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Abumweis S, Alzyoud L, Alqadi S. Apolipoprotein E Genetic Variant and Blood Lipid Responses to Plant Sterols: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Clinical Trials. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2023; 28:377-385. [PMID: 38188084 PMCID: PMC10764225 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2023.28.4.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols/stanols are effective cholesterol-lowering agents. However, it is unclear whether the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genetic variants influence it. We investigated whether ApoE genetic variants modulate the responses of blood lipids to dietary intervention plant sterols/stanols in adults and if the intervention dose and duration, as well as the age and status of participants, influence this effect. Randomized clinical trials were identified by searching databases in the Cochrane Library. Random-effect models were used to estimate the pooled effect size of each outcome of interest total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to investigate the effects of potential modifiers on the outcomes of interest. Eleven articles were selected from 3,248 retrieved abstracts. Plant sterol/stanol intervention was associated with a more significant reduction in LDL levels in the E3 group [-0.251 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), -0.488 to -0.015] compared with both the E4 and E2 groups. In E4 carriers, the plant sterol/stanol intervention dose and duration resulted in a larger decrease in LDL levels (-0.088027 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.154690 to -0.021364). In conclusion, ApoE genetic variants affected the response of blood LDL levels to supplementation with plant sterols/stanols, as individuals with E3 variant showed significantly decreased LDL levels compared with the other genotypes. However, future studies recruiting participants according to their ApoE genetic variants are needed to confirm our conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhad Abumweis
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lara Alzyoud
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
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Makran M, Barberá R, Cilla A. Gene-diet interaction in plasma lipid response to plant sterols and stanols: A review of clinical trials. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Gkouskou K, Vasilogiannakopoulou T, Andreakos E, Davanos N, Gazouli M, Sanoudou D, Eliopoulos AG. COVID-19 enters the expanding network of apolipoprotein E4-related pathologies. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101938. [PMID: 33730676 PMCID: PMC7943392 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 incidence and case fatality rates (CFR) differ among ethnicities, stimulating efforts to pinpoint genetic factors that could explain these phenomena. In this regard, the multiallelic apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene has recently been interrogated in the UK biobank cohort, demonstrating associations of the APOE ε4/ε4 genotype with COVID-19 severity and mortality. The frequency of the ε4 allele and thus the distribution of APOE ε4/ε4 genotype may differ among populations. We have assessed APOE genotypes in 1638 Greek individuals, based on haplotypes derived from SNP rs7412 and rs429358 and found reduced frequency of ε4/ε4 compared to the British cohort. Herein we discuss this finding in relation to CFR and hypothesize on the potential mechanisms linking APOE ε4/ε4 to severe COVID-19. We postulate that the metabolic deregulation ensued by APOE4, manifested by elevated cholesterol and oxidized lipoprotein levels, may be central to heightened pneumocyte susceptibility to infection and to exaggerated lung inflammation associated with the ε4/ε4 genotype. We also discuss putative dietary and pharmacological approaches for the prevention and management of COVID-19 in APOE ε4/ε4 individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Gkouskou
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Embiodiagnostics Biology Research Company, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | | | | | | | - Maria Gazouli
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristides G Eliopoulos
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Nikolic M, Konic Ristic A, González-Sarrías A, Istas G, Urpi-Sarda M, Dall'Asta M, Monfoulet LE, Cloetens L, Bayram B, Tumolo MR, Chervenkov M, Scoditti E, Massaro M, Tejera N, Abadjieva D, Chambers K, Krga I, Tomás-Barberán FA, Morand C, Feliciano R, García-Villalba R, Garcia-Aloy M, Mena P. Improving the reporting quality of intervention trials addressing the inter-individual variability in response to the consumption of plant bioactives: quality index and recommendations. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:49-64. [PMID: 31492976 PMCID: PMC6851030 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The quality of the study design and data reporting in human trials dealing with the inter-individual variability in response to the consumption of plant bioactives is, in general, low. There is a lack of recommendations supporting the scientific community on this topic. This study aimed at developing a quality index to assist the assessment of the reporting quality of intervention trials addressing the inter-individual variability in response to plant bioactive consumption. Recommendations for better designing and reporting studies were discussed. METHODS The selection of the parameters used for the development of the quality index was carried out in agreement with the scientific community through a survey. Parameters were defined, grouped into categories, and scored for different quality levels. The applicability of the scoring system was tested in terms of consistency and effort, and its validity was assessed by comparison with a simultaneous evaluation by experts' criteria. RESULTS The "POSITIVe quality index" included 11 reporting criteria grouped into four categories (Statistics, Reporting, Data presentation, and Individual data availability). It was supported by detailed definitions and guidance for their scoring. The quality index score was tested, and the index demonstrated to be valid, reliable, and responsive. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of the reporting quality of studies addressing inter-individual variability in response to plant bioactives highlighted the aspects requiring major improvements. Specific tools and recommendations favoring a complete and transparent reporting on inter-individual variability have been provided to support the scientific community on this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nikolic
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Konic Ristic
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Geoffrey Istas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mireia Urpi-Sarda
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma De Gramenet, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margherita Dall'Asta
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Medical School Building C, Via Volturno, 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Laurent-Emmanuel Monfoulet
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lieselotte Cloetens
- Biomedical Nutrition, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Banu Bayram
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Maria Rosaria Tumolo
- Research Unit of Brindisi, Institute for Research on Population and Social Policies, National Research Council, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Mihail Chervenkov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), Lecce, Italy
| | - Marika Massaro
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR), Lecce, Italy
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Desislava Abadjieva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Karen Chambers
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Irena Krga
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Francisco A Tomás-Barberán
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Christine Morand
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine (UNH), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Rodrigo Feliciano
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duesseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Santa Coloma De Gramenet, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Medical School Building C, Via Volturno, 39, 43125, Parma, Italy.
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Safaryan AS, Kamyshova TV, Nebieridze DV, Sargsyan VD. The role of plant stanols in the primary prevention of hypercholesterolemia in patients with arterial hypertension. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2019. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2019-3-5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim.To assess the efficacy and safety of plant stanols in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and disorders of lipid metabolism, without clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis.Material and methods.The study included 40 patients — men at the age of 50-55 years, with AH (stage 1) and cholesterol above 5,0 mmol/l and LDL cholesterol above 3,0 mmol/l with low and medium risk (SCORE — 1-4%). Patients with coronary artery disease and other clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, secondary hypertension, liver diseases, diabetes mellitus, secondary dyslipoproteinemia, cardiovascular diseases requiring constant therapy, bronchial asthma were excluded from the study. Patients were randomized into 2 groups of 20 people. In the study group of patients within 3 months received plant stanols (2 tab./day), in the control group — only healthy diet. In addition, patients with high blood pressure received antihypertensive therapy. Assessment of lipid parameters (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides) was performed at baseline and after 3 months. At the beginning of the study, after 3 months of the study patients underwent a full medical examination. Safety control of plant stanols was carried out by determination of liver enzymes (aspartic transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT)), before and after the completion of the study.Results.Patients of two groups were comparable in baseline characteristics (lipid parameters, blood pressure level). After 3 months of research beginning patients from study group have statistically significant decrease of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. The average level of total cholesterol before treatment was 5,8±0,32 mmol/l, and after treatment — 5,3±0,32 mmol/l, p<0,001. The average level of LDL cholesterol before treatment was 3,6±0,26 mmol/l, and after treatment — 3,3±0,25 mmol/l, p<0,001. According to other lipid parameters (HDL cholesterol, triglycerides) significant differences are not obtained. As a result, there was a significant reduction in the total risk from 4% to 3,1%. As for the control group, the dynamics of lipid parameters were practically not observed. For example, the average level of total cholesterol before treatment was 5,7±0,39 mmol/l, and after treatment — 5,6±0,42 mmol/l. The average level of LDL cholesterol before treatment was 3,6±0,21 mmol/l, and after treatment — 3,6±0,21 mmol/l. The differences between the study and control groups in the reduction of total and LDL cholesterol were highly significant (p<0,001). The study did not reveal the dynamics of liver enzymes. The level of AST before treatment in the study group was 28,4±6,54, and after treatment — 29,5±5,56. ALT levels were 32,3±7,38 and 33,9±5,65, before and after the study, respectively.Conclusion.The study shows the high efficacy and safety of plant stanols. We found a significant decrease of the two most important parameters of lipid metabolism — total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Safaryan
- National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine
| | | | | | - V. D. Sargsyan
- National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine
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Alejandre M, Astiasarán I, Ansorena D. Omega-3 fatty acids and plant sterols as cardioprotective ingredients in beef patties: composition and relevance of nutritional information on sensory characterization. Food Funct 2019; 10:7883-7891. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01128e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gel emulsion with cholesterol lowering properties and reduced saturated fat is used to substitute animal fat in beef patties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alejandre
- Department of Nutrition
- Food Science and Physiology
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition
- University of Navarra
- Irunlarrea s/n
| | - Icíar Astiasarán
- Department of Nutrition
- Food Science and Physiology
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition
- University of Navarra
- Irunlarrea s/n
| | - Diana Ansorena
- Department of Nutrition
- Food Science and Physiology
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition
- University of Navarra
- Irunlarrea s/n
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Bayram B, González-Sarrías A, Istas G, Garcia-Aloy M, Morand C, Tuohy K, García-Villalba R, Mena P. Breakthroughs in the Health Effects of Plant Food Bioactives: A Perspective on Microbiomics, Nutri(epi)genomics, and Metabolomics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10686-10692. [PMID: 30208704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant bioactive compounds consumed as part of our diet are able to influence human health. They include secondary metabolites like (poly)phenols, carotenoids, glucosinolates, alkaloids, and terpenes. Although much knowledge has been gained, there is still need for studies unravelling the effects of plant bioactives on cardiometabolic health at the individual level, using cutting-edge high-resolution and data-rich holistic approaches. The aim of this Perspective is to review the prospects of microbiomics, nutrigenomics and nutriepigenomics, and metabolomics to assess the response to plant bioactive consumption while considering interindividual variability. Insights for future research in the field toward personalized nutrition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Bayram
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , University of Health Sciences , Tibbiye Cad. No: 38 , 34668 Uskudar, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC , Campus de Espinardo , Murcia E-30100, Spain
| | - Geoffrey Istas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine , King's College London , London WC2R 2LS , U.K
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers & Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, XaRTA, INSA, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08007 , Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona 28029 , Spain
| | - Christine Morand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, CRNH Auvergne , F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Kieran Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Via E. Mach, 1 , San Michele all'Adige, 38010 Trento , Italy
| | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Laboratory of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC , Campus de Espinardo , Murcia E-30100, Spain
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food & Drugs , University of Parma , Via Volturno 39 , 43125 Parma , Italy
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Fumeron F, Bard JM, Lecerf JM. Interindividual variability in the cholesterol-lowering effect of supplementation with plant sterols or stanols. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:134-145. [PMID: 28158760 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plays a causal role in atherosclerosis. One way to reduce LDL-C levels is to inhibit cholesterol absorption. Plant sterols and stanols compete with cholesterol for absorption in the intestine and induce an average decrease in LDL-C by 5% to 15% in a dose-dependent manner, but not in all individuals. This review focuses on the interindividual variability in response to dietary supplementation with plant sterols and stanols. Dietary plant sterols and stanols have no significant effects on LDL-C in substantial numbers of individuals. Higher responses, in absolute value and percentage of LDL-C, are observed in individuals with higher cholesterol absorption and a lower rate of cholesterol synthesis. Some data provide evidence of the influence of genetics on the response to plant sterols and stanols. Further studies in large populations are required to extend these conclusions about genetic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Fumeron
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. Université de Nantes (EA 2160), Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral (IUML) FR3473, CNRS et CRNH (Centre de recherche en Nutrition Humaine), Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France. Service de Nutrition, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bard
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. Université de Nantes (EA 2160), Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral (IUML) FR3473, CNRS et CRNH (Centre de recherche en Nutrition Humaine), Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France. Service de Nutrition, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Lecerf
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France. Université de Nantes (EA 2160), Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral (IUML) FR3473, CNRS et CRNH (Centre de recherche en Nutrition Humaine), Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France. Service de Nutrition, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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9
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Milenkovic D, Morand C, Cassidy A, Konic-Ristic A, Tomás-Barberán F, Ordovas JM, Kroon P, De Caterina R, Rodriguez-Mateos A. Interindividual Variability in Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Health after Consumption of Major Plant-Food Bioactive Compounds and the Determinants Involved. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:558-570. [PMID: 28710143 PMCID: PMC5502866 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease, comprising cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and their associated risk factors including metabolic syndrome and obesity, is the leading cause of death worldwide. Plant foods are rich sources of different groups of bioactive compounds, which might not be essential throughout life but promote health and well-being by reducing the risk of age-related chronic diseases. However, heterogeneity in the responsiveness to bioactive compounds can obscure associations between their intakes and health outcomes, resulting in the hiding of health benefits for specific population groups and thereby limiting our knowledge of the exact role of the different bioactive compounds for health. The heterogeneity in response suggests that some individuals may benefit more than others from the health effects of these bioactive compounds. However, to date, this interindividual variation after habitual intake of plant bioactive compounds has been little explored. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the existing research that has revealed interindividual variability in the responsiveness to plant-food bioactive compound consumption regarding cardiometabolic outcomes, focusing on polyphenols, caffeine and plant sterols, and the identified potential determinants involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Milenkovic
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Christine Morand
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francisco Tomás-Barberán
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA;,IMDEA Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Kroon
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ana Rodriguez-Mateos
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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10
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Fardet A, Morise A, Kalonji E, Margaritis I, Mariotti F. Influence of phytosterol and phytostanol food supplementation on plasma liposoluble vitamins and provitamin A carotenoid levels in humans: An updated review of the evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1906-1921. [PMID: 26193046 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1033611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols and phytostanols (PAP) compete with cholesterol absorption in the intestine, resulting in a 5-15%-reduction in plasma total and LDL cholesterol. An important issue is the PAP potential to reduce the plasma concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins and provitamin A carotenoids. Here, an update of the scientific evidence is reviewed to evaluate plant PAP-enriched foods impact on plasma fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoid levels, and to discuss potential implications in terms of cardiovascular risk. Based on 49 human interventional and 3 bioavailability studies, results showed that regular consumption, particularly over the long term, of foods fortified with PAP as recommended in labeling does not significantly impact plasma vitamins A, D, and K concentration. A 10% significant median reduction was observed for α-tocopherol. Concerning carotenoids, while 13 studies did not demonstrate statistically significant plasma β-carotene reduction, 20 studies showed significant reductions, with median effect size of -24%. This decline can be mitigated or offset by increased fruits and vegetables consumption. Furthermore, higher cardiovascular risk was observed for differences in plasma β-carotene concentration of the same magnitude as the estimated average decrease by PAP consumption. These results are supported by the only study of β-carotene bioavailability showing decrease in absorption by phytosterols daily intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Fardet
- a INRA, JRU 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand & Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine , Clermont - Ferrand , France
| | - Anne Morise
- b ANSES, Unité d'Evaluation de Risques liés à la Nutrition , Maison-Alfort , France
| | - Esther Kalonji
- b ANSES, Unité d'Evaluation de Risques liés à la Nutrition , Maison-Alfort , France
| | - Irène Margaritis
- b ANSES, Unité d'Evaluation de Risques liés à la Nutrition , Maison-Alfort , France
| | - François Mariotti
- c AgroParisTech, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior , Paris , France.,d INRA, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior , Paris , France
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11
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Dong S, Zhang R, Ji YC, Hao JY, Ma WW, Chen XD, Xiao R, Yu HL. Soy milk powder supplemented with phytosterol esters reduced serum cholesterol level in hypercholesterolemia independently of lipoprotein E genotype: a random clinical placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Res 2016; 36:879-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Huebbe P, Lange J, Lietz G, Rimbach G. Dietary beta-carotene and lutein metabolism is modulated by the APOE genotype. Biofactors 2016; 42:388-96. [PMID: 27040933 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype has been suggested to interact with nutrient metabolism particularly with lipid soluble vitamins. Plasma carotenoid levels are determined by numerous dietary and genetic factors with high inter-individual variation; however, the APOE genotype has not been systematically examined so far. Our aim was to investigate the effect of the APOE genotype on dietary carotenoid metabolism with special regard to transcriptional regulation of carotenoid absorption, cleavage and adipocyte fat storage. We supplemented targeted replacement mice expressing human APOE3 and APOE4 isoforms with dietary beta-carotene (BC) and lutein (LUT) for 8 weeks. Plasma BC and adipose tissue BC and LUT levels were in trend lower in APOE4 than APOE3 mice, while hepatic expression of the beta-carotene oxygenases BCO1 and BCO2 was significantly higher. In contrast to the liver, mRNA levels of proteins involved in carotenoid absorption and cleavage in the small intestinal mucosa as well as of adipogenic markers in the adipose tissue were not different between APOE3 and APOE4 mice. Our data suggest that the hepatic carotenoid cleavage activity is higher in APOE4 mice partially reducing the circulation and extra-hepatic accumulation of intact carotenoids as compared to APOE3. Therefore we suggest considering the APOE genotype as modulator of carotenoid status in the future. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(4):388-396, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Jennifer Lange
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Georg Lietz
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Human Nutrition Research Centre, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24118, Germany
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Sharifi-Zahabi E, Entezari MH, Maracy MR. Effects of Soy Flour Fortified Bread Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Factors According to APOE Genotypes in Overweight and Obese Adult Women: A Cross-over Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin Nutr Res 2015; 4:225-34. [PMID: 26566517 PMCID: PMC4641984 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2015.4.4.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that inclusion of soy product in the diet may have favorable effects on relief of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and risk factors. These effects might be associated with the presence of specific polymorphism in gene. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of consumption of soy flour fortified bread on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese women according to APOE genotype. In a randomized cross-over clinical trial 30 overweight and obese women received a mild weight loss diet and assigned to a regular diet and a soy bread diet, each for 6 weeks and a washout period for 20 days. Subjects in the soy bread diet were asked to replace 120 grams of their daily usual bread intake with equal amount of soy bread. No significant effects of soy bread on serum lipid, systolic blood pressure and anthropometric indices were observed compared to the regular diet (p > 0.05). For diastolic blood pressure (DBP), comparison of mean differences between two groups showed a marginally significant effect of soy bread (p = 0.06). Compared to regular diet, soy bread had a significant effect on DBP in E2 genotype group (ε2/ε2) (p = 0.03). Having ε2 allele may influences responses of CVD risk factor to soy bread consumption. However more nutrigenetic studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sharifi-Zahabi
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Entezari
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Maracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
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MacKay DS, Eck PK, Gebauer SK, Baer DJ, Jones PJ. CYP7A1-rs3808607 and APOE isoform associate with LDL cholesterol lowering after plant sterol consumption in a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:951-7. [PMID: 26333513 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.109231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of plant sterols (PSs) for cholesterol lowering are hampered by large heterogeneity across individuals, potentially because of genetic polymorphisms. OBJECTIVE We investigated the impact of candidate genetic variations on cholesterol response to PSs in a trial that recruited individuals with high or low endogenous cholesterol synthesis, estimated by lathosterol to cholesterol (L:C) ratio. DESIGN Mildly hypercholesterolemic adults preselected as possessing either high endogenous cholesterol synthesis (n = 24; mean ± SEM: L:C ratio = 2.03 ± 0.39 μmol/mmol) or low endogenous cholesterol synthesis (n = 39; mean ± SEM: L:C ratio = 0.99 ± 0.28 μmol/mmol) consumed 2 g PS/d or a placebo for 28 d by using a dual-center, single-blind, randomized crossover design. Cholesterol synthesis and change in cholesterol absorption were measured with stable isotopic tracers. Candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms and apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoform were assessed by TaqMan genotyping assay. RESULTS The cholesterol fractional synthesis rate was higher (P < 0.001) in participants with high endogenous cholesterol synthesis (mean ± SEM: placebo: 9.16% ± 0.47%; PSs: 9.74% ± 0.47%) than in participants with low endogenous cholesterol synthesis (mean ± SEM placebo: 5.72% ± 0.43%; PS: 7.10% ± 0.43%). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowering in response to PSs was associated with individuals' genotypes. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1-rs3808607) T/T homozygotes showed no LDL cholesterol lowering (mean ± SEM: -0.05 ± 0.07 mmol/L, P = 0.9999, n = 20), whereas the presence of the G-allele associated with LDL cholesterol response in a dose-dependent fashion (mean ± SEM G/T: -0.22 ± 0.06 mmol/L, P = 0.0006, n = 35; G/G: -0.46 ± 0.12 mmol/L, P = 0.0009, n = 8). Similarly, APOE ɛ3 carriers (mean ± SEM: -0.13 ± 0.05 mmol/L, P = 0.0370, n = 40) responded less than APOE ɛ4 carriers (mean ± SEM: -0.31 ± 0.07 mmol/L, P < 0.0001, n = 23). Moreover, genoset CYP7A1-rs3808607 T/T/APOE ɛ3 was associated with nonresponsiveness (mean ± SEM: +0.09 ± 0.08 mmol/L, P = 0.9999, n = 14). rs5882 in cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and rs4148217 in ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 8 (ABCG8) did not associate with LDL cholesterol lowering. Cholesterol absorption decreased as a result of PS consumption, but this decrease was not related to circulating LDL cholesterol concentrations, cholesterol synthesis phenotype, or genotypes. CONCLUSION CYP7A1-rs3808607 and APOE isoform are associated with the extent of reduction in circulating LDL cholesterol in response to PS consumption and could serve as potential predictive genetic markers to identify individuals who would derive maximum LDL cholesterol lowering with PS consumption. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01131832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S MacKay
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Department of Human Nutritional Sciences
| | | | - Sarah K Gebauer
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, and
| | - David J Baer
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, and
| | - Peter Jh Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Fumeron F, Bard JM, Vergès B, Paillard F, Lecerf JM. Phytostérols : un point sur les recommandations de l’ANSES. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Abdullah MMH, Jones PJH, Eck PK. Nutrigenetics of cholesterol metabolism: observational and dietary intervention studies in the postgenomic era. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:523-43. [PMID: 26117841 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism is a well-defined responder to dietary intakes and a classic biomarker of cardiovascular health. For this reason, circulating cholesterol levels have become key in shaping nutritional recommendations by health authorities worldwide for better management of cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of mortality and one of the most costly health problems globally. Data from observational and dietary intervention studies, however, highlight a marked between-individual variability in the response of cholesterol metabolism to similar dietary protocols, a phenomenon linked to genetic heterogeneity. This review summarizes the postgenomic evidence of polymorphisms within cholesterol-associated genes relative to fasting circulating cholesterol levels under diverse nutritional conditions. A number of cholesterol-related gene-diet interactions are confirmed, which may have clinical importance, supporting a deeper look into the rapidly emerging field of nutrigenetics for meaningful conclusions that may eventually lead to genetically targeted dietary recommendations in the era of personalized nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M H Abdullah
- M.M.H. Abdullah, P.J.H. Jones, and P.K. Eck are with the Department of Human Nutritional Sciences and the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. P.J.H. Jones is with the Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter J H Jones
- M.M.H. Abdullah, P.J.H. Jones, and P.K. Eck are with the Department of Human Nutritional Sciences and the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. P.J.H. Jones is with the Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter K Eck
- M.M.H. Abdullah, P.J.H. Jones, and P.K. Eck are with the Department of Human Nutritional Sciences and the Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals (RCFFN), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. P.J.H. Jones is with the Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Rideout TC, Marinangeli CPF, Harding SV. Triglyceride-Lowering Response to Plant Sterol and Stanol Consumption. J AOAC Int 2015; 98:707-715. [PMID: 25941890 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.sgerideout] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PS) have long been recognized for their cholesterol-lowering action, however, recent work has highlighted triglyceride (TG)-lowering responses to PS that may have been overlooked in previous human interventions and mechanistic animal model studies. This review assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the effect of dietary PS supplementation on blood TG concentrations by examining the average therapeutic response, potential mechanisms, and metabolic and genetic factors that may contribute to inter-individual variability. Data from human intervention trials demonstrates that, compared to baseline concentrations, PS supplementation results in a variable TG-lowering response ranging from 0.8 to 28%. It is evident that hypertriglyceridemic individuals (>1.7 mmol/L) have a greater TG-lowering response to PS (11-28%) than subjects with normal plasma TG concentrations (0.8-7%). Although a genetic basis for the variable TG-lowering effects of PS is probable, there are only limited studies to draw on. The available data suggest that polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene may affect responsiveness, with PS-induced reductions in TG more readily evident in apoE2 than apoE3 or E4 subjects. Although only a minimal number of animal model studies have been conducted to specifically examine the mechanisms whereby PS may reduce blood TG concentrations, it appears that there may be multiple mechanisms involved including interruption of intestinal fatty acid absorption and modulation of hepatic lipogenesis and very low density lipoprotein packaging and secretion. In summary, the available data suggest that PS may be an effective therapy to lower blood TG, particularly in hypertriglyceridemic individuals. However, before PS can be widely recommended as a TG-lowering therapy, studies that are specifically powered and designed to fully access therapeutic responses and the mechanisms involved are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Rideout
- University at Buffalo, School of Public Health and Health Professions, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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18
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Ulbricht C. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Lutein by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2015; 12:383-480. [PMID: 25616151 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.988577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An evidence-based systematic review of lutein by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration consolidates the safety and efficacy data available in the scientific literature using a validated, reproducible grading rationale. This article includes written and statistical analysis of clinical trials, plus a compilation of expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.
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19
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Buyuktuncer Z, Fisunoğlu M, Guven GS, Unal S, Besler HT. The cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanol ester yoghurt in a Turkish population: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:91. [PMID: 23786762 PMCID: PMC3695842 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the cholesterol lowering efficacy of low-fat spoonable yoghurt with 1.9 g/d plant stanols as esters on plasma lipid profiles of Turkish subjects with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Methods Using a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study design, intervention (n = 35) and control (n = 35) groups consumed either 115 g low-fat yoghurt with 1.9 g/d plant stanols as esters or placebo yoghurt, respectively, for 4 weeks. Seventy subjects with untreated mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia (aged 23-65 years) were recruited. Changes in the lipid profile, including lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and triglycerides, and anthropometric measurements were monitored at screening, baseline, and at the end of the second, third, and fourth weeks of intervention. The general linear model repeated measures procedure was used to test differences in the repeated continuous variables between study groups. Results Serum total cholesterol (4.6%), LDL cholesterol (6.3%), and non-HDL cholesterol (6.2%) concentrations were reduced significantly from baseline in the plant stanol group compared to the control group (p = 0.007, p = 0.005 and p = 0.005, respectively). A variation in the response of serum total and LDL cholesterol between the subjects in plant stanol group was obtained. No clinically significant change in anthropometrical measurements was observed during the intervention. Conclusions The spoonable low-fat yoghurt with 1.9 g/d plant stanols as esters lowered total, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol levels in Turkish subjects with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Nevertheless variation in baseline cholesterol levels, genetic predisposition of the subjects and compliance may contribute to a large individual variability.
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20
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Maki KC, Lawless AL, Reeves MS, Kelley KM, Dicklin MR, Jenks BH, Shneyvas E, Brooks JR. Lipid effects of a dietary supplement softgel capsule containing plant sterols/stanols in primary hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition 2013; 29:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rideout TC, Marinangeli CPF, Awad AB. Regulatory Approval of Plant Sterols in Canada: Implications for Health Care and Clinical Practice. CAN J DIET PRACT RES 2012; 73:31-4. [DOI: 10.3148/73.1.2012.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd C. Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Atif B. Awad
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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22
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Khuchieva MA, Perova NV, Akhmedzhanov NM. Plant sterols and stanols as dietary factors reducing hypercholesterolemia by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2011. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2011-6-124-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The review is focussed on the mechanisms of action, lipid-lowering activity, structural characteristics, and safety of plant sterins and stanols. Phytosterins and phytostanols inhibit intestinal cholesterol (CH) absorption, therefore decreasing plasma CH levels. The emphasis is put on prospective epidemiological studies of representative samples, which demonstrated that plasma concentrations of phytosterins and phytostanols in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) are substantially lower than in CHD-free participants. A two-fold increase in serum sytosterin concentration was associated with a reduction in relative risk of CHD by 22 %. Plant sterin and sterol esters could be regarded as effective and safe dietary ingredients decreasing blood levels of CH — one of the major cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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23
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MacKay DS, Jones PJH. Phytosterols in human nutrition: Type, formulation, delivery, and physiological function. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Maki KC, Lawless AL, Reeves MS, Dicklin MR, Jenks BH, Shneyvas E, Brooks JR. Lipid-altering effects of a dietary supplement tablet containing free plant sterols and stanols in men and women with primary hypercholesterolaemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 63:476-82. [PMID: 22087585 PMCID: PMC3399633 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.636345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial assessed the lipid-altering efficacy of a dietary supplement (tablet form) providing 1.8g/day free (non-esterified) plant sterols and stanols versus placebo for 6 weeks as part of a therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) diet in 32 men and women with primary hypercholesterolaemia. Mean ± SE baseline (end of a 5-week TLC diet lead-in) lipid concentrations (mmol/1) were total cholesterol (TC), 5.88 ± 0.08; non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), 4.71 ± 0.09; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 4.02 ± 0.08; HDL-C, 1.17 ± 0.06 and triglycerides (TGs), 1.51 ± 0.12. Differences from control in responses (plant sterol/stanol — control) were significant (p < 0.05) for LDL-C (− 4.9%), non-HDL-C (− 3.6%) and TC (− 2.8%). HDL-C and TG responses were not significantly different between treatment conditions. These results indicate that 1.8g/day free plant sterols/stanols administered in a tablet produced favourable lipoprotein lipid changes in men and women with hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Maki
- Provident Clinical Research/Biofortis North America, 489 Taft Avenue, Glen Ellyn, IL 60137, USA.
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25
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Serum lipid responses to phytosterol-enriched milk in a moderate hypercholesterolemic population is not affected by apolipoprotein E polymorphism or diameter of low-density lipoprotein particles. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 65:255-61. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rideout TC, Harding SV, Jones PJH. Consumption of plant sterols reduces plasma and hepatic triglycerides and modulates the expression of lipid regulatory genes and de novo lipogenesis in C57BL/6J mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54 Suppl 1:S7-13. [PMID: 20333723 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To investigate emerging clinical data suggesting a triglyceride (TAG)-lowering response to plant sterol (PS) therapy, we characterized changes in TAG metabolism in 16 C57BL/6J mice fed a basal control diet (CON) or the CON diet supplemented with 2% PS for 6 wk. PS consumption reduced (p<0.05) plasma (-28%) and hepatic (-30%) TAG concentrations compared with CON mice. PS consumption increased (p<0.05) hepatic lipogenic gene expression (sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein 1c, 2.4-fold of CON; fatty acid synthase, 6.5-fold of CON) and de novo lipogenesis (4.51+/-0.72 versus 2.82+/-0.61%/day) compared with CON. PS consumption increased (p<0.05) fecal palmitate and stearate excretion and reduced body weight gain compared with CON mice. Although no change in the transcription of intestinal fatty acid absorptive genes was observed, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha mRNA was reduced (p<0.05, 2.0-fold of CON) in the PS-fed mice. In conclusion, PS-fed C57BL/6J mice showed pronounced reductions in plasma and hepatic TAG concentrations despite increases in hepatic lipogenic gene expression and de novo lipogenesis. Interference with intestinal fatty acid/TAG metabolism as suggested by increased fecal fatty acid loss and reduced weight gain may be associated with the TAG-lowering response to PS consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Rideout
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Plant sterols and stanols for healthy ageing. Maturitas 2010; 66:158-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Combination drug-diet therapies for dyslipidemia. Transl Res 2010; 155:220-7. [PMID: 20403577 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Expense, high drug dose, and low compliance to strict dietary therapies are current issues surrounding modern drug- and diet-based lipid-lowering approaches. Furthermore, variable patient outcomes and suboptimal response to both drug and diet therapies are increasingly evident. Therefore, the question arises as to whether more emphasis should be placed on combination diet/drug therapies to reduce cholesterol levels in patients who respond suboptimally to diet and drug monotherapies. Although considerable research has explored multidrug combination therapies, combination drug/diet therapies receive less attention. However, combined drug/diet approaches may reduce the number of drug prescriptions, the progressive increase in "optimal" drug dosage, and costs associated with pharmaceutical disease management. Future research priorities in drug/diet therapeutic approaches should not only emphasize the discovery of novel combinations but also should address potential safety issues prior to wide-scale acceptance in clinical practice. Accordingly, this review will assess current limitations associated with both drug and diet lipid-lowering therapies and explore the potential of combination drug/diet therapies in the treatment of dyslipidemia.
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Derdemezis CS, Filippatos TD, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf MS. Review article: effects of plant sterols and stanols beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2010; 15:120-34. [PMID: 20200328 DOI: 10.1177/1074248409357921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of foods and supplements enriched with plant sterols/stanols (PS) may help reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. In this review, we consider the effects of PS beyond LDL-C lowering. Plant sterols/stanols exert beneficial effects on other lipid variables, such as apolipoprotein (apo) B/apoAI ratio and, in some studies, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). Plant sterols/stanols may also affect inflammatory markers, coagulation parameters, as well as platelet and endothelial function. Evidence also exists about a beneficial effect on oxidative stress, but this does not seem to be of greater degree than that expected from the LDL-C lowering. Many of these effects have been demonstrated in vitro and animal models. Some in vitro effects cannot be seen in vivo or in humans at usual doses. The epidemiological studies that evaluated the association of plasma PS concentration with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk do not provide a definitive answer. Long-term randomized placebo-controlled studies are required to clarify the effects of supplementation with PS on CVD risk and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos S Derdemezis
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Micallef MA, Garg ML. Beyond blood lipids: phytosterols, statins and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid therapy for hyperlipidemia. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:927-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bañuls C, Martínez-Triguero ML, López-Ruiz A, Morillas C, Lacomba R, Víctor VM, Rocha M, Hernández-Mijares A. Evaluation of cardiovascular risk and oxidative stress parameters in hypercholesterolemic subjects on a standard healthy diet including low-fat milk enriched with plant sterols. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 21:881-6. [PMID: 19889524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A healthy diet and plant sterols (PS) are recommended for reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and, subsequently, the risk of premature cardiovascular disease. PS mediate a decrease in fat-soluble vitamin concentration, which can lead to a general impairment of antioxidative defenses and an increase in oxidative stress. Thus, we evaluated the effects of a healthy diet, including PS-enriched low-fat milk, on cardiovascular risk and oxidative stress parameters in hypercholesterolemic subjects. This was a randomized parallel trial employing 40 subjects and consisting of two 3-month intervention phases. After 3 months on a standard healthy diet, subjects were divided into two intervention groups: a diet group and a diet+PS group (2 g/day). Lipid profile, apolipoproteins, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and oxidative stress parameters were analyzed. Diet significantly reduced total and LDL cholesterol (4.0% and 4.7%, respectively), produced an increase in the level of beta-carotene (23%) and improved the antioxidant capacity of LDL cholesterol particles (4.6%). PS induced a significant decrease in total cholesterol (6.4%), LDL (9.9%) and the apolipoprotein B100/apolipoprotein A1 ratio (4.9%), but led to a decrease in cryptoxanthin level (29%) without any change being observed in the antioxidant capacity of LDL cholesterol particles, total antioxidant status or lipid peroxidation. After 3 months, we observed the positive effect of including a PS supplement in dietary measures, as the lipoprotein-mediated risk of cardiovascular disease was reduced. Despite a decrease in the concentration of cryptoxanthin, no evidence of a global impairment of antioxidative defenses or an enhancement of oxidative stress parameters was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Bañuls
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
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