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Watson WH, Greenwell JC, Zheng Y, Furmanek S, Torres-Gonzalez E, Ritzenthaler JD, Roman J. Impact of sex, age and diet on the cysteine/cystine and glutathione/glutathione disulfide plasma redox couples in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 84:108431. [PMID: 32615368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age, sex and diet are well-established risk factors for several diseases. In humans, each of these variables has been linked to differences in plasma redox potentials (Eh) of the glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS) redox couples. Mice have been very useful for modeling human disease processes, but it is unknown if age, sex and diet affect redox couples in mice as they do in humans. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of these factors on plasma redox potentials in C57BL/6J mice. We found that age had no effect on either redox couple in either sex. Plasma Eh Cys/CySS and Eh GSH/GSSG were both more oxidized (more positive) in females than in males. A 24-hour fast negated the sex differences in both redox potentials by oxidizing both redox couples in male mice, while having no effect on Eh Cys/CySS and a smaller effect on Eh GSH/GSSG in female mice. A diet with excess sulfur amino acids reduced the plasma Eh Cys/CySS in females to a level comparable to that seen in male mice. Thus, sex-specific differences in plasma Eh Cys/CySS could be normalized by two different dietary interventions. Some of these findings are consistent with reported human studies, while others are not. Most strikingly, mice do not exhibit age-dependent oxidation of plasma redox potentials. Care must be taken when designing and interpreting mouse studies to investigate redox regulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Watson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - John C Greenwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yuxuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Stephen Furmanek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Edilson Torres-Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Ritzenthaler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Tang D, Wu J, Jiao H, Wang X, Zhao J, Lin H. The development of antioxidant system in the intestinal tract of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:664-678. [PMID: 30289502 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the site for the uptake of nutrients from the external environment. We hypothesized that the antioxidant system in the intestinal tract has a vital protective role from the oxidative damage induced by oxidants in foods. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of the antioxidant system in the intestine of chickens. The activity and gene expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the content of the non-enzymatic substance glutathione (GSH) were measured in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of chickens at 1, 3, 7, 11, 14, 21, 35, and 42 d of age. The results showed that the small intestinal tract had relatively higher SOD activity and GSH concentration and lower CAT and GSH-Px activities, compared with those of other visceral organs. CAT and GSH-Px activities and GSH concentration showed a decreasing trend with age, whereas SOD activity was not significantly influenced by age. The gene expression of SOD1, SOD2, and GSH-Px7 showed a dramatic decrease from 3 d of age. The results indicated that SOD and GSH were highly expressed in the first week of age after hatching. To conclude, the results suggest that SOD and GSH play a vital protective role in the small intestine after hatching, which contributes to rapid development of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Tang
- Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Hongchao Jiao
- Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Jingpeng Zhao
- Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
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Timing of developmental reduction in epithelial glutathione redox potential is associated with increased epithelial proliferation in the immature murine intestine. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:362-369. [PMID: 28288146 PMCID: PMC5552438 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThe intracellular redox potential of the glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) couple regulates cellular processes. In vitro studies indicate that a reduced GSH/GSSG redox potential favors proliferation, whereas a more oxidized redox potential favors differentiation. Intestinal growth depends upon an appropriate balance between the two. However, how the ontogeny of intestinal epithelial cellular (IEC) GSH/GSSG redox regulates these processes in the developing intestine has not been fully characterized in vivo.MethodsOntogeny of intestinal GSH redox potential and growth were measured in neonatal mice.ResultsWe show that IEC GSH/GSSG redox potential becomes increasingly reduced (primarily driven by increased GSH concentration) over the first 3 weeks of life. Increased intracellular GSH has been shown to drive proliferation through increased poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) activity. We show that increasing IEC poly-ADP-ribose chains can be measured over the first 3 weeks of life, indicating an increase in IEC PARP activity. These changes are accompanied by increased intestinal growth and IEC proliferation as assessed by villus height/crypt depth, intestinal length, and Ki67 staining.ConclusionUnderstanding how IEC GSH/GSSG redox potential is developmentally regulated may provide insight into how premature human intestinal redox states can be manipulated to optimize intestinal growth and adaptation.
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Is OM-3 synergistic with GLP-2 in intestinal failure? J Surg Res 2017; 207:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Jiang P, Vegge A, Thymann T, Wan JMF, Sangild PT. Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 Stimulates Postresection Intestinal Adaptation in Preterm Pigs by Affecting Proteins Related to Protein, Carbohydrate, and Sulphur Metabolism. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:1293-1300. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607116662971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andreas Vegge
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Per Torp Sangild
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Quantitative redox biology: an approach to understand the role of reactive species in defining the cellular redox environment. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:477-83. [PMID: 22161621 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Systems biology is now recognized as a needed approach to understand the dynamics of inter- and intra-cellular processes. Redox processes are at the foundation of nearly all aspects of biology. Free radicals, related oxidants, and antioxidants are central to the basic functioning of cells and tissues. They set the cellular redox environment and, therefore, are the key to regulation of biochemical pathways and networks, thereby influencing organism health. To understand how short-lived, quasi-stable species, such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, connect to the metabolome, proteome, lipidome, and genome we need absolute quantitative information on all redox active compounds as well as thermodynamic and kinetic information on their reactions, i.e., knowledge of the complete redoxome. Central to the state of the redoxome are the interactive details of the superoxide/peroxide formation and removal systems. Quantitative information is essential to establish the dynamic mathematical models needed to reveal the temporal evolution of biochemical pathways and networks. This new field of Quantitative Redox Biology will allow researchers to identify new targets for intervention to advance our efforts to achieve optimal human health.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The current literature regarding the effects of the gaseous signal molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the gastrointestinal system is reviewed. Bacterial, host and pharmaceutical-derived H2S are all considered and presented according to the physiological or pathophysiological effects of the gaseous signal molecule. These subjects include the toxicology of intestinal H2S with emphasis on bacterial-derived H2S, especially from sulfate-reducing bacteria, the role of endogenous and exogenous H2S in intestinal inflammation, and the roles of H2S in gastrointestinal motility, secretion and nociception. RECENT ADVANCES While its pro- and anti-inflammatory, smooth muscle relaxant, prosecretory, and pro- and antinociceptive actions continue to remain the major effects of H2S in this system; recent findings have expanded the potential molecular targets for H2S in the gastrointestinal tract. CRITICAL ISSUES Numerous discrepancies remain in the literature, and definitive molecular targets in this system have not been supported by the use of competitive antagonism. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future work will hopefully resolve discrepancies in the literature and identify molecular targets and mechanisms of action for H2S. It is clear from the current literature that the long-appreciated relationship between H2S and the gastrointestinal tract continues to be strong as we endeavor to unravel its mysteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Linden
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, Minnesota
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Hosomi R, Fukunaga K, Nishiyama T, Yoshida M. Effects of porcine hemoglobin on serum lipid content and fecal lipid excretion in rats. J Med Food 2013; 17:302-9. [PMID: 24320987 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of dietary hemoglobin on serum and liver lipid contents in rats, and the ability of hemoglobin hydrolysates to disrupt lipid absorption. After rats had been fed on casein- or porcine hemoglobin-containing diets for 4 weeks, their serum and liver lipid contents and fecal cholesterol, bile acid, and nitrogen excretion were measured. To elucidate the mechanism of lipid absorption by dietary hemoglobin, we also examined lipase activity, micellar solubility of cholesterol, and bile acid binding activity in the presence of hemoglobin hydrolysates. Dietary hemoglobin decreased serum and liver triglyceride and cholesterol contents and increased fecal fatty acid, cholesterol, and bile acid excretion. In addition, hemoglobin hydrolysates inhibited lipase activity compared with casein hydrolysates in an in vitro study. These results suggested that the hypolipidemic effect of hemoglobin is mediated by increased fecal lipid excretion, and that decreased lipase activity by hemoglobin is at least partially responsible for this result. The observed effects were documented with an 8 g/kg hemoglobin diet, which is lower than in other studies; therefore. hemoglobin may be useful in the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hosomi
- 1 Division of Human Living Sciences, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Tottori College , Kurayoshi, Tottori, Japan
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Chronology of the Effect of Massive Small Bowel Resection and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) on Intestinal Adaptation. J Surg Res 2011; 171:399-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recently published research into the use of dietary cysteine and/or its derivatives as functional food supplements that will enhance antioxidant status and improve outcome in certain diseases. RECENT FINDINGS L-cysteine is now widely recognized as a conditionally essential or (indispensible) sulphur amino acid. It plays a key role in the metabolic pathways involving methionine, taurine and glutathione (GSH), and may help fight chronic inflammation by boosting antioxidant status. In stressed and inflammatory states, sulphur amino acid metabolism adapts to meet the increased requirements for cysteine as a rate-limiting substrate for GSH. Critically ill patients receiving enteral or parenteral nutrition, enriched with cysteine, exhibit decreased cysteine catabolism and improved GSH synthesis. The naturally occurring cysteine-rich proteins, whey or keratin, have the potential to be manufactured into high quality, high cysteine-containing functional foods for clinical investigation. SUMMARY Cysteine-rich proteins, such as keratin, may have advantages over the simple amino acid or its derivatives, as nutraceuticals, to safely and beneficially improve antioxidant status in health and disease.
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Abstract
The intestinal tract, known for its capability for self-renew, represents the first barrier of defence between the organism and its luminal environment. The thiol/disulfide redox systems comprising the glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG), cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS) and reduced and oxidized thioredoxin (Trx/TrxSS) redox couples play important roles in preserving tissue redox homeostasis, metabolic functions, and cellular integrity. Control of the thiol-disulfide status at the luminal surface is essential for maintaining mucus fluidity and absorption of nutrients, and protection against chemical-induced oxidant injury. Within intestinal cells, these redox couples preserve an environment that supports physiological processes and orchestrates networks of enzymatic reactions against oxidative stress. In this review, we focus on the intestinal redox and antioxidant systems, their subcellular compartmentation, redox signalling and epithelial turnover, and contribution of luminal microbiota, key aspects that are relevant to understanding redox-dependent processes in gut biology with implications for degenerative digestive disorders, such as inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L Circu
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Goichon A, Coëffier M, Claeyssens S, Lecleire S, Cailleux AF, Bôle-Feysot C, Chan P, Donnadieu N, Lerebours E, Lavoinne A, Boyer O, Vaudry D, Déchelotte P. Effects of an enteral glucose supply on protein synthesis, proteolytic pathways, and proteome in human duodenal mucosa. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:784-94. [PMID: 21795435 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.009738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the glucose supply reduces postoperative insulin resistance and improves patient outcomes. However, the effects of luminal glucose on intestinal mucosal proteins remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the effects of an enteral glucose supply on protein synthesis, proteolytic pathways, and proteome in human duodenal mucosa. DESIGN Twenty healthy volunteers received a 5-h enteral infusion of either saline or glucose (0.12 g · kg(-1) · h(-1)). Simultaneously, a continuous intravenous infusion of l-[1-(13)C]leucine (12 μmol · kg(-1) · h(-1)) was maintained until endoscopy. The duodenal mucosal protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was calculated from leucine enrichments assessed in protein and free amino acid pools by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cathepsin D, calpains, and chymotrypsin-like proteasome mucosal activities were evaluated by using specific fluorogenic substrates. A 2-dimensional PAGE-based comparative proteomics analysis was also performed on additional duodenal mucosal biopsy samples to identify differentially expressed proteins. RESULTS Duodenal mucosal protein FSR and protease activities were not affected by glucose infusion relative to saline. Nevertheless, the comparative proteomics analysis indicated that 10 protein spots were significantly differentially expressed (ie, at least ±1.5-fold modulated; Student's t test, P < 0.05) in response to the glucose infusion relative to saline. Of the 8 proteins identified by mass spectrometry, α-enolase, cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase, and glutathione S-transferase ω-1 were upregulated, whereas epoxide hydrolase 2 was downregulated. CONCLUSION Enteral glucose supply affected neither duodenal mucosal protein FSR nor activities of mucosal proteases but altered the duodenal mucosal proteome by modulating the expression of several enzymes involved mainly in carbohydrate and xenobiotic metabolism. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00213551.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Goichon
- ADEN EA, Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen University Hospital, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao N. Jaladanki
- University of Maryland School of Medicine and Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center
| | - Jian-Ying Wang
- University of Maryland School of Medicine and Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center
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Go YM, Jones DP. Cysteine/cystine redox signaling in cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:495-509. [PMID: 21130865 PMCID: PMC3040416 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular thiol/disulfide redox environments are highly regulated in healthy individuals. The major thiol/disulfide redox couple in human plasma is cysteine (Cys) and its disulfide form, cystine (CySS). Oxidation of this redox couple, measured as a more positive steady-state redox potential (E(h)), is associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aging, smoking, obesity, and alcohol abuse. Rodent and vascular cell studies show that the extracellular redox state of Cys/CySS (E(h)CySS) can play a vital role in controlling CVD through proinflammatory signaling. This inflammatory signaling is regulated by cell-surface protein redox state and involves mitochondrial oxidation, nuclear factor-κB activation, and elevated expression of genes for monocyte recruitment to endothelial cells. Gene array and proteomics studies reveal the global nature of redox effects, and different cell types, e.g., endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, show cell-specific redox responses with different phenotypic traits, e.g., proliferation and apoptosis, which can contribute to CVD. The critical nature of the proinflammatory redox signaling and cell biology associated with E(h)CySS supports the use of plasma levels of Cys, CySS, and E(h)CySS as key indicators of vascular health. Plasma redox-state-based pharmacologic interventions to control or improve E(h)CySS may be effective in preventing CVD onset or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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The effect of hepatocyte growth factor on gene transcription during intestinal adaptation. J Pediatr Surg 2011; 46:357-65. [PMID: 21292088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously, we investigated the physiologic effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on intestinal adaptation using a massive small bowel resection (MSBR) rat model. To correlate these altered physiologic changes with gene alterations, we used microarray technology at 7, 14, and 21 days after MSBR. METHODS Forty-five adult female rats were divided into 3 groups and underwent 70% MSBR, MSBR + HGF (intravenous 150 μg/kg per day), or sham operation (control). Five animals per group were killed at each time point. Ileal mucosa was harvested and RNA extracted. Rat Gene Chips and Expression Console software (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) were used. Statistical analysis was done by analysis of variance using Partek Genomics Suite (Partek, Inc, St Louis, MO). Results were significant if fold change was more than 2 or less than -2, with P < .05. RESULTS Compared with the control group, MSBR group had significant increases in up-regulated and down-regulated genes. The MSBR-HGF group had further increases in up-regulated and down-regulated genes compared with the MSBR group. At 7 days, 6 cellular hypertrophy families had 30 genes up-regulated, and HGF up-regulated an additional 14 genes. At 21 days, 5 hyperplasia gene families had 32 up-regulated genes. Hepatocyte growth factor up-regulated an additional 16 genes. CONCLUSIONS Microarray analysis of intestinal adaptation identified an early emphasis on hypertrophy and later emphasis on hyperplasia. This is the first demonstration that the effect of HGF on intestinal adaptation is recruitment of more genes rather than an increase in the fold change of already up-regulated genes.
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Yarandi SS, Zhao VM, Hebbar G, Ziegler TR. Amino acid composition in parenteral nutrition: what is the evidence? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011; 14:75-82. [PMID: 21076291 PMCID: PMC3071792 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328341235a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Complete parenteral nutrition solutions contain mixed amino acid products providing all nine essential amino acids and a varying composition of nonessential amino acids. Relatively little rigorous comparative efficacy research on altered parenteral nutrition amino acid composition has been published in recent years. RECENT FINDINGS Limited data from randomized, double-blind, adequately powered clinical trials to define optimal doses of total or individual amino acids in parenteral nutrition are available. An exception is the growing number of studies on the efficacy of glutamine supplementation of parenteral nutrition or given as a single parenteral agent. Parenteral glutamine appears to confer benefit in selected patients; however, additional data to define optimal glutamine dosing and the patient subgroups who may most benefit from this amino acid are needed. Although some promising studies have been published, little data are available in the current era of nutrition support on the clinical efficacy of altered doses of arginine, branched chain amino acids, cysteine, or taurine supplementation of parenteral nutrition. SUMMARY Despite routine use of parenteral nutrition, surprisingly little clinical efficacy data are available to guide total or specific amino acid dosing in adult and pediatric patients requiring this therapy. This warrants increased attention by the research community and funding agencies to better define optimal amino acid administration strategies in patient subgroups requiring parenteral nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi S. Yarandi
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vivian M. Zhao
- Nutrition and Metabolic Support Service, Emory University Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gautam Hebbar
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas R. Ziegler
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Nutrition and Metabolic Support Service, Emory University Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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