongze Cui
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China.,Shenyang Wise Diligence Agriculture-Technology Company Limited, Xinmin, Liaoning, 110300, China
| | - Jiaxing Zheng
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
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Rice HB, Bannenberg G. Letter to the editor regarding "Omega-3 fats in pregnancy: could a targeted approach lead to better metabolic health for children?". Nutr Rev 2021; 80:136-137. [PMID: 34263316 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our letter to the editor is to offer additional perspective regarding 4 statements that do not fully represent the totality of the available scientific evidence. The 4 statements are as follows: (1) "Multiple studies have shown that n-3 PUFA products frequently have less n-3 PUFA content than labelled"; (2) "Recently, krill oil supplementation was shown to induce insulin resistance, indicating that it is potentially harmful"; (3) "… fish oil products are frequently oxidized at the time of purchase"; and (4) "In rats, supplementation with oxidized fish oil during pregnancy induced persistent maternal insulin resistance and increased neonatal mortality rate." We respectfully request the authors' future publications consider the totality of the available scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry B Rice
- H.B. Rice and G. Bannenberg are with the Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Gerard Bannenberg
- H.B. Rice and G. Bannenberg are with the Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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7
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Satokar VV, Cutfield WS, Cameron-Smith D, Albert BB. Response to Bannenburg and Rice. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:138-140. [PMID: 34263314 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript is a response to concerns expressed in a letter by industry-based scientists Bannenburg and Rice in response to our recent narrative review. In the review, we largely discussed why supplementation with n-3 PUFA rich oils might have benefits to the body composition and metabolism of the offspring of overweight or obese pregnant women. Bannenburg and Rice raised concerns about a number of points that may be perceived as negative about the quality and functionality of commercial fish oils. We provide a refutation to their comments and a brief review of recent evidence regarding the n-3 PUFA content, and oxidative state of supplements available to consumers. From a clinical research perspective, there remains a need to exercise caution. An oil containing less n-3 PUFAs than expected may be ineffective, and lead to incorrect conclusions that n-3 PUFAs lack efficacy. Oxidized fish oil may be ineffective or even cause unwanted harm. Although we must not overinterpret limited evidence from animal models, we have a responsibility to minimize risk to study participants, especially those most vulnerable, such as pregnant women. Prior to selecting a fish oil to be used in a clinical trial, it is essential to independently verify the n-3 PUFA content of the oil, and that the oil is unoxidized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidit V Satokar
- V. V. Satokar, W. S. Cutfield, D. Cameron-Smith, and B. B. Albert are with the Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wayne S Cutfield
- V. V. Satokar, W. S. Cutfield, D. Cameron-Smith, and B. B. Albert are with the Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,W. S. Cutfield and B. B. Albert are with the A Better Start-National Science Challenge, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- V. V. Satokar, W. S. Cutfield, D. Cameron-Smith, and B. B. Albert are with the Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,D. Cameron-Smith is with the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,D. Cameron-Smith is with the Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Benjamin B Albert
- V. V. Satokar, W. S. Cutfield, D. Cameron-Smith, and B. B. Albert are with the Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,W. S. Cutfield and B. B. Albert are with the A Better Start-National Science Challenge, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Satokar VV, Cutfield WS, Cameron-Smith D, Albert BB. Omega-3 fats in pregnancy: could a targeted approach lead to better metabolic health for children? Nutr Rev 2021; 79:574-584. [PMID: 32974665 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide, and the children of women who are obese during pregnancy are at greatest risk. This risk may be mediated by exaggeration of the normal insulin resistance of pregnancy. Omega-3 (n-3) fats are insulin sensitizing. Supplementation during pregnancy may reduce metabolic risk and adiposity in the children. Though results from animal studies are encouraging, completed clinical trials have not demonstrated this benefit. However, to our knowledge, previous studies have not targeted women who are overweight or obese while pregnant-the group at greatest risk for insulin resistance and most likely to benefit from n-3. In this narrative review, the importance of performing clinical trials restricted to women who are overweight or obese is discussed, as is the potential importance of n-3 dose, oil source and quality, and the timing of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidit V Satokar
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wayne S Cutfield
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,A Better Start - National Science Challenge, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Benjamin B Albert
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,A Better Start - National Science Challenge, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Barradas S, Lucumi D, Agudelo DM, Mentz G. Socioeconomic position and quality of life among Colombian hypertensive patients: The mediating effect of perceived stress. Health Psychol Open 2021; 8:2055102921996934. [PMID: 33747537 PMCID: PMC7905733 DOI: 10.1177/2055102921996934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the relationships between socioeconomic position, perceived stress and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of patients with hypertension. Data were obtained using the baseline survey of 258 patients from the Social Determinants and Inequities in the Control of Blood Hypertension Program (ProDSICHA). HRQoL was measured with SF-8 Health Survey. Socioeconomic position was measured using education, and the MacArthur Scale. Stress was measured with Perceived Stress Scale. A higher educational level was associated with a higher perception of stress (Coeff = 0.78, p = 0.019). Also, a lower position in the community was associated with a higher perception of stress (Coeff = −0.56, p = 0.027). A higher level of perceived stress was associated with a higher level of mental health (Coeff = 0.64, p = 0.000). No statistical differences were found in the relations between socioeconomic position and physical HRQoL. These findings warrant further research to understand the role of socioeconomic position in physical HRQoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barradas
- Universidad de los Andes, Colombia.,Universidad Externado de Colombia, Colombia
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Amiri M, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Sarrafzadegan N, Forbes SC, Salehi-Abargouei A. The effects of Canola oil on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis with dose-response analysis of controlled clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:2133-2145. [PMID: 33127255 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Canola oil (CO) is a plant-based oil with the potential to improve several cardiometabolic risk factors. We systematically reviewed controlled clinical trials investigating the effects of CO on lipid profiles, apo-lipoproteins, glycemic indices, inflammation, and blood pressure compared to other edible oils in adults. METHODS AND RESULTS Online databases were searched for articles up to January 2020. Forty-two articles met the inclusion criteria. CO significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC, -0.27 mmol/l, n = 37), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, -0.23 mmol/l, n = 35), LDL-C to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (LDL/HDL, -0.21, n = 10), TC/HDL (-0.13, n = 15), apolipoprotein B (Apo B, -0.03 g/l, n = 14), and Apo B/Apo A-1 (-0.02, n = 6) compared to other edible oils (P < 0.05). Compared to olive oil, CO decreased TC (-0.23 mmol/l, n = 9), LDL-C (-0.17 mmol/l, n = 9), LDL/HDL (-0.39, n = 2), and triglycerides in VLDL (VLDL-TG, -0.10 mmol/l, n = 2) (P < 0.05). Compared to sunflower oil, CO improved LDL-C (-0.14 mmol/l, n = 11), and LDL/HDL (-0.30, n = 3) (P < 0.05). In comparison with saturated fats, CO improved TC (-0.59 mmol/l, n = 11), TG (-0.08 mmol/l, n = 11), LDL-C (-0.49 mmol/l, n = 10), TC/HDL (-0.29, n = 5), and Apo B (-0.09 g/l, n = 4) (P < 0.05). Based on the nonlinear dose-response curve, replacing CO with ~15% of total caloric intake provided the greatest benefits. CONCLUSION CO significantly improved different cardiometabolic risk factors compared to other edible oils. Further well-designed clinical trials are warranted to confirm the dose-response associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Amiri
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Raeisi-Dehkordi
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Amin Salehi-Abargouei
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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D’Angelo S, Motti ML, Meccariello R. ω-3 and ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Obesity and Cancer. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092751. [PMID: 32927614 PMCID: PMC7551151 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, nutraceutical bioactive compounds in foods have been discovered for their potential health benefits regarding the prevention of chronic disorders, such as cancer, and inflammatory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3PUFAs), including alpha-linolenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid, are mostly attractive. They are available for the customers worldwide from commonly used foods and/or as components of commercial food supplements. The anti-inflammatory and hypotriglyceridemic effects of these fatty acids are well known, whereas pro-inflammatory properties have been recognized in their dietary counterparts, the ω-6PUFAs. Both ω-3 and ω-6PUFAs contribute to the production of lipid mediators such as endocannabinoids that are notably involved in control of food intake, energy sensing, and food-related disorders. In this review, we present ω-3 and ω-6PUFAs and their derivatives, endocannabinoids; discuss the anti-obesity effects of ω-3PUFAs; their roles in inflammation and colorectal cancer development; and how their action can be co-preventative and co-therapeutic.
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Amiri M, Ghaneian MT, Zare-Sakhvidi MJ, Rahmanian M, Nadjarzadeh A, Moghtaderi F, Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Zimorovat A, Jafari F, Zavar-Reza J, Jahan-Mihan A, Reza Aghaei-Meybodi M, Salehi-Abargouei A. The effect of canola oil compared with sesame and sesame-canola oil on cardio-metabolic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes: Design and research protocol of a randomized, triple-blind, three-way, crossover clinical trial. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2019; 15:168-178. [PMID: 31819750 PMCID: PMC6884729 DOI: 10.22122/arya.v15i4.1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both canola and sesame oils consumption have been associated with favorable effects on cardio-metabolic biomarkers. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has compared their effects on cardiovascular risk factors. The present study aimed to assess the effect of canola, sesame, and sesame-canola oils consumption on cardio-metabolic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS This study was a randomized, triple-blind, three-way, crossover clinical trial. The study participants included 102 individuals with T2DM. Their spouses were also included in the study. The participants were entered into a 4-week run-in period. After that, their regular dietary oil was replaced with canola, sesame, or sesame-canola oils (a blend of sesame and canola oils) in three 9-week phases, which were separated by two 4-week washout periods (sunflower oil was consumed during the run-in and the washout periods). Dietary, physical activity, blood pressure, and anthropometric measurements were assessed at the beginning, in the middle (week 4-5), and at the end of each treatment phase. Blood samples were taken at the beginning and at the end of each phase. Serum, plasma, buffy coat, and whole blood samples were extracted and kept at -80 ºC for further analysis. Serum fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were selected as the primary outcomes. RESULTS 102 participants with T2DM were randomly assigned to one of the 6 rolling methods. Through them, 93 individuals (91.2%) completely participated in all phases. CONCLUSION The present study will provide an exceptional opportunity to examine the effect of canola, sesame, and sesame-canola oil on cardio-metabolic markers in adults with and without T2DM. This trial will also provide a good medium for the investigation of gene-dietary oils interaction in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Amiri
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center AND Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian
- Professor, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center AND Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Zare-Sakhvidi
- Associate Professor, Occupational Health Research Center AND Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Masoud Rahmanian
- Assistant Professor, Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Azadeh Nadjarzadeh
- Associate Professor, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center AND Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moghtaderi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center AND Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Raeisi-Dehkordi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center AND Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Zimorovat
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center AND Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fateme Jafari
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center AND Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Javad Zavar-Reza
- Professor, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Jahan-Mihan
- Associate Professor, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Amin Salehi-Abargouei
- Associate Professor, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center AND Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Amiri M, Humphries KH, Salehi-Abargouei A. The Effect of Canola Oil on Body Weight and Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:419-432. [PMID: 30809634 PMCID: PMC6520036 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of clinical trials have examined the effect of canola oil (CO) on body composition in recent years; however, the results have been inconsistent. The present investigation aims to examine the effect of CO on body weight (BW) and body composition using a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Online databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched up to February, 2018 for randomized controlled clinical trials that examined the effect of CO on anthropometric measures and body composition indexes in adults. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the risk of bias in individual studies. A random-effects model was used to evaluate the effect of CO consumption on several outcomes: BW, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, android-to-gynoid ratio, and body lean and fat mass. In total, 25 studies were included in the systematic review. The meta-analysis revealed that CO consumption reduces BW [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.30 kg; 95% CI: -0.52, -0.08 kg, P = 0.007; n = 23 effect sizes], particularly in participants with type 2 diabetes (WMD = -0.63 kg; 95% CI: -1.09, -0.17 kg, P = 0.007), in studies with a parallel design (WMD = -0.49 kg; 95% CI: -0.85, -0.14 kg, P = 0.006), in nonfeeding trials (WMD = -0.32 kg; 95% CI: -0.55, -0.09 kg, P = 0.006), and when compared with saturated fat (WMD = -0.40 kg; 95% CI: -0.74, -0.06 kg, P = 0.019). CO consumption did not significantly affect any other anthropometric measures or body fat markers (P > 0.05). Although CO consumption results in a modest decrease in BW, no significant effect was observed on other adiposity indexes. Further well-constructed clinical trials that target BW and body composition as their primary outcomes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Raeisi-Dehkordi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mojgan Amiri
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Karin H Humphries
- Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Amin Salehi-Abargouei
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Sarkkinen ES, Savolainen MJ, Taurio J, Marvola T, Bruheim I. Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on safety and tolerability of the krill powder product in overweight subjects with moderately elevated blood pressure. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:287. [PMID: 30572894 PMCID: PMC6302457 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Krill powder is rich in bioactive ingredients such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), phospholipids, protein and astaxanthin. Containing dominantly EPA, it is considered to be effective in lowering lipids, foremost serum triglycerides and LDL cholesterol. Krill-derived protein hydrolysates/peptides may have positive effect on blood pressure and astaxanthin has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, krill powder has a lot of potential in improving lipid and metabolic profile and reinforcing the activity of the antioxidant system. However, randomized clinical trials on krill powder are scarce and systematic data of krill meal on human safety is limited. Some of the earlier studies have reported several, non-serious adverse events, mostly related to gastrointestinal tract, but systematic sufficiently powered study on safety is lacking. The aim of this study was to collect data on safety and tolerability of krill powder in humans and simultaneously gain efficacy data by measuring the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Methods The study was a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled intervention study with 35 overweight subjects with mildly or moderately elevated blood pressure, who took 4 g krill oil powder or 4 g of placebo during an 8-week follow-up period. The study consisted of a pre-screening, screening, day 0 baseline (randomization visit) and three follow-up visits on days 14, 28 and 56. The reported adverse events in the groups were compared as primary endpoint and haematological safety parameters and changes in systolic and diastolic pressure and blood total and lipoprotein lipids were measured as secondary end points. Results There were in total 80 reported adverse events during the follow-up; 50 in placebo and 30 in krill powder group. Gastrointestinal symptoms (flatulence, heartburn and diarrhea) were the most commonly reported among those probably related to the test products. No serious adverse events were reported. The mean value of all measured hematology variables remained within the reference values in all study subject and no significant changes were observed in blood pressure or lipid values. Conclusions The results seem to indicate that using krill powder as a source for EPA and DHA is safe in therapeutic dose and the risk of adverse events, let alone serious ones, is low. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03112083, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essi S Sarkkinen
- Food and Nutrition, Oy Medfiles Ltd (CRO), P.O.Box 1450, 70701, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Markku J Savolainen
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jyrki Taurio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tampere and FinnMedi Oy, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuuli Marvola
- Oy Medfiles Ltd (CRO), P.O.Box 1450, 70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Inge Bruheim
- Rimfrost AS, Skansekaia 3 C, Ålesund, 6002, Norway
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Albracht-Schulte K, Kalupahana NS, Ramalingam L, Wang S, Rahman SM, Robert-McComb J, Moustaid-Moussa N. Omega-3 fatty acids in obesity and metabolic syndrome: a mechanistic update. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 58:1-16. [PMID: 29621669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to reduce obesity have become public health priorities as the prevalence of obesity has risen in the United States and around the world. While the anti-inflammatory and hypotriglyceridemic properties of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are well known, their antiobesity effects and efficacy against metabolic syndrome, especially in humans, are still under debate. In animal models, evidence consistently suggests a role for n-3 PUFAs in reducing fat mass, particularly in the retroperitoneal and epididymal regions. In humans, however, published research suggests that though n-3 PUFAs may not aid weight loss, they may attenuate further weight gain and could be useful in the diet or as a supplement to help maintain weight loss. Proposed mechanisms by which n-3 PUFAs may work to improve body composition and counteract obesity-related metabolic changes include modulating lipid metabolism; regulating adipokines, such as adiponectin and leptin; alleviating adipose tissue inflammation; promoting adipogenesis and altering epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kembra Albracht-Schulte
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nishan Sudheera Kalupahana
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Shaikh Mizanoor Rahman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jacalyn Robert-McComb
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Kinesiology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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16
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Sun D, Zhang L, Chen H, Feng R, Cao P, Liu Y. Effects of Antarctic krill oil on lipid and glucose metabolism in C57BL/6J mice fed with high fat diet. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:218. [PMID: 29157255 PMCID: PMC5697064 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and other metabolic diseases have become epidemic which greatly affect human health. Diets with healthy nutrition are efficient means to prevent this epidemic occurrence. Novel food resources and process technology were needed for these purpose. In this study, Antarctic krill oil (KO) extracted from a dry krill by a procedure of hot pump dehydration in combined with freezing-drying was used to investigate health effect in animals including the growth, lipid and glucose metabolism. Methods C57BL/6J mice were fed with a lard based high fat (HF) diet and substituted with KO for a period of 12 weeks in comparison with low fat normal control (NC) diet. Mice body weight and food consumption were recorded. Serum lipid metabolism - of C57BL/6J mice serum was measured. A glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) and pathology analysis of mice were performed at the end of the experiment. Results The KO fed mice had less body weight gain, less fat accumulation in tissue such as adipose and liver. Dyslipidemia induced by high fat diet was partially improved by KO feeding with significant reduction of serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) content. Furthermore, KO feeding also improved glucose metabolism in C57BL/6J mice including a glucose tolerance of about 22% vs. 32% of AUC (area under the curve) for KO vs HF diet and the fast blood glucose level of 8.5 mmol/L, 9.8 mmol/L and 9.3 mmol/L for NC, HF and KO diet groups, respectively. In addition, KO feeding also reduced oxidative damage in liver with a decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) content. Conclusion This study provided evidence of the beneficial effects of KO on animal health from the processed technology, particularly on lipid and glucose metabolism. This study confirmed that as the Antarctic krill was extracted with a procedure of efficient energy, it might make it possible for Krill oil to be available for food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Peirang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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Fairchild AJ, McDaniel HL. Best (but oft-forgotten) practices: mediation analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:1259-1271. [PMID: 28446497 PMCID: PMC5445681 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.152546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This contribution in the "Best (but Oft-Forgotten) Practices" series considers mediation analysis. A mediator (sometimes referred to as an intermediate variable, surrogate endpoint, or intermediate endpoint) is a third variable that explains how or why ≥2 other variables relate in a putative causal pathway. The current article discusses mediation analysis with the ultimate intention of helping nutrition researchers to clarify the rationale for examining mediation, avoid common pitfalls when using the model, and conduct well-informed analyses that can contribute to improving causal inference in evaluations of underlying mechanisms of effects on nutrition-related behavioral and health outcomes. We give specific attention to underevaluated limitations inherent in common approaches to mediation. In addition, we discuss how to conduct a power analysis for mediation models and offer an applied example to demonstrate mediation analysis. Finally, we provide an example write-up of mediation analysis results as a model for applied researchers.
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Omega 3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease risk factors: An updated systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Clin Nutr 2017; 37:72-77. [PMID: 28601400 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies and reviews regarding the supplementation of omega-3 LC-PUFAs have been developed during the last years. Indeed, the evidence states that high doses omega-3 LC-PUFAs produce a small but significant decrease in blood pressure in older and hypertensive subjects. Due to the increasing interest in the benefits of LC-PUFAs, we aimed to evaluate the scientific evidence provided in the past five years (2012-2016) on the effects of the intake of omega-3 LC-PUFAs on cardiovascular risk factors such as inflammation and oxidative stress, through a systematic review in PubMed database. Twenty-eight articles were related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and are included in this systematic review. The studies included healthy subjects and CVD patients; we included the number of subjects, type of study, type and doses of omega-3 LC-PUFAs, primary outcomes, and results. The use of omega-3 LC-PUFAs for ameliorating CVD risk factors can be recommended. However, the administration of omega-3 does not seem to show any benefit for the management of CVD or associated complications.
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Albert BB, de Bock M, Derraik JG, Brennan CM, Biggs JB, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS. Non-Dipping and Cardiometabolic Profile: A Study on Normotensive Overweight Middle-Aged Men. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 25:1218-1225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Callander EJ, McDermott R. Measuring the effects of CVD interventions and studies across socioeconomic groups: A brief review. Int J Cardiol 2016; 227:635-643. [PMID: 27829524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a known socioeconomic skew in prevalence and outcomes of cardiovascular disease (CVD). To document the proportion of clinical trials and observational studies related to CVD recently published in peer-reviewed journals that report the socio-economic distributional differences in their outcomes. We undertook a review of peer-reviewed clinical trials and observational studies relating to CVD published between 01/06/2015-31/12/2015 in PubMed; and identified the proportion that included measures of socioeconomic status and the proportion that stratified results by, or controlled for, socioeconomic status when reporting outcomes. 414 peer reviewed publications reporting the outcomes of clinical trials or observational studies that related to CVD were identified. 32 of these reported on the socioeconomic status of participants. Of these, 20 stratified the results by socioeconomic status or adjusted the results for socioeconomic status. 18 studies measured education attainment, 5 measured income, 1 measured rurality and 1 measured occupation. Of the 414 articles reporting the outcomes of clinical trials or observational studies related to cardiovascular disease in 2015, the effectiveness of the intervention, or the differences in outcomes, between socioeconomic groups was assessed in 5% of studies. This lack of consideration of the effectiveness of trial outcomes or the differences in outcomes across socioeconomic groups impairs the ability of readers, healthcare professionals and policy makers to assess the impact of new treatments or interventions in closing the inequality gap associated with CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Callander
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
| | - Robyn McDermott
- Centre for Research Excellence in Chronic Disease Prevention, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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21
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Albert BB, Cameron-Smith D, Garg ML, Derraik JG, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS. Marine oils: Complex, confusing, confounded? JOURNAL OF NUTRITION & INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnim.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Albert BB, Derraik JG, Garg ML, Cameron-Smith D, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS. Reply to N Hoem. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:1558-9. [PMID: 27251189 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.133785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Albert
- From the Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (BBA, JGBD, DC-S, PLH; WSC, e-mail: ); and the Nutraceuticals Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia (MLG)
| | - José Gb Derraik
- From the Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (BBA, JGBD, DC-S, PLH; WSC, e-mail: ); and the Nutraceuticals Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia (MLG)
| | - Manohar L Garg
- From the Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (BBA, JGBD, DC-S, PLH; WSC, e-mail: ); and the Nutraceuticals Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia (MLG)
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- From the Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (BBA, JGBD, DC-S, PLH; WSC, e-mail: ); and the Nutraceuticals Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia (MLG)
| | - Paul L Hofman
- From the Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (BBA, JGBD, DC-S, PLH; WSC, e-mail: ); and the Nutraceuticals Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia (MLG)
| | - Wayne S Cutfield
- From the Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (BBA, JGBD, DC-S, PLH; WSC, e-mail: ); and the Nutraceuticals Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia (MLG)
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Hoem N. Challenging the claim that intake of krill oil is associated with increased metabolic risk in overweight men. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:1557-8. [PMID: 27251188 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.133017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hoem
- From Aker BioMarine, Lysaker, Norway (e-mail: )
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24
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Plasma levels of marine n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular risk markers in renal transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:824-30. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bulaj G, Ahern MM, Kuhn A, Judkins ZS, Bowen RC, Chen Y. Incorporating Natural Products, Pharmaceutical Drugs, Self-Care and Digital/Mobile Health Technologies into Molecular-Behavioral Combination Therapies for Chronic Diseases. CURRENT CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 11:128-45. [PMID: 27262323 PMCID: PMC5011401 DOI: 10.2174/1574884711666160603012237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Merging pharmaceutical and digital (mobile health, mHealth) ingredients to create new therapies for chronic diseases offers unique opportunities for natural products such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), curcumin, resveratrol, theanine, or α-lipoic acid. These compounds, when combined with pharmaceutical drugs, show improved efficacy and safety in preclinical and clinical studies of epilepsy, neuropathic pain, osteoarthritis, depression, schizophrenia, diabetes and cancer. Their additional clinical benefits include reducing levels of TNFα and other inflammatory cytokines. We describe how pleiotropic natural products can be developed as bioactive incentives within the network pharmacology together with pharmaceutical drugs and self-care interventions. Since approximately 50% of chronically-ill patients do not take pharmaceutical drugs as prescribed, psychobehavioral incentives may appeal to patients at risk for medication non-adherence. For epilepsy, the incentive-based network therapy comprises anticonvulsant drugs, antiseizure natural products (n-3 PUFA, curcumin or/and resveratrol) coupled with disease-specific behavioral interventions delivered by mobile medical apps. The add-on combination of antiseizure natural products and mHealth supports patient empowerment and intrinsic motivation by having a choice in self-care behaviors. The incentivized therapies offer opportunities: (1) to improve clinical efficacy and safety of existing drugs, (2) to catalyze patient-centered, disease self-management and behavior-changing habits, also improving health-related quality-of-life after reaching remission, and (3) merging copyrighted mHealth software with natural products, thus establishing an intellectual property protection of medical treatments comprising the natural products existing in public domain and currently promoted as dietary supplements. Taken together, clinical research on synergies between existing drugs and pleiotropic natural products, and their integration with self-care, music and mHealth, expands precision/personalized medicine strategies for chronic diseases via pharmacological-behavioral combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Bulaj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmacy Institute, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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