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Kwon EB, Moon DO, Oh ES, Song YN, Park JY, Ryu HW, Kim DY, Chin YW, Lee HS, Lee SU, Kim MO. Garcinia mangostana Suppresses Triacylglycerol Synthesis in Hepatocytes and Enterocytes. J Med Food 2023. [PMID: 37566462 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.k.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and pancreatic lipase (PL) activities is important in the treatment of triacylglycerol (TG)-related metabolic diseases. Garcinia mangostana, also known as mangosteen, is a traditional medicine ingredient used in the treatment of inflammation in Southeast Asia. In this study, The ethanolic extract of G. mangostana peel inhibited human recombinant DGAT1 and DGAT2, and PL enzyme activities in vitro. The inhibitory activity of DGAT1 and DGAT2 enzymes of four representative bioactive substances in mangosteen was confirmed. In addition, G. mangostana was confirmed to suppress the serum TG levels in C57 mice by inhibiting the absorption and synthesis of TG in the gastrointestinal tract. Through this study, it was revealed that G. mangostana extract could be useful for the prevention and amelioration of TG-related metabolic diseases such as obesity and fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Bin Kwon
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Dong-Oh Moon
- Department of Biology Education, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Eun Sol Oh
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Korea
- Departments of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yu Na Song
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Korea
- Departments of Biological Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Park
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Korea
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Doo-Young Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sun Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Mun-Ock Kim
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Korea
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Olędzka AJ, Czerwińska ME. Role of Plant-Derived Compounds in the Molecular Pathways Related to Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054666. [PMID: 36902097 PMCID: PMC10003729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the primary response to infection and injury. Its beneficial effect is an immediate resolution of the pathophysiological event. However, sustained production of inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species and cytokines may cause alterations in DNA integrity and lead to malignant cell transformation and cancer. More attention has recently been paid to pyroptosis, which is an inflammatory necrosis that activates inflammasomes and the secretion of cytokines. Taking into consideration that phenolic compounds are widely available in diet and medicinal plants, their role in the prevention and support of the treatment of chronic diseases is apparent. Recently, much attention has been paid to explaining the significance of isolated compounds in the molecular pathways related to inflammation. Therefore, this review aimed to screen reports concerning the molecular mode of action assigned to phenolic compounds. The most representative compounds from the classes of flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, and phenolic glycosides were selected for this review. Our attention was focused mainly on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Literature searching was performed using Scopus, PubMed, and Medline databases. In conclusion, based on the available literature, phenolic compounds regulate NF-κB, Nrf2, and MAPK signaling, which supports their potential role in chronic inflammatory disorders, including osteoarthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular, and pulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata J. Olędzka
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika E. Czerwińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-116-61-85
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3
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Ji Y, Xie Q, Meng X, Wang W, Li S, Lang X, Zhao C, Yuan Y, Ye H. Lactobacillus paracasei improves dietary fatty liver by reducing insulin resistance and inflammation in obese mice model. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Muniroh M, Nindita Y, Karlowee V, Purwoko Y, Rahmah ND, Widyowati R, Suryono S. Effect of Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract on glial NF-κB levels and expression of serum inflammation markers in an obese-type 2 diabetes mellitus animal model. Biomed Rep 2021; 15:63. [PMID: 34113445 PMCID: PMC8188163 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an age-related disease associated with cerebral inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Garcinia mangostana pericarp (GMP) possesses antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of GMP extract on cerebral inflammation in Wistar rats with T2DM by examining the expression levels of glial nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). A total of 36 8-10-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups and provided a standard diet (normal control; C1), high-fat diet (HFD) with 200 g/kg GMP extract BW/day (GMP control; C2), HFD with streptozotocin-nicotinamide (diabetic control; C3), and HFD with 100 (M1), 200 (M2) or 400 g/kg body weight (BW)/day (M3) GMP extract for Wistar rats with diabetes. GMP extract was administered for 8 weeks after induction of T2DM was confirmed. Glial NF-κB activity was assessed by immunohistochemical staining, and by measuring IL-6 levels, TNF-α levels and SOD activity in the serum using ELISA. BW significantly increased following HFD treatment. After 7 weeks, the BW remained significantly higher compared with the normal control and GMP extract-treated groups, but decreased continuously in the T2DM groups. Glial NF-κB immunoreaction in the hippocampal region was significantly higher in the diabetic Wistar rats compared with the normal control Wistar rats, and 200 g/kg BW/day GMP significantly reduced its activity. The T2DM Wistar rats showed significantly higher expression levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α and lower activity of SOD compared with the normal control Wistar rats. Meanwhile, rats in GMP groups M1, M2 and M3 exhibited significant reductions in the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α expression, and increases in SOD activity. GMP extract treatment effectively reduced hippocampal NF-κB, IL-6 and TNF-α levels and increased antioxidant SOD activity. These results suggest that GMP extract prevents cerebral inflammation in T2DM Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muflihatul Muniroh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia
| | - Yora Nindita
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia
| | - Vega Karlowee
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia
| | - Yosef Purwoko
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia
| | - Nadya Diena Rahmah
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia
| | - Retno Widyowati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Indonesia
| | - Suryono Suryono
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia
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A review on α-mangostin as a potential multi-target-directed ligand for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 897:173950. [PMID: 33607107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss, declining language skills and other cognitive disorders. AD has brought great mental and economic burden to patients, families and society. However due to the complexity of AD's pathology, drugs developed for the treatment of AD often fail in clinical or experimental trials. The main problems of current anti-AD drugs are low efficacy due to mono-target method or side effects, especially high hepatotoxicity. To tackle these two main problems, multi-target-directed ligand (MTDL) based on "one molecule, multiple targets" has been studied. MTDLs can regulate multiple biological targets at the same time, so it has shown higher efficacy, better safety. As a natural active small molecule, α-mangostin (α-M) has shown potential multi-factor anti-AD activities in a series of studies, furthermore it also has a certain hepatoprotective effect. The good availability of α-M also provides support for its application in clinical research. In this work, multiple activities of α-M related to AD therapy were reviewed, which included anti-cholinesterase, anti-amyloid-cascade, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, low toxicity, hepatoprotective effects and drug formulation. It shows that α-M is a promising candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Gunter NV, Teh SS, Lim YM, Mah SH. Natural Xanthones and Skin Inflammatory Diseases: Multitargeting Mechanisms of Action and Potential Application. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:594202. [PMID: 33424605 PMCID: PMC7793909 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.594202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of skin inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, and skin cancers generally involve the generation of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Exposure of the skin to external aggressors such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation and xenobiotics induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which subsequently activates immune responses and causes immunological aberrations. Hence, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents were considered to be potential compounds to treat skin inflammatory diseases. A prime example of such compounds is xanthone (xanthene-9-one), a class of natural compounds that possess a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and chemotherapeutic effects. Many studies reported various mechanisms of action by xanthones for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases. These mechanisms of action commonly involve the modulation of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. Other mechanisms of action include the regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, besides immune cell recruitment via modulation of chemokines, activation, and infiltration. Moreover, disease-specific activity contributed by xanthones, such as antibacterial action against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis for acne treatment, and numerous cytotoxic mechanisms involving pro-apoptotic and anti-metastatic effects for skin cancer treatment have been extensively elucidated. Furthermore, xanthones have been reported to modulate pathways responsible for mediating oxidative stress and inflammation such as PPAR, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor and prostaglandin cascades. These pathways were also implicated in skin inflammatory diseases. Xanthones including the prenylated α-mangostin (2) and γ-mangostin (3), glucosylated mangiferin (4) and the caged xanthone gambogic acid (8) are potential lead compounds to be further developed into pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases. Future studies on the structure-activity relationships, molecular mechanisms, and applications of xanthones for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases are thus highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soek Sin Teh
- Engineering and Processing Division, Energy and Environment Unit, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Yang Mooi Lim
- Centre for Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia.,Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Siau Hui Mah
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.,Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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do Espirito Santo BLS, Santana LF, Kato Junior WH, de Araújo FDO, Bogo D, Freitas KDC, Guimarães RDCA, Hiane PA, Pott A, Filiú WFDO, Arakaki Asato M, Figueiredo PDO, Bastos PRHDO. Medicinal Potential of Garcinia Species and Their Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194513. [PMID: 33019745 PMCID: PMC7582350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Garcinia is a genus of Clusiaceae, distributed throughout tropical Asia, Africa, New Caledonia, Polynesia, and Brazil. Garcinia plants contain a broad range of biologically active metabolites which, in the last few decades, have received considerable attention due to the chemical compositions of their extracts, with compounds which have been shown to have beneficial effects in several diseases. Our work had the objective of reviewing the benefits of five Garcinia species (G. brasiliensis, G. gardneriana, G. pedunculata, G. cambogia, and G. mangstana). These species provide a rich natural source of bioactive compounds with relevant therapeutic properties and anti-inflammatory effects, such as for the treatment of skin disorders, wounds, pain, and infections, having demonstrated antinociceptive, antioxidant, antitumoral, antifungal, anticancer, antihistaminic, antiulcerogenic, antimicrobial, antiviral, vasodilator, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and cardioprotective properties. This demonstrates the relevance of the genus as a rich source of compounds with valuable therapeutic properties, with potential use in the prevention and treatment of nontransmissible chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Larissa Spontoni do Espirito Santo
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil; (B.L.S.d.E.S.); (L.F.S.); (D.B.); (R.d.C.A.G.); (P.A.H.); (P.R.H.d.O.B.)
| | - Lidiani Figueiredo Santana
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil; (B.L.S.d.E.S.); (L.F.S.); (D.B.); (R.d.C.A.G.); (P.A.H.); (P.R.H.d.O.B.)
| | - Wilson Hino Kato Junior
- Graduate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil;
| | - Felipe de Oliveira de Araújo
- Graduate of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil;
| | - Danielle Bogo
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil; (B.L.S.d.E.S.); (L.F.S.); (D.B.); (R.d.C.A.G.); (P.A.H.); (P.R.H.d.O.B.)
| | - Karine de Cássia Freitas
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil; (B.L.S.d.E.S.); (L.F.S.); (D.B.); (R.d.C.A.G.); (P.A.H.); (P.R.H.d.O.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-67-3345-7416
| | - Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil; (B.L.S.d.E.S.); (L.F.S.); (D.B.); (R.d.C.A.G.); (P.A.H.); (P.R.H.d.O.B.)
| | - Priscila Aiko Hiane
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil; (B.L.S.d.E.S.); (L.F.S.); (D.B.); (R.d.C.A.G.); (P.A.H.); (P.R.H.d.O.B.)
| | - Arnildo Pott
- Laboratory of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil;
| | - Wander Fernando de Oliveira Filiú
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil;
| | - Marcel Arakaki Asato
- Medical School, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil;
| | - Patrícia de Oliveira Figueiredo
- Laboratory PRONABio (Bioactive Natural Products)-Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79074-460 Campo Grande, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Roberto Haidamus de Oliveira Bastos
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul-UFMS, 79070-900 Campo Grande, Brazil; (B.L.S.d.E.S.); (L.F.S.); (D.B.); (R.d.C.A.G.); (P.A.H.); (P.R.H.d.O.B.)
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Arozal W, Louisa M, Soetikno V. Selected Indonesian Medicinal Plants for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome: Molecular Basis and Recent Studies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:82. [PMID: 32435657 PMCID: PMC7218133 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the world influences quality of health in all respective countries, including Indonesia. Data from Indonesian Family Life Survey reported in 2019 showed that the prevalence of MetS in Indonesia currently is 21.66%, estimated with the provincial incidence ranging up to 50%; additionally, the most common components of MetS discovered in Indonesia were poor high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and hypertension. Management treatment of MetS involves a combination of lifestyle changes and pharmacological interventions to decrease cerebrovascular disease. Various natural substances have been shown to govern any cardiovascular or metabolic disorders through different mechanisms, such as triggering anti-inflammation, lipid profile correction, sensitization of insulin reception, or blood glucose control. In Indonesia, the utilization of natural compounds is part of the nation's culture. The community widely uses them; even though in general, their effectiveness and safety have not been thoroughly assessed by rigorous clinical trials. Scientific evidence suggested that cinnamon, mangosteen, and curcumin, as well as their derived components possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological activity. In this review, an enormous potential of cinnamon, mangosteen, and curcumin, which originated and are commonly used in Indonesia, could be treated against MetS, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obesity. The findings suggested that cinnamon, mangosteen, curcumin and their derivatives may reflect areas of promise in the management of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wawaimuli Arozal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Melva Louisa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vivian Soetikno
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Mangosteen Concentrate Drink Supplementation Promotes Antioxidant Status and Lactate Clearance in Rats after Exercise. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051447. [PMID: 32429510 PMCID: PMC7284599 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-strength or long-duration exercise can lead to significant fatigue, oxidative stress, and muscle damage. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mangosteen concentrate drink (MCD) supplementation on antioxidant capacity and lactate clearance in rats after running exercise. Forty rats were divided into five groups: N, non-treatment; C, control; or supplemented with MCD, including M1, M5, and M10 (0.9, 4.5, and 9 mL/day) for 6 weeks. The rats were subjected to 30 min running and exhaustive-running tests using a treadmill. The blood lactate; triglyceride; cholesterol and glucose levels; hepatic and muscular malonaldehyde (MDA) levels; and antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT), were analyzed. The results of this study demonstrated that MCD supplementation can increase GPx and CAT activities, alleviate oxidative stress in muscle, and increase lactate clearance, and is thereby beneficial to reduced muscle fatigue after exercise.
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Alkhuriji AF, Majrashi NA, Alomar S, El-Khadragy MF, Awad MA, Khatab AR, Yehia HM. The Beneficial Effect of Eco-Friendly Green Nanoparticles Using Garcinia mangostana Peel Extract against Pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes in Female BALB/c Mice. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E573. [PMID: 32235366 PMCID: PMC7222409 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a psychrophilic bacterium, which causes widespread zoonosis in the natural environment, and mainly affects goat, sheep, and cattle herds. Recently, we predicted that it can be transmitted through food. It causes listeriosis, a severe infectious disease, which occurs with food contaminated with the pathogenic bacterium. Anti-inflammatory factors are important to treat the dangers of chronic inflammation associated with chronic diseases. Natural foodstuffs have made and are continuing to make vital contributions to the search for new antilisterial agents. The use of natural products in association with silver nanoparticles has drawn attention because of its easy, nonpathogenic, eco-friendly, and economical protocol. Hence, we aimed to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using Garcinia mangostana peel extract, which was found to be a good source for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, their formation being confirmed by color change and stability in solution, and investigated the antilisterial activity of these nanoparticles in a murine model of L. monocytogenes infection. A total of 28 mice were divided into four groups-healthy control, infected, infected mice treated with green Ag-NPs biosynthesized with G. mangostana (5 mg/mL), and infected mice pretreated with Ag-NPs. From our results, oral treatment with Ag-NPs biosynthesized with G. mangostana peel extract resulted in a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA), enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, and increased the levels of the antiapoptotic protein, compared with the untreated mice. These results indicate that G. mangostana may provide therapeutic value against L. monocytogenes-induced oxidative stress and histopathological alterations, and that these effects may be related to antiapoptotic and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrah F. Alkhuriji
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.A.); (N.A.M.); (A.R.K.); (M.F.E.-K.)
| | - Nada A. Majrashi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.A.); (N.A.M.); (A.R.K.); (M.F.E.-K.)
| | - Suliman Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Manal F. El-Khadragy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.A.); (N.A.M.); (A.R.K.); (M.F.E.-K.)
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt
| | - Manal A. Awad
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alaa R. Khatab
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (A.F.A.); (N.A.M.); (A.R.K.); (M.F.E.-K.)
| | - Hany M. Yehia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Cairo 11221, Egypt
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11
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Feng J, Lu S, Ou B, Liu Q, Dai J, Ji C, Zhou H, Huang H, Ma Y. The Role of JNk Signaling Pathway in Obesity-Driven Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:1399-1406. [PMID: 32425571 PMCID: PMC7196768 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s236127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is not only closely related to insulin resistance but is one of the main factors leading to the formation of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) too. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily. JNK is also one of the most investigated signal transducers in obesity and insulin resistance. JNK-centric JNK signaling pathway can be activated by growth factors, cytokines, stress responses, and other factors. Many researches have identified that the activated phosphorylation JNK negatively regulates insulin signaling pathway in insulin resistance which can be simultaneously regulated by multiple signaling pathways related to the JNK signaling pathway. In this review, we provide an overview of the composition of the JNK signaling pathway, its regulation of insulin signaling pathway, and the relationship between the JNK signaling pathway and other pathways in insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyin Lu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biqian Ou
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Dai
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiqing Zhou
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongke Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yi Ma Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, Guangdong510632, People’s Republic of China Tel/Fax +86 20 8522 1983 Email
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Li D, Liu Q, Lu X, Li Z, Wang C, Leung CH, Wang Y, Peng C, Lin L. α-Mangostin remodels visceral adipose tissue inflammation to ameliorate age-related metabolic disorders in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:11084-11110. [PMID: 31806859 PMCID: PMC6932911 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade chronic adipose tissue inflammation contributes to the onset and development of aging-related insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In the current study, α-mangostin, a xanthone isolated from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), was identified to ameliorate lipopolysaccharides-induced acute adipose tissue inflammation in mice, by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In a cohort of young (3 months) and old (18-20 months) mice, α-mangostin mitigated aging-associated adiposity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. Further study showed that α-mangostin alleviated aging-related adipose tissue inflammation by reducing macrophage content and shifting pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization. Moreover, α-mangostin protected the old mice against liver injury through suppressing the secretion of microRNA-155-5p from macrophages. The above results demonstrated that α-mangostin represents a new scaffold to alleviate adipose tissue inflammation, which might be a novel candidate to treat aging-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Qianyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Xiuqiang Lu
- Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ligen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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13
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Alpha-mangostin decreased cellular senescence in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:45-55. [PMID: 31792920 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hyperglycemic condition in diabetes induces cellular senescence in vascular endothelial cells and causes cardiovascular complications. Alpha-mangostin is a xanthone found in Garcinia mangostana, and has shown protective effects in metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE In this study, the anti-senescence effects of alpha-mangostin in the hyperglycemic condition are investigated. METHODS HUVECs were incubated with high glucose for 6 days and co-treated by metformin or alpha-mangostin. After 6 days, cell viability, reactive oxygen species, the percentage of senescent cells, secretory interleukin-6, and the expression of SIRT1, AMPK, p53 and p21 were measured. RESULTS High glucose (60 mM) significantly decreased cellular viability and increased reactive oxygen species and cellular senescence through the reduction of senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. Moreover, high glucose increased the protein levels of p53, acetyl-p53 and p21. The protein levels of SIRT1 and total AMPK were decreased by high glucose. High glucose increased the secretion of IL-6. Alpha-mangostin (1.25 μM) and metformin (50 μM) reversed the toxic effects of high glucose in HUVECs. CONCLUSION These results show that alpha-mangostin, similar to metformin, has anti-senescence effects in high-glucose conditions, which is probably due to its antioxidant activity through the SIRT1 pathway. Alpha-mangostin has previously shown anti-inflammatory effects and metabolic status improvement in animal and clinical studies. Therefore, this natural agent can be considered as a supplement to prevent vascular complications caused by high glucose in patients with diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Tatiya-aphiradee N, Chatuphonprasert W, Jarukamjorn K. Anti-inflammatory effect of Garcinia mangostana Linn. pericarp extract in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced superficial skin infection in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:705-713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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15
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Xu N, Deng W, He G, Gan X, Gao S, Chen Y, Gao Y, Xu K, Qi J, Lin H, Shen L, Li X, Hu Z. Alpha- and gamma-mangostins exhibit anti-acne activities via multiple mechanisms. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:415-422. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1519831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Xu
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Gaiying He
- LB Cosmeceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shuang Gao
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yitian Gao
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junmei Qi
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haojie Lin
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Shen
- LB Cosmeceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenlin Hu
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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16
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Tousian Shandiz H, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Review of Garcinia mangostana and its Xanthones in Metabolic Syndrome and Related Complications. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1173-1182. [PMID: 28656594 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is coexistence of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hypertension that causes cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and their complications, low quality and short lifespan. Garcinia mangostana and its xanthones such as α-mangostin have been shown desirable effects such as anti-obesity, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemia, anti-diabetic and antiinflammatory effects in experimental studies. Various databases such as PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science with keywords of 'Garcinia mangostana', 'mangosteen', 'α-mangostin', 'metabolic syndrome', 'hypoglycemic', 'antihyperglicemic', 'antidiabetic', 'hypotensive', 'antihypertensive', 'atherosclerosis', 'arteriosclerosis' and 'hyperlipidemia' have been investigated in this search without publication time limitation. This study reviewed all pharmacological effects and molecular pathways of G. mangostana and its xanthones in the management of metabolic syndrome and its complications in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Based on these studies, mangosteen and its xanthones have good potential to design human studies for controlling and modification of metabolic syndrome and its related disorders such as obesity, disrupted lipid profile, diabetes and its complications. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Clark AK, Haas KN, Sivamani RK. Edible Plants and Their Influence on the Gut Microbiome and Acne. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051070. [PMID: 28513546 PMCID: PMC5454980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris affects most people at some point in their lives. Due to unclear etiology, likely with multiple factors, targeted and low-risk treatments have yet to be developed. In this review, we explore the multiple causes of acne and how plant-based foods and supplements can control these. The proposed causative factors include insulin resistance, sex hormone imbalances, inflammation and microbial dysbiosis. There is an emerging body of work on the human gut microbiome and how it mediates feedback between the foods we eat and our bodies. The gut microbiome is also an important mediator of inflammation in the gut and systemically. A low-glycemic load diet, one rich in plant fibers and low in processed foods, has been linked to an improvement in acne, possibly through gut changes or attenuation of insulin levels. Though there is much interest in the human microbiome, there is much more unknown, especially along the gut-skin axis. Collectively, the evidence suggests that approaches such as plant-based foods and supplements may be a viable alternative to the current first line standard of care for moderate acne, which typically includes antibiotics. Though patient compliance with major dietary changes is likely much lower than with medications, it is a treatment avenue that warrants further study and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Clark
- School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA.
| | - Kelly N Haas
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA.
| | - Raja K Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA.
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18
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Mahendra J, Mahendra L, Svedha P, Cherukuri S, Romanos GE. Clinical and microbiological efficacy of 4% Garcinia mangostana
L. pericarp gel as local drug delivery in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 8. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Mahendra
- Department of Periodontology; Meenakshi Ammal Dental College; Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research; Chennai India
| | - Little Mahendra
- Department of Periodontics; Annamalai University; Chidambaram India
| | - Priyadharshini Svedha
- Department of Periodontology; Meenakshi Ammal Dental College; Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research; Chennai India
| | - Sandhya Cherukuri
- Department of Periodontology; Meenakshi Ammal Dental College; Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research; Chennai India
| | - Georgios E. Romanos
- Department Of Periodontology; Stony Brook University; Stony Brook New York USA
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Zhang H, Zheng D, Li HH, Wang H, Tan HS, Xu HX. Diagnostic filtering to screen polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from Garcinia oblongifolia by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 912:85-96. [PMID: 26920776 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel multistage MS approach, insource collision-induced dissociation (CID) combined with Time Aligned Parallel (TAP) fragmentation, was established to study the fragmentation behavior of polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), which could provide a more reliable fragmentation relationship between precursor and daughter ions. The diagnostic ions for different subtypes of PPAPs and their fragmentation behaviors have been summarized. Moreover, a new and reliable multidimensional analytical workflow that combines ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), data-independent mass spectrometry (MS(E)), and tandem MS with ion mobility (IM) has been optimized and established for the analysis of PPAPs in the plant Garcinia oblongifolia by diagnostic filtering. Diagnostic fragment ions were used to selectively screen PPAPs from extracts, whereas IM coupled to MS was used to maximize the peak capacity. Under the optimized UHPLC-IM-MS(E) and UHPLC-IM-MS/MS method, 140 PPAPs were detected from the crude extract of G. oblongifolia, and 10 of them were unambiguously identified by comparing them to the reference compounds. Among those PPAPs, 7 pairs of coeluting isobaric PPAPs that were indistinguishable by conventional UHPLC-HRMS alone, were further resolved using UHPLC-IM-MS. It is anticipated that the proposed method will be extended to the rapid screening and characterization of the other targeted or untargeted compounds, especially these coeluting isomers in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Dan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hao-Hao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Solution Center, Waters Technologies Ltd. (Shanghai), Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hong-Sheng Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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20
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Choi YH, Bae JK, Chae HS, Kim YM, Sreymom Y, Han L, Jang HY, Chin YW. α-Mangostin Regulates Hepatic Steatosis and Obesity through SirT1-AMPK and PPARγ Pathways in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8399-8406. [PMID: 26368128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that α-mangostin (α-MG) suppresses intracellular fat accumulation and stimulation of lipolysis in in vitro systems. Together with the relatively high distribution of α-MG in liver and fat, these observations made it possible to propose a plausible hypothesis that an α-MG supplement may regulate hepatic steatosis and obesity. An α-MG supplement (50 mg/kg) reduced the body weight gain (13.8%) and epidymal and retroperitoneal fat mass accumulation (15.0 and 11.3%, respectively), as well as the biochemical serum profiles such as cholesterol [TC (26.9%), LDL-C (39.1%), and HDL-C (15.3%)], glucose (30.2%), triglyceride (29.7%), and fatty acid (30.3%) levels in high-fat fed mice compared with the high-fat diet-treated group, indicating that α-MG may regulate lipid metabolism. In addition, an α-MG supplement up-regulated hepatic AMPK, SirT1, and PPARγ levels compared with the high-fat diet states, suggesting that α-MG regulates hepatic steatosis and obesity through the SirT1-AMPK and PPARγ pathways in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and BK21Plus R-Find Team, Dongguk University-Seoul , 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, South Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Bae
- College of Pharmacy and BK21Plus R-Find Team, Dongguk University-Seoul , 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, South Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Chae
- College of Pharmacy and BK21Plus R-Find Team, Dongguk University-Seoul , 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, South Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and BK21Plus R-Find Team, Dongguk University-Seoul , 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, South Korea
| | - Yim Sreymom
- College of Pharmacy and BK21Plus R-Find Team, Dongguk University-Seoul , 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, South Korea
| | - Ling Han
- College of Pharmacy and BK21Plus R-Find Team, Dongguk University-Seoul , 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, South Korea
| | - Ha Young Jang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation , 80 Dongnae-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, South Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and BK21Plus R-Find Team, Dongguk University-Seoul , 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 410-820, South Korea
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Anti-inflammatory activity of fruit fractions in vitro, mediated through toll-like receptor 4 and 2 in the context of inflammatory bowel disease. Nutrients 2014; 6:5265-79. [PMID: 25415606 PMCID: PMC4245588 DOI: 10.3390/nu6115265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) and 4 (TLR4) are important in detecting and responding to stress and bacterial stimuli. Defect or damage in the TLR2 and TLR4 pathways can lead to sustained inflammation, characteristic of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The goal of this study was to identify fruit fractions that can be tested further to develop them as complementary therapies for IBD. In order to do this, we identified fruit fractions that mediate their anti-inflammatory response through the TLR4 and TLR2 pathway. Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK)-hTLR4 and hTLR2 cells were stimulated with their respective ligands to induce inflammation. These cells were treated with one of the 12 fractionated fruits and the inflammatory effect measured. 10 of the fruits came up as anti-inflammatory in the hTLR4 assay and nine in the hTLR2 assays. Many of the fruit fractions mediated their anti-inflammatory actions either mainly in their hydrophobic fractions (such as elderberry) or hydrophilic fractions (such as red raspberry), or both. The strongest anti-inflammatory effects were seen for feijoa and blackberry. This study shows that fruits can have multiple fractions eliciting anti-inflammatory effects in a pathway specific manner. This suggests that the compounds found in fruits can act together to produce health benefits by way of reducing inflammation. Exploiting this property of fruits can help develop complimentary therapies for inflammatory diseases.
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22
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Alpha-mangostin suppresses IL-6 and IL-8 expression in P. gingivalis LPS-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts. Odontology 2014; 103:348-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-014-0160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Petiwala SM, Li G, Ramaiya A, Kumar A, Gill RK, Saksena S, Johnson JJ. Pharmacokinetic characterization of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) fruit extract standardized to α-mangostin in C57BL/6 mice. Nutr Res 2014; 34:336-45. [PMID: 24774070 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have reported the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of α-mangostin in mice. For this study, we evaluated the PK profile of α-mangostin using a standardized mangosteen extract in C57BL/6 mice. The primary objective was to determine the PK properties of α-mangostin when administered as an extract. This experiment was designed to test our primary hypothesis that α-mangostin in an extract should achieve a desirable PK profile. This is especially relevant as dietary supplements of mangosteen fruit are regularly standardized to α-mangostin. Mice received 100 mg/kg of mangosteen fruit extract orally, equivalent to 36 mg/kg of α-mangostin, and plasma samples were analyzed over a 24-hour period. Concentrations of α-mangostin were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, we evaluated the stability in the presence of phase I and phase II enzymes in liver and gastrointestinal microsomes. Furthermore, we identified evidence of phase II metabolism of α-mangostin. Further research will be required to determine if less abundant xanthones present in the mangosteen may modulate the PK parameters of α-mangostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakina M Petiwala
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Gongbo Li
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Atulkumar Ramaiya
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Seema Saksena
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jeremy J Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL.
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Shen Q, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Thomas JL, Gushchina LV, Disilvestro D, Failla ML, Ziouzenkova O. Adipocyte reporter assays: application for identification of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of mangosteen xanthones. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:239-47. [PMID: 24039005 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Three fluorescence biosensors were developed based on a 3T3-L1 preadipocyte line that stably expressed Nfkb-RE/GFP, Fabp4-P/CFP, and Nrf2-P/YFP fluorescent reporters. We hypothesized that nutraceuticals' inflammatory, adipogenic, and antioxidant status will be identified based on the change in fluorescence in reporter adipocytes. We validated these assays with activators of NFκB, FABP4-regulating peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, NFR2 and, thereafter, tested known and unknown properties of mangostines (MGs), the xanthone metabolites in mangosteen fruit. METHODS AND RESULTS We validated inflammatory and adipogenic properties of α-MG using an Nfkb-RE/GFP biosensor assay. Next, we identified unique properties of γ-MG, a minor MG xanthone. γ-MG suppressed adipogenesis and expression of adiponectin, but inhibited the Nfkb-RE/GFP reporter and secretion of inflammatory monocyte chemotactic protein 1 as compared to the control adipocytes. We found that the inhibition of adipogenesis and Nfkb-mediated inflammation depends on a dose-dependent reduction of Nrf2 promoter activity by α-MG. The Nrf2 inhibition resulted in the reduced Pparg expression. α-MG did not directly influence Pparg activity in Fabp4-P/CFP adipocytes. CONCLUSION α-MG-mediated antioxidant response via Nrf2 is a mechanism preventing adipogenesis and inflammation in adipocytes. Combined application of high-throughput biosensors could provide an effective platform for the identification of nutraceuticals and the mechanism of their actions in adipocytes and, potentially, in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Shen
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Biological activities and bioavailability of mangosteen xanthones: a critical review of the current evidence. Nutrients 2013; 5:3163-83. [PMID: 23945675 PMCID: PMC3775248 DOI: 10.3390/nu5083163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia that produces a fruit whose pericarp contains a family of tricyclic isoprenylated polyphenols referred to as xanthones. Numerous in vitro studies have shown that these xanthones possess anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities. Aggressive marketing of such health promoting benefits has resulted in mangosteen’s classification as a “superfruit”. This has led to sales of mangosteen containing beverages in USA alone exceeding $200 million in 2008 despite very limited animal and human studies. This review will (a) critically address recent reports of in vivo studies on the bioavailability and metabolism of mangosteen xanthones, (b) update the in vitro and in vivo data on anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities of mangosteen xanthones, and (c) suggest needed areas of inquiry regarding the absorption, metabolism and efficacy of mangosteen xanthones.
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Gutierrez-Orozco F, Chitchumroonchokchai C, Lesinski GB, Suksamrarn S, Failla ML. α-Mangostin: anti-inflammatory activity and metabolism by human cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3891-900. [PMID: 23578285 PMCID: PMC3793015 DOI: 10.1021/jf4004434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Information about the anti-inflammatory activity and metabolism of α-mangostin (α-MG), the most abundant xanthone in mangosteen fruit, in human cells is limited. On the basis of available literature, we hypothesized that α-MG will inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators by control and activated macrophage-like THP-1, hepatic HepG2, enterocyte-like Caco-2, and colon HT-29 human cell lines, as well as primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), and that such activity would be influenced by the extent of metabolism of the xanthone. α-MG attenuated TNF-α and IL-8 secretion by the various cell lines but increased TNF-α output by both quiescent and LPS-treated MDM. The relative amounts of free and phase II metabolites of α-MG and other xanthones present in media 24 h after addition of α-MG was shown to vary by cell type and inflammatory insult. Increased transport of xanthones and their metabolites across Caco-2 cell monolayers suggests enhanced absorption during an inflammatory episode. The anti-inflammatory activities of xanthones and their metabolites in different tissues merit consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Gutierrez-Orozco
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Gregory B. Lesinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sunit Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mark L. Failla
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Corresponding Author
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The roles of aerobic exercise training and suppression IL-6 gene expression by RNA interference in the development of insulin resistance. Cytokine 2013; 61:394-405. [PMID: 23294974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training inhibits the development of insulin resistance through IL-6 and probe into the possible molecular mechanism about it. METHODS Rats were raised with high-fat diets for 8 weeks to develop insulin resistance, and glucose infusion rates (GIRs) were determined by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping to confirm the development of insulin resistance. Aerobic exercise training (the speed and duration time in the first week were respectively 16 m/min and 50 min, and speed increased 1m/min and duration time increased 5 min every week following it) and/or IL-6shRNA plasmid injection (rats received IL-6shRNA injection via the tail vein every two weeks) were adopted during the development of insulin resistance. The serum IL-6, leptin, adiponectin, fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, GIR, IL-6 gene expression levels, p-p38 in various tissues and p-STAT3/t-STAT3 ratio in the liver were measured. RESULTS Rats fed with high-fat diets for 8 weeks were developed insulin resistance and the IL-6mRNA levels of IL-6shRNA injection groups in various tissues were significantly lower than those of control group (P<0.05), respectively. The development of insulin resistance in exercise rats significantly decreased, however, compared with that, the GIR of exercise rats injected by IL-6shRNA was lower (P<0.05). The IL-6mRNA levels were highest in the fat tissue and lowest in the skeletal muscles in all the rats. The serum adiponectin levels decreased (P<0.05) following the development of insulin resistance, and it increased (P<0.05) when the rats were intervened by aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks at the same time. However, there were not significant differences when serum leptin concentrations were compared (P>0.05). The p-p38 significantly increased in the rats fed with high-fat diets, however, p-p38 of the exercise high-fat diets rats in the liver and fat tissues significantly decreased than that (P<0.05). The changes of p-p38 in exercise rats injected by IL-6shRNA were irregular. The activation of STAT3 in the liver significantly increased (P<0.05) following the development of insulin resistance, and it decreased (P<0.05) when the rats were intervened by aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks at the same time, and the gene silencing of IL-6 did not have effects on the activation of STAT3 in the liver (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, aerobic exercise training prevented the development of insulin resistance through IL-6 to a certain degree. The gene expression and secretion of IL-6 could inhibit the development of insulin resistance. The mechanism of the effects were possibly related with elevating the levels of serum adiponectin, and/or inhibiting the activation of STAT3 in the liver and p38MAPK in the skeletal muscles, liver and fat tissues.
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Lim WS, Ng DL, Kor SB, Wong HK, Tengku-Muhammad TS, Choo QC, Chew CH. Tumour necrosis factor alpha down-regulates the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells by activation of NF-κB pathway. Cytokine 2012; 61:266-74. [PMID: 23141142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) plays a major role in the regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis, and inflammatory responses. The objectives of the study were to systematically investigate the effects of TNF-α and its regulatory pathway on PPARα expression in HepG2 cells using Real-Time RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Here, TNF-α suppressed PPARα mRNA expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner at the level of gene transcription. Pre-treatment of cells with 10μM of Wedelolactone for 2h was sufficient to restore PPARα expression to basal levels and also affected the expression of PPARα-regulated genes. This study also demonstrated that TNF-α represses PPARα expression by augmenting the activity of canonical NF-κB signalling pathway. This was shown by the abrogation of TNF-α-mediated PPARα down-regulation, after both p65 and p50 were knocked down via siRNA. The IKK contributes to IκBα degradation and mediates inducible phosphorylation of p105 at Ser933. Surprisingly, phosphorylation of p65 at Ser468 and Ser536 were severely abrogated with Wedelolactone inhibition, suggesting that Ser468 and Ser536, but not Ser276, may mediate the TNF-α inhibitory action on PPARα gene expression. These results suggest that TNF-α might, at least in part, suppress PPARα expression through activation of IKK/p50/p105/p65 pathway. Furthermore, phosphorylation of p65 at Ser468 and Ser536 may play a crucial role in the mechanism that limits PPARα production in the human HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyi Sian Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
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Karim AA, Azlan A. Fruit pod extracts as a source of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Molecules 2012; 17:11931-46. [PMID: 23052712 PMCID: PMC6268244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171011931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit pods contain various beneficial compounds that have biological activities and can be used as a source of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. Although pods or pericarps are usually discarded when consuming the edible parts of fruits, they contain some compounds that exhibit biological activities after extraction. Most fruit pods included in this review contain polyphenolic components that can promote antioxidant effects on human health. Additionally, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and chemopreventive effects are associated with these fruit pod extracts. Besides polyphenolics, other compounds such as xanthones, carotenoids and saponins also exhibit health effects and can be potential sources of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical components. In this review, information on fruit pods or pericarp of Garcinia mangostana, Ceratonia siliqua, Moringa oleifera, Acacia nilotica, Sapindus rarak and Prosopis cineraria is presented and discussed with regard to their biological activity of the major compounds existing in them. The fruit pods of other ethno- botanical plants have also been reviewed. It can be concluded that although fruit pods are considered as being of no practical use and are often being thrown away, they nevertheless contain compounds that might be useful sources of nutraceutical and other pharmaceutical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azila Abdul Karim
- Cocoa Innovation & Technology Centre, Malaysian Cocoa Board, PT12621, Nilai Industrial Area, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia;
| | - Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Shan T, Ma Q, Guo K, Liu J, Li W, Wang F, Wu E. Xanthones from mangosteen extracts as natural chemopreventive agents: potential anticancer drugs. Curr Mol Med 2012; 11:666-77. [PMID: 21902651 DOI: 10.2174/156652411797536679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, the treatment and management of malignant tumors still remain a formidable challenge for public health. New strategies for cancer treatment are being developed, and one of the most promising treatment strategies involves the application of chemopreventive agents. The search for novel and effective cancer chemopreventive agents has led to the identification of various naturally occurring compounds. Xanthones, from the pericarp, whole fruit, heartwood, and leaf of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn., GML), are known to possess a wide spectrum of pharmacologic properties, including antioxidant, anti- tumor, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activities. The potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities of xanthones have been demonstrated in different stages of carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion, and progression) and are known to control cell division and growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and metastasis. Multiple lines of evidence from numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that xanthones inhibit proliferation of a wide range of human tumor cell types by modulating various targets and signaling transduction pathways. Here we provide a concise and comprehensive review of preclinical data and assess the observed anticancer effects of xanthones, supporting its remarkable potential as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
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Aisha AF, Ismail Z, Abu-Salah KM, Majid AMSA. Solid Dispersions of α-Mangostin Improve Its Aqueous Solubility through Self-Assembly of Nanomicelles. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:815-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pierson JT, Dietzgen RG, Shaw PN, Roberts-Thomson SJ, Monteith GR, Gidley MJ. Major Australian tropical fruits biodiversity: Bioactive compounds and their bioactivities. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:357-87. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Over a decade of intense research in the field of obesity has led to the knowledge that chronic, excessive adipose tissue expansion leads to an increase in the risk for CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer. This is primarily thought to stem from the low-grade, systemic inflammatory response syndrome that characterises adipose tissue in obesity, and this itself is thought to arise from the complex interplay of factors including metabolic endotoxaemia, increased plasma NEFA, hypertrophic adipocytes and localised hypoxia. Plasma concentrations of vitamins and antioxidants are lower in obese individuals than in the non-obese, which is hypothesised to negatively affect the development of inflammation and disease in obesity. This paper provides a review of the current literature investigating the potential of nutraceuticals to ameliorate the development of oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity, thereby limiting the onset of obesity complications. Research has found nutraceuticals able to positively modulate the activity of adipocyte cell lines and further positive effects have been found in other aspects of pathogenic obesity. While their ability to affect weight loss is still controversial, it is clear that they have a great potential to reverse the development of overweight and obesity-related comorbidities; this, however, still requires much research especially that utilising well-structured randomised controlled trials.
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Abstract
Increased visceral fat, as opposed to subcutaneous/gluteal, most strongly relates to key metabolic dysfunctions including insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation. Mesenteric fat hypertrophy in patients with Crohn's disease and in experimental rodent models of gut inflammation suggest that impaired gut barrier function with increased leakage of gut-derived antigens may drive visceral lipid deposition. The aim of this study was to determine whether increased intestinal permeability is associated with visceral adiposity in healthy humans. Normal to overweight female subjects were recruited from a population-based cohort. Intestinal permeability was assessed using the ratio of urinary excretion of orally ingested sucralose to mannitol (S/M). In study 1 (n = 67), we found a positive correlation between waist circumference and S/M excretion within a time frame of urine collection consistent with permeability of the lower gastrointestinal tract (6-9 hours post-ingestion; P = 0.022). These results were followed up in study 2 (n = 55) in which we used computed tomography and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure visceral and subcutaneous fat areas of the abdomen, liver fat content, and total body fat of the same women. The S/M ratio from the 6-12 h urine sample correlated with visceral fat area (P = 0.0003) and liver fat content (P = 0.004), but not with subcutaneous or total body fat. This novel finding of an association between intestinal permeability and visceral adiposity and liver fat content in healthy humans suggests that impaired gut barrier function should be further explored as a possible mediator of excess visceral fat accumulation and metabolic dysfunction.
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Devalaraja S, Jain S, Yadav H. Exotic Fruits as Therapeutic Complements for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Food Res Int 2011; 44:1856-1865. [PMID: 21857774 PMCID: PMC3156450 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and severity of obesity, type 2-diabetes, and the resultant metabolic syndrome are rapidly increasing. As successful preventive and therapeutic strategies for these life-threatening health ailments often come with adverse side effects, nutritional elements are widely used in many countries as preventive therapies to prevent or manage metabolic syndrome. Fruits are important dietary components, and contain various bioactive constituents. Many of these constituents have been proven to be useful to manage and treat various chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Although exotic fruits are understudied throughout the world due to their limited regional presence, many studies reveal their potent ability to ameliorate metabolic derangements and the resultant conditions i.e. diabetes and obesity. The aim of this article is to review the role of exotic fruits and their constituents in the regulation of metabolic functions, which can beneficially alter diabetes and obesity pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Devalaraja
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shalini Jain
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hariom Yadav
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Bumrungpert A, Kalpravidh RW, Chuang CC, Overman A, Martinez K, Kennedy A, McIntosh M. Xanthones from mangosteen inhibit inflammation in human macrophages and in human adipocytes exposed to macrophage-conditioned media. J Nutr 2010; 140:842-7. [PMID: 20181789 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.120022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated inflammation is characterized by recruitment of macrophages (MPhi) into white adipose tissue (WAT) and production of inflammatory cytokines, leading to the development of insulin resistance. The xanthones, alpha- and gamma-mangostin (MG), are major bioactive compounds found in mangosteen that are reported to have antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. Thus, we examined the efficacy of MG to prevent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation in human MPhi (differentiated U937 cells) and cross-talk with primary cultures of newly differentiated human adipocytes. We found that alpha- and gamma-MG attenuated LPS-induced expression of inflammatory genes, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interferon gamma-inducible protein-10 in a dose-dependent manner in MPhi. We also found that alpha- and gamma-MG attenuated LPS-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and activator protein (AP)-1, but only gamma-MG reduced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). In addition, alpha- and gamma-MG attenuated LPS suppression of PPARgamma gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the ability of MPhi-conditioned media to cause inflammation and insulin resistance in primary cultures of human adipocytes was attenuated by pretreating MPhi with gamma-MG. Taken together, these data demonstrate that MG attenuates LPS-mediated inflammation in MPhi and insulin resistance in adipocytes, possibly by preventing the activation of MAPK, NF-kappaB, and AP-1, which are central to inflammatory cytokine production in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akkarach Bumrungpert
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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