1
|
Perreault M, Wallace A, Martin A, Sadowski A, Laila A, Lemieux S, Hutchinson JM, Kirkpatrick SI, Simpson JR, Guenther PM, Lamarche B, Jessri M, Louzada MLDC, Olstad DL, Prowse R, Vatanparast H, Haines J. Construct validity and reliability of the Canadian Eating Practices Screener to assess eating practices based on 2019 Canada's Food Guide recommendations. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:919-931. [PMID: 37788488 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
For the first time since its introduction, the 2019 Canada's Food Guide (2019-CFG) highlighted specific guidance on eating practices, i.e., recommendations on where, when, why, and how to eat. The Canadian Eating Practices Screener / Questionnaire court canadien sur les pratiques alimentaires was developed to assess eating practices based on the 2019-CFG healthy eating recommendations. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess the construct validity and reliability of the Canadian Eating Practices Screener. From July to December 2021, adults (n = 154) aged 18-65 years completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the screener. Construct validity was assessed by examining variability in screener scores, by comparing screener scores among subgroups with hypothesized differences in eating practices, and by examining the correlation between screener scores and fruit and vegetable intake. Reliability, i.e., internal consistency, was assessed by calculating Cronbach's coefficient alpha. Screener item scores were summed to provide a total score ranging from 21 to 105. The mean screener score was 76 (SD = 8.4; maximum, 105), ranging from 53 (1st percentile) to 92 (99th percentile). Differences in total scores in hypothesized directions were observed by age (p = 0.006), perceived income adequacy (p = 0.09), educational attainment (p = 0.002), and smoking status (p = 0.09), but not by gender or health literacy level. The correlation between screener scores and fruit and vegetable intake was 0.29 (p = 0.002). The Cronbach's coefficient alpha was 0.79, suggesting acceptable to high internal consistency. Study findings provide preliminary evidence of the screener's construct validity and reliability, supporting its use to assess eating practices based on the 2019-CFG healthy eating recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maude Perreault
- Department of Family Relations & Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Angela Wallace
- Department of Family Relations & Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alicia Martin
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Adam Sadowski
- Department of Family Relations & Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amar Laila
- Department of Family Relations & Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Simone Lemieux
- École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec city, QC, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Joy M Hutchinson
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Janis Randall Simpson
- Department of Family Relations & Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia M Guenther
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- École de nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec city, QC, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, santé et société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mahsa Jessri
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems; Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maria Laura da Costa Louzada
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health; Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dana Lee Olstad
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel Prowse
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland Labrador, Canada
| | - Hassan Vatanparast
- College of Pharmacy & Nutrition, and School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Jess Haines
- Department of Family Relations & Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Storz MA. Nutrition facts labels: who is actually reading them and does it help in meeting intake recommendations for nutrients of public health concern? BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1947. [PMID: 37805531 PMCID: PMC10560412 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fiber, potassium and calcium are nutrients of public health concern and their intakes in the United States are alarmingly low. The usage of nutrition facts labels has been reported to increase the odds for dietary reference intake of fiber in some studies. The overall evidence, however, is mixed, as some studies suggested that nutrition facts panels have little to no effect on average measures of diet quality. Here, we investigated whether the usage of nutrition facts labels was associated with meeting U.S. intake recommendations for three nutrients of public health concern: fiber, potassium and calcium. METHODS We used cross-sectional multistage, stratified, clustered and probability sampling design data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2017-2020 cycle. The sample included 5,416 individuals aged 20 years or older, which may be extrapolated to represent 146,841,866 US Americans. Nutrient intakes were compared among individuals reading nutrition facts panels "frequently", "sometimes" or "rarely" using applied survey data analyses techniques (including multivariate logistic regression and marginsplots). RESULTS We observed substantial sociodemographic differences between the three groups. Frequent readers were significantly more likely to be female and had higher educational levels. On average, they were also significantly older as compared to rare readers. Fiber intake in g/d was highest in frequent readers (17.09) and lowest in rare readers (14.64). The proportion of participants that met dietary fiber intake recommendations was almost four times higher in the frequent readers group (12.69%) as compared to the rare readers group (3.69%). In a bivariate logistic regression model, frequent label reading significantly increased the odds for meeting the fiber recommendations in Dietary Guidelines for Americans (OR: 2.15, p < 0.001). Rarely reading labels decreased the odds (OR: 0.57, p = 0.003). These odds remained essentially unchanged after adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, diabetes status and body mass index (OR: 1.84, p = 0.004; and OR: 0.62, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS Nutrition facts panel reading associates with fiber intake. Our findings have potential implications for public health nutrition strategies that may center around educational work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Andreas Storz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Complementary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Priya K, Alur S. Analyzing consumer behaviour towards food and nutrition labeling: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19401. [PMID: 37681180 PMCID: PMC10480642 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying consumer behaviour towards food and nutrition labelling (F&NL) is increasingly becoming important across the world. Bibliometric analysis is a way to identify influential research, track trends, and understand methodologies in any field. In this paper, we used bibliometric analysis and a review of theories too to critically evaluate theories and concepts used in studying consumer behaviour towards F&NL. Using the Scopus database, we obtained 1017 articles, which were further filtered to perform various analyses like Co-occurrence and co-authorship network analysis. We found limited East and Southeast Asia-based research. Personal beliefs, attitudes, and past experiences were identified as influencers of consumer behaviour regarding food labelling. Trending topics were food waste, purchase intention, and sustainability labels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K.M. Priya
- VIT Business School, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Sivakumar Alur
- VIT Business School, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim J, Dorgan JF, Kim H, Kwon O, Kim Y, Kim Y, Ko KS, Park YJ, Park H, Jung S. Association between Use of Nutrition Labels and Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2019. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091731. [PMID: 35565698 PMCID: PMC9105550 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition labeling on food packages is increasingly found to promote healthier food choices associated with lower risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). To examine associations between nutrition labels use and CKD risk, we conducted a nationally representative cross-sectional study of 32,080 adults from the 2008−2019 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrition labels use was collected via self-reported questionnaires. Ascertainment and severity of CKD was determined by estimated glomerular filtration rate or proteinuria. In multivariable-adjusted (MV) logistic regression models, increasing awareness and use of nutrition labels was significantly associated with lower CKD risk (MV-adjusted OR “nutrition labels aware and use” group vs. “nutrition labels unaware” group [95% CIs]: 0.75 [0.59−0.95], Ptrend:0.03). This inverse association varied with CKD’s risk of progression, with 21% and 42% reduced risk observed for CKD subtypes with “moderate” and “high” risk of progression, respectively (all Ptrend ≤ 0.04). Furthermore, the nutrition labels use and CKD risk association significantly differed by age, with 35% reduced risk observed in the older group aged 49 years or older, but not in the younger group (Pinteraction < 0.001). Our results suggest increasing perception and use of nutrition labels may contribute to CKD prevention and its early asymptomatic progression, especially in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghee Kim
- Department of Clinical Healthcare, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Joanne F. Dorgan
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Hyesook Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.K.); (O.K.); (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (K.S.K.); (Y.J.P.)
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.K.); (O.K.); (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (K.S.K.); (Y.J.P.)
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Yangha Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.K.); (O.K.); (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (K.S.K.); (Y.J.P.)
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.K.); (O.K.); (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (K.S.K.); (Y.J.P.)
| | - Kwang Suk Ko
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.K.); (O.K.); (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (K.S.K.); (Y.J.P.)
| | - Yoon Jung Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.K.); (O.K.); (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (K.S.K.); (Y.J.P.)
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Hyesook Park
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - Seungyoun Jung
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.K.); (O.K.); (Y.K.); (Y.K.); (K.S.K.); (Y.J.P.)
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-02-3277-2627
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Comerford KB, Papanikolaou Y, Jones JM, Rodriguez J, Slavin J, Angadi S, Drewnowski A. Toward an Evidence-Based Definition and Classification of Carbohydrate Food Quality: An Expert Panel Report. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082667. [PMID: 34444826 PMCID: PMC8398407 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-containing crops provide the bulk of dietary energy worldwide. In addition to their various carbohydrate forms (sugars, starches, fibers) and ratios, these foods may also contain varying amounts and combinations of proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, prebiotics, and anti-nutritional factors that may impact diet quality and health. Currently, there is no standardized or unified way to assess the quality of carbohydrate foods for the overall purpose of improving diet quality and health outcomes, creating an urgent need for the development of metrics and tools to better define and classify high-quality carbohydrate foods. The present report is based on a series of expert panel meetings and a scoping review of the literature focused on carbohydrate quality indicators and metrics produced over the last 10 years. The report outlines various approaches to assessing food quality, and proposes next steps and principles for developing improved metrics for assessing carbohydrate food quality. The expert panel concluded that a composite metric based on nutrient profiling methods featuring inputs such as carbohydrate–fiber–sugar ratios, micronutrients, and/or food group classification could provide useful and informative measures for guiding researchers, policymakers, industry, and consumers towards a better understanding of carbohydrate food quality and overall healthier diets. The identification of higher quality carbohydrate foods could improve evidence-based public health policies and programming—such as the 2025–2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B. Comerford
- OMNI Nutrition Science, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-707-799-0699
| | - Yanni Papanikolaou
- Nutritional Strategies Inc., Nutrition Research & Regulatory Affairs, Paris, ON N3L0A3, Canada;
| | - Julie Miller Jones
- Emerita, Department of Nutrition and Exercise Science, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA;
| | - Judith Rodriguez
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Joanne Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Siddhartha Angadi
- School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scarinci IC, Hansen B, Kim YI. A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate a Community-Based Healthy Eating and Nutrition Label Interpretation Intervention Among Latinx Immigrant Mothers and Their Daughters. J Community Health 2021; 46:313-323. [PMID: 32671515 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-020-00885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated outcomes from a healthy eating/nutrition label interpretation intervention among Latinx immigrant mothers and their daughters, aged 9-12 years, in Alabama. Between May 2013-October 2017, this cluster randomized controlled trial assigned 299 mother-daughter dyads to either a healthy eating (intervention) or HPV vaccination (control) study arm. Participants attended four group sessions delivered in Spanish by Lay Health Educators covering portion sizes, healthy eating/cooking strategies, and nutrition label reading/interpretation. An individual session in participants' homes reviewed pantries and developed healthy eating plans. Identical interviewer-administered surveys were completed at baseline and 7-month follow-up by both study arms. Retention rate at follow-up was 93.4% in intervention arm (92.6% in control arm). Positive changes in healthy eating behaviors and proficiency in nutrition label interpretation were assessed. Adjusting for marital status, employment status, and health insurance coverage status, when compared to controls, mothers in the intervention arm had greater odds of increasing daily fruit and vegetable consumption (OR 3.66, 95% CI 2.14-6.27, p < 0.001), decreasing weekly fried food intake (OR 4.3, 95% CI 2.3-8.04, p < 0.001), decreasing daily sweetened beverages (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.22-3.52, p < 0.01), increasing frequency of reading nutrition labels (OR 12.58, 95% CI 6.81-23.22, p < 0.001), and correctly interpreting nutrition labels (OR 4.45, 95% CI 2.64-7.48, p < 0.001). Significant positive changes in targeted behaviors were not observed among daughters. A community-based, culturally relevant intervention that includes nutrition label interpretation can positively influence eating habits among Latinx immigrant mothers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C Scarinci
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1717 11th Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA.
| | - Barbara Hansen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1717 11th Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1717 11th Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The relationship between food label use and dietary intake in adults: A systematic review. Appetite 2019; 138:280-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
8
|
Wilson MD, Ramírez AS, Arsenault JE, Miller LMS. Nutrition Label Use and Its Association With Dietary Quality Among Latinos: The Roles of Poverty and Acculturation. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 50:876-887. [PMID: 30297015 PMCID: PMC6181580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how acculturation and poverty are independently and jointly associated with the use of the Nutrition Facts panel (nutrition label) and to examine the extent to which nutrition label use moderates the association of poverty and acculturation on dietary quality among Latinos. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of the 2007/2008 and 2009/2010 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3,696 adults (aged >19 years) self-identified as Latino/Hispanic with food label use data from the most recent Consumer Behavior Phone Follow-Up Modules. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Nutrition label use and dietary quality. ANALYSIS Logistic regression. RESULTS Acculturation moderated the association of income on the likelihood of using nutrition labels, such that lower-income English-speaking Latinos were half as likely as higher-income English-speakers to use nutrition labels (P = .01, odds ratio [OR] = 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.81); however, Spanish speakers were equally likely to use nutrition labels across income levels (P = .99; OR = 1.00; 95% CI, 0.77-1.31). Nutrition label use moderated the association of acculturation on diet. Among English-speaking Latinos, those who read nutrition labels had less than half the risk for poor diet (P =.001; OR = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.26-0.69); however, label use was not significantly associated with the diet quality of Spanish speakers (P = .07; OR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.67-1.02). Nutrition label use decreased the risk for poor dietary quality regardless of poverty status. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Overall, results demonstrated a positive association between the use of the Nutrition Facts panel for Latinos and dietary quality. An important nutrition education strategy among bicultural Latinos at risk for a poor diet as a result of acculturation may include label reading comprehension. This approach may also address the low rates of label use. The study provides evidence of segmented assimilation in which low-income, bicultural Latinos follow an underclass pattern of acculturation demonstrated by a lower likelihood of reading nutrition labels and higher-income, bicultural Latinos follow the more successful selective pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Machelle D Wilson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.
| | - A Susana Ramírez
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA
| | - Joanne E Arsenault
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kollannoor-Samuel G, Shebl FM, Hawley NL, Pérez-Escamilla R. Nutrition label use is associated with lower longer-term diabetes risk in US adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:1079-1085. [PMID: 28356273 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.145359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Regular nutrition label use may have important long-term health implications. To our knowledge, the role of nutrition label use in protecting against the development of chronic diseases was unexplored prospectively before this study.Objective: We tested the association between nutrition label use and risk of a future diabetes diagnosis in a multiethnic US cohort.Design: Data from the ongoing National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (NLSY79) were analyzed. From 2002 (baseline) to 5 follow-up time points (2004-2012), 7150 diabetes-free, multiethnic young adults were prospectively followed for a diagnosis of incident diabetes. Nutrition label use, diabetes diagnosis, time to diabetes diagnosis, and all covariates were self-reported.Results: Between January 2002 and September 2013, 430 participants (6.0%) were diagnosed with diabetes. A weighted, multivariable, extended Cox regression was conducted, which suggested that in nutrition label users, the HR of diabetes diagnosis risk decreased significantly with time (P-nutrition label use × time interaction < 0.05) compared with risk in nutrition label nonusers.Conclusions: There is an association between nutrition label use and diabetes risk in the longer term. However, additional longitudinal research with a robust dietary intake assessment is needed to test this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatma M Shebl
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Nicola L Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | | |
Collapse
|