1
|
Kemp ET, Zandberg L, Harvey BH, Smuts CM, Baumgartner J. Iron and n-3 fatty acid depletion, alone and in combination, during early development provoke neurochemical changes, anhedonia, anxiety and social dysfunction in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:698-714. [PMID: 37585720 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2245615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Both iron and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FA) play important roles in the development and functioning of the brain. We investigated the effects of n-3 FA and iron deficiencies, alone and in combination, during early development on behaviour and brain monoamines in rats. Methods: Using a 2-factorial design, female Wistar rats were randomly allocated to one of four diet groups: Control, n-3 FA deficient (n-3 FAD), iron deficient (ID), or n-3 FAD + ID. Females received these diets throughout mating, pregnancy and lactation. Offspring (n = 24/group; male:female = 1:1) continued on the same diet until post-natal day 42-45, and underwent a sucrose preference test (SPT), novel object recognition test, elevated plus maze (EPM) and social interaction test (SIT). Results: ID offspring consumed less sucrose in the SPT and spent more time in closed arms and less time in open arms of the EPM than non-ID offspring. In female offspring only, ID and n-3 FAD reduced time approaching and together in the SIT, with an additive effect of ID and n-3 FAD for even less time approaching and spent together in the n-3 FAD + ID group compared to controls. ID offspring had higher striatal dopamine and norepinephrine and lower frontal cortex dopamine concentrations. N-3 FAD and ID affected frontal cortex serotonin concentrations in a sex-specific manner. Conclusions: Our results suggest that ID and n-3 FAD during early development provoke anhedonia, anxiety and social dysfunction in rats, with potential additive and attenuating effects when combined. These effects may in part be attributed to disturbances in brain neurochemistry and may be sex-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erna T Kemp
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lizelle Zandberg
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- School of Pharmacy and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Cornelius M Smuts
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jeannine Baumgartner
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Venter E, Zandberg L, Venter PVZ, Smuts CM, Kruger HS, Baumgartner J. Female rats consuming an iron and omega-3 fatty acid deficient diet preconception require combined iron and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the prevention of bone impairments in offspring. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2024; 15:e6. [PMID: 38653729 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174424000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
We previously showed in rats that pre- and postnatal deficiencies in iron and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids can impair bone development, with additive and potentially irreversible effects when combined. This study aimed to investigate, in female rats consuming a combined iron and n-3 fatty acid deficient (ID + n-3 FAD) diet preconception, whether supplementation with iron and docosahexaenoic/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA), alone and in combination, can prevent bone impairments in offspring. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, female Wistar rats consuming an ID + n-3 FAD diet preconception were randomised to receive an: 1) iron supplemented (Fe + n-3 FAD), 2) DHA/EPA supplemented (ID + DHA/EPA), 3) Fe + DHA/EPA, or 4) ID + n-3 FAD diet from gestational day 10 throughout pregnancy and lactation. Post-weaning, offspring (n = 24/group; male:female = 1:1) remained on the respective experimental diets for three weeks until postnatal day 42-45. Offspring born to female rats consuming a control diet preconception and an Fe+DHA/EPA diet throughout pregnancy and lactation served as non-deficient reference group (Control+Fe+DHA/EPA). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bone strength using three-point bending tests. Only offspring in the Fe+DHA/EPA group had significantly higher spine and femur BMD, and higher femur stiffness than offspring in the ID + n-3 FAD group, and had similar spine BMD and femur stiffness as the Control + Fe + DHA/EPA group. Offspring in the Fe + DHA/EPA group further had significantly higher femur strength (ultimate load) than the other experimental groups, and a similar femur strength as the Control + Fe + DHA/EPA group. This study shows that only combined iron and DHA/EPA supplementation can prevent bone impairments in offspring of female rats consuming an iron and n-3 FA deficient diet preconception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Venter
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University (NWU), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lizelle Zandberg
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University (NWU), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Philip vZ Venter
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Cornelius M Smuts
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University (NWU), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Herculina S Kruger
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University (NWU), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jeannine Baumgartner
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University (NWU), Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vinke JSJ, Ziengs AL, Buunk AM, van Sonderen L, Gomes-Neto AW, Berger SP, Bakker SJL, Eisenga MF, Spikman JM, De Borst MH. Iron deficiency and cognitive functioning in kidney transplant recipients: findings of the TransplantLines biobank and cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:1719-1728. [PMID: 36662046 PMCID: PMC10310504 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive impairment is common in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Adequate brain functioning requires energy and neurotransmitter activity, for which iron is essential. We aimed to investigate iron deficiency (ID) as a potentially modifiable risk factor for cognitive impairment in KTRs. METHODS We analyzed stable KTRs participating in the TransplantLines Biobank and Cohort study. Participants underwent neuropsychological tests for memory, mental speed, and attention and executive functioning. ID was defined as ferritin <100 µg/mL or 100-299 µg/mL with transferrin saturation (TSAT) ≤20%. Associations between iron status and norm scores of neurocognitive outcomes, corrected for age, sex and education, were assessed using multivariable linear regression analyses adjusted for potential confounders including hemoglobin. RESULTS We included 166 KTRs [median (IQR) age 57 (45-65) years, 59% male, estimated glomerular filtration rate 51±18 mL/min/1.73 m2]. Time since transplantation was 5.8 (1.0-12.0) years. Prevalence of ID was 65%. ID was independently associated with lower scores for mental speed (std.β = -0.19, P = .02) and attention and executive functioning (std.β = -0.19, P = .02), and tended to be associated with worse memory (std.β = -0.16, P = .07). Lower plasma ferritin levels were associated with worse memory (std.β = 0.23, P = .007), mental speed (std.β = 0.34, P < .001), and attention and executive functioning (std.β = 0.30, P = .001). Lower TSAT was associated with worse memory (std.β = 0.19, P = .04) and mental speed (std.β = 0.27, P = .003), and tended to be associated with worse attention and executive functioning (std.β = 0.16, P = .08). CONCLUSIONS Iron-deficient KTRs performed worse on neurocognitive tasks measuring memory, mental speed, and attention and executive functioning. These findings set the stage for prospective studies addressing whether ID correction restores cognitive function after kidney transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sophia J Vinke
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aaltje L Ziengs
- Department of Neuropsychology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne M Buunk
- Department of Neuropsychology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne van Sonderen
- Department of Neuropsychology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio W Gomes-Neto
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - TransplantLines Investigators
- Groningen Transplant Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan P Berger
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michele F Eisenga
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacoba M Spikman
- Department of Neuropsychology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin H De Borst
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abbas M, Gandy K, Salas R, Devaraj S, Calarge CA. Iron deficiency and internalizing symptom severity in unmedicated adolescents: a pilot study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:2274-2284. [PMID: 34911595 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721004098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron plays a key role in a broad set of metabolic processes. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, but its neuropsychiatric implications in adolescents have not been examined. METHODS Twelve- to 17-year-old unmedicated females with major depressive or anxiety disorders or with no psychopathology underwent a comprehensive psychiatric assessment for this pilot study. A T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scan was obtained, segmented using Freesurfer. Serum ferritin concentration (sF) was measured. Correlational analyses examined the association between body iron stores, psychiatric symptom severity, and basal ganglia volumes, accounting for confounding variables. RESULTS Forty females were enrolled, 73% having a major depressive and/or anxiety disorder, 35% with sF < 15 ng/mL, and 50% with sF < 20 ng/mL. Serum ferritin was inversely correlated with both anxiety and depressive symptom severity (r = -0.34, p < 0.04 and r = -0.30, p < 0.06, respectively). Participants with sF < 15 ng/mL exhibited more severe depressive and anxiety symptoms as did those with sF < 20 ng/mL. Moreover, after adjusting for age and total intracranial volume, sF was inversely associated with left caudate (Spearman's r = -0.46, p < 0.04), left putamen (r = -0.58, p < 0.005), and right putamen (r = -0.53, p < 0.01) volume. CONCLUSIONS Brain iron may become depleted at a sF concentration higher than the established threshold to diagnose iron deficiency (i.e. 15 ng/mL), potentially disrupting brain maturation and contributing to the emergence of internalizing disorders in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malak Abbas
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kellen Gandy
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Houston, Texas 77027, USA
| | - Ramiro Salas
- Baylor College of Medicine - Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | - Chadi A Calarge
- Baylor College of Medicine - The Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1102 Bates Ave, Suite 790, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Strydom E, Zandberg L, Kemp ET, Venter PVZ, Smuts CM, Kruger HS, Baumgartner J. Effects and Reversibility of Pre- and Post-natal Iron and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Deficiency, Alone and in Combination, on Bone Development in Rats. Front Nutr 2022; 8:802609. [PMID: 35111798 PMCID: PMC8801778 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.802609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both iron and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids may play an important role in bone development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pre- and post-natal iron and n-3 fatty acid deficiency (FAD), alone and in combination, on bone development in rats, and to determine whether effects are reversible when a sufficient diet is provided post-weaning. Using a 2×2-factorial design, 56 female Wistar rats were allocated to one of four diets: (1) control, (2) iron deficient (ID), (3) n-3 FAD or (4) ID and n-3 FAD, and were maintained on the respective diets throughout gestation and lactation. At weaning (post-natal day [PND] 21), offspring (n = 24/group; male:female=1:1) were randomly allocated to either continue with their respective diets or to switch to the control diet until PND 42-45. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone strength were determined using dual X-ray absorptiometry and three-point bending tests, respectively. Pre- and post-natal ID resulted in significantly lower BMD in the spine and bone strength in the left femur. Both ID and n-3 FAD resulted in lower BMD in the right femur, with an additive reduction in the combined ID and n-3 FAD group vs. controls. While negative effects of pre- and post-natal ID alone were reversed in offspring switched to a control diet post-weaning, lower BMD and bone strength persisted in offspring with combined ID and n-3 FAD during the prenatal and early post-natal period. Effects were not sex-specific. These results indicate that ID during early life may negatively influence bone development, with potential additive effects of n-3 FAD. While the effects of ID alone seem reversible, a combined ID and n-3 FAD may result in irreversible deficits in bone development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Strydom
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lizelle Zandberg
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Erna T. Kemp
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Philip vZ. Venter
- School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Cornelius M. Smuts
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Herculina S. Kruger
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jeannine Baumgartner
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Jeannine Baumgartner
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nienaber A, Ozturk M, Dolman RC, Zandberg L, Hayford FE, Brombacher F, Blaauw R, Smuts CM, Parihar SP, Malan L. Beneficial effect of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on tuberculosis in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 170:102304. [PMID: 34082319 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Intakes of the omega-3 essential fatty acids (n-3 EFAs) are low in the general adult population, with high n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios and the accompanying suboptimal n-3 PUFA status. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have antibacterial and inflammation-resolving effects in tuberculosis (TB). However, whether switching to a diet with optimum n-3 EFA intake after the infection has comparable benefits has not been investigated. We aimed to compare the effects of a diet with sufficient n-3 EFA content in an acceptable n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio for rodents ((n-3)eFAS group) with those on the same diet supplemented with EPA and DHA (EPA/DHA group) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice with a low n-3 PUFA status. Mice were conditioned on an n-3 PUFA-deficient diet with a high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio for 6 weeks before Mtb infection and randomized to either (n-3)eFAS or EPA/DHA diets 1 week post-infection for 3 weeks. At endpoint, EPA and DHA compositions were higher and arachidonic acid, osbond acid, and total n-6 LCPUFAs lower in all lipid pools measured in the EPA/DHA group (all P < 0.001). Percentage body weight gain was higher (P = 0.017) and lung bacterial load lower (P < 0.001) in the EPA/DHA group. Additionally, the EPA/DHA group had a more pro-resolving lung lipid mediator profile and lower lung in IL-1α and IL-1β concentrations (P = 0.023, P = 0.049). Inverse correlations were found between the lung and peripheral blood mononuclear cell EPA and DHA and selected pro-inflammatory cytokines. These are the first findings that indicate that EPA/DHA supplementation provides benefits superior to a diet with sufficient n-3 EFAs concerning bacterial killing, weight gain and lung inflammation resolution in Mtb-infected mice with a low n-3 PUFA status. Therefore, EPA and DHA may be worth considering as adjunct TB treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arista Nienaber
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Robin C Dolman
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lizelle Zandberg
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Frank Ea Hayford
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Welcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Division of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Renee Blaauw
- Division of Human Nutrition, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Cornelius M Smuts
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Welcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa; Division of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Linda Malan
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ogłuszka M, Lipiński P, Starzyński RR. Interaction between iron and omega-3 fatty acids metabolisms: where is the cross-link? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:3002-3022. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1862047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ogłuszka
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał Radosław Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jougleux JL, Rioux FM, Fiset S, Boudreau LH, Surette ME. Influence of iron-deficient diets during gestation and lactation on cerebral fatty acids and eicosanoids in guinea pig offspring-Comparison of studies with different sources of dietary lipids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 149:37-45. [PMID: 31422159 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that mild iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) induced by feeding an iron deficient (ID) diet to female guinea pigs during gestation and lactation to alters the auditory functions of the offspring when corn oil is the only source of dietary lipids. Conversely, feeding an ID diet with a dietary fatty acid composition similar to that of typical human western diets induced minor impairments. Since tissue fatty acid metabolism is affected by dietary iron, the current study measured the impacts of these ID diets (ID-corn and ID-west) compared to the corresponding iron-sufficient control diets (IS-corn and IS-west) on encephalum fatty acid metabolism in the offspring at post-natal day 24. IDA induced by the ID-corn diet resulted in significant increases in encephalum n-6 PUFA content, but IDA induced by the ID-west diet had little impact on fatty acid profiles compared to the IS-west group. Brain COX II protein expression and FADS2 mRNA expression were statistically unaffected in both experiments, but encephalum PGE2 concentrations were significantly reduced in ID-west pups. These results suggest IDA studies during prenatal development should consider dietary lipid compositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Jougleux
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - France M Rioux
- École des sciences de la Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sylvain Fiset
- Secteur Administration et Sciences Humaines, Université de Moncton, Campus Edmundston, Edmundston, NB, E3V 2S8, Canada
| | - Luc H Boudreau
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Marc E Surette
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pivina L, Semenova Y, Doşa MD, Dauletyarova M, Bjørklund G. Iron Deficiency, Cognitive Functions, and Neurobehavioral Disorders in Children. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:1-10. [PMID: 30778834 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
More than 25% of the world's population is affected by anemia, of which more than 50% suffers from iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Children below 7 years of age are the population group that is most vulnerable to iron deficiency. Iron is an essential element in brain metabolism. Iron deficiency can cause changes in neurotransmitter homeostasis, decrease myelin production, impair synaptogenesis, and decline the function of the basal ganglia. Therefore, IDA adversely affects cognitive functions and psychomotor development. Research has shown that iron deficiency is a frequent comorbidity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder. Iron deficiency may also induce or exacerbate deficiency of other essential nutrients, which may have a negative impact on the developing brain and other organs in infants. Many nations of the world have programs to control IDA based on the use of iron supplementation, intake of fortified food and drinks, improved food safety, and monitoring of dietary diversity. Based on the current recommendations of the World Health Organization on cost-effectiveness (WHO-CHOICE), iron fortification and iron supplementation programs can be considered cost-effective or even highly cost-effective in most countries of the world to averting cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Pivina
- Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan.,CONEM Kazakhstan Environmental Health and Safety Research Group, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Yuliya Semenova
- Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan.,CONEM Kazakhstan Environmental Health and Safety Research Group, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | - Monica Daniela Doşa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University, Constanta, Romania
| | | | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Malan L, Baumgartner J, Zandberg L, Calder PC, Smuts CM. Iron and a mixture of DHA and EPA supplementation, alone and in combination, affect bioactive lipid signalling and morbidity of iron deficient South African school children in a two-by-two randomised controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 105:15-25. [PMID: 26869087 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that iron supplementation increased respiratory morbidity in iron deficient South African children. This increase, however, was attenuated when iron was provided in combination with a mixture of DHA/EPA. To explore potential underlying mechanisms, we examined the effects of iron and DHA/EPA, alone and in combination, on plasma lipid-derived immune modulator concentrations and related gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). DHA/EPA decreased inflammatory 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and tended to increase anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA), while iron decreased 17-HDHA. However, in combination with iron, the anti-inflammatory effect of DHA/EPA was maintained. These biochemical changes may explain the prevention of iron-induced respiratory morbidity that we observed when iron was supplemented in combination with DHA/EPA during the 8.5 month randomised controlled trial and might lead to a safer approach of delivering iron supplementation. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01092377.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Malan
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - J Baumgartner
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - L Zandberg
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - P C Calder
- The Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; The NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre in Nutrition, Southampton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C M Smuts
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fiset C, Rioux FM, Surette ME, Fiset S. Prenatal Iron Deficiency in Guinea Pigs Increases Locomotor Activity but Does Not Influence Learning and Memory. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133168. [PMID: 26186713 PMCID: PMC4506089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to determine whether prenatal iron deficiency induced during gestation in guinea pigs affected locomotor activity and learning and memory processes in the progeny. Dams were fed either iron-deficient anemic or iron-sufficient diets throughout gestation and lactation. After weaning, all pups were fed an iron-sufficient diet. On postnatal day 24 and 40, the pups’ locomotor activity was observed within an open-field test, and from postnatal day 25 to 40, their learning and memory processes were assessed within a Morris Water Maze. The behavioural and cognitive tests revealed that the iron deficient pup group had increased locomotor activity, but solely on postnatal day 40, and that there were no group differences in the Morris Water Maze. In the general discussion, we propose that prenatal iron deficiency induces an increase in nervousness due to anxiety in the progeny, which, in the current study, resulted in an increase of locomotor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Fiset
- Programme de nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - France M. Rioux
- Programme de nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc E. Surette
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Sylvain Fiset
- Secteur des Sciences Humaines, Université de Moncton, Campus d’Edmundston, Edmundston, New Brunswick, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in psychiatry or integrative psychiatry covers a wide range of biological, psychological and mind-body treatments that enhance standard medical practices and patient outcomes. While CAM approaches are popular amongst patients in their practice as well as in self-report because of their ease of use, health professionals have received limited education in these interventions and often are unaware of their patients' use of CAM treatments. METHOD This overview highlights evidence-based CAM treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) including dietary interventions, phytomedicines, mind-body practices and neurofeedback. RESULTS While conventional treatments are the mainstays for ADHD, there are a large number of available treatments that can be used to enhance treatment response. CONCLUSION With improved education and further scientific and clinical research, validated integrative treatments will provide more effective, lower risk and lower cost care for patients with ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anup Sharma
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hyacinthe C, De Deurwaerdere P, Thiollier T, Li Q, Bezard E, Ghorayeb I. Blood withdrawal affects iron store dynamics in primates with consequences on monoaminergic system function. Neuroscience 2015; 290:621-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
14
|
The effects of eating marine- or vegetable-fed farmed trout on the human plasma proteome profiles of healthy men. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:699-707. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most human intervention studies have examined the effects on a subset of risk factors, some of which may require long-term exposure. The plasma proteome may reflect the underlying changes in protein expression and activation, and this could be used to identify early risk markers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of regular fish intake on the plasma proteome. We recruited thirty healthy men aged 40 to 70 years, who were randomly allocated to a daily meal of chicken or trout raised on vegetable or marine feeds. Blood samples were collected before and after 8 weeks of intervention, and after the removal of the twelve most abundant proteins, plasma proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Protein spots < 66 kDa with a pI >4·3 visualised by silver staining were matched by two-dimensional imaging software. Within-subject changes in spots were compared between the treatment groups. Differentially affected spots were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight/time of flight MS and the human Swiss-Prot database. We found 23/681 abundant plasma protein spots, which were up- or down-regulated by the dietary treatment (P< 0·05, q< 0·30), and eighteen of these were identified. In each trout group, ten spots differed from those in subjects given the chicken meal, but only three of these were common, and only one spot differed between the two trout groups. In both groups, the affected plasma proteins were involved in biological processes such as regulation of vitamin A and haem transport, blood fibrinolysis and oxidative defence. Thus, regular fish intake affects the plasma proteome, and the changes may indicate novel mechanisms of effect.
Collapse
|
15
|
Long-chainn-3 PUFA supplementation decreases physical activity during class time in iron-deficient South African school children. Br J Nutr 2014; 113:212-24. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Both Fe deficiency and poorn-3 fatty acid status have been associated with behavioural changes in children. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Fe and DHA+EPA supplementation, alone or in combination, on physical activity during school days and on teacher-rated behaviour in healthy Fe-deficient school children. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, children (n98, 6–11 years) were randomly assigned to receive (1) Fe (50 mg) plus DHA (420 mg)+EPA (80 mg), (2) Fe plus placebo, (3) placebo plus DHA+EPA or (4) placebo plus placebo as oral supplements (4 d/week) for 8·5 months. Physical activity was measured during four school days at baseline and endpoint using accelerometers, and data were stratified into morning class time (08.00–10.29 hours), break time (10.30–11.00 hours) and after-break class time (11.01–12.00 hours) for analysis. Classroom behaviour was assessed at endpoint using Conners’ Teacher Rating Scales. DHA+EPA supplementation decreased physical activity counts during morning class time, increased sedentary physical activity, and decreased light- and moderate-intensity physical activities. Consistently, DHA+EPA supplementation increased sedentary physical activity and decreased light-intensity physical activity during after-break class time. Even though there were no treatment effects found on teacher-rated behaviour, lower physical activity during morning class time was associated with lower levels of teacher-rated hyperactivity and oppositional behaviour at endpoint. Despite a positive association between Fe status and physical activity during break time at baseline, Fe supplementation did not affect physical activity during break time and class time. Our findings suggest that DHA+EPA supplementation may decrease physical activity levels during class time, and further indicate that accelerometry might be a useful tool to assess classroom behaviour in healthy children.
Collapse
|
16
|
Baumgartner J, Smuts CM, Zimmermann MB. Providing male rats deficient in iron and n-3 fatty acids with iron and alpha-linolenic acid alone affects brain serotonin and cognition differently from combined provision. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:97. [PMID: 24928171 PMCID: PMC4068877 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently showed that a combined deficiency of iron (ID) and n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAD) in rats disrupts brain monoamine metabolism and produces greater memory deficits than ID or n-3 FAD alone. Providing these double-deficient rats with either iron (Fe) or preformed docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) alone affected brain monoamine pathways differently from combined repletion and even exacerbated cognitive deficits associated with double-deficiency. Iron is a co-factor of the enzymes responsible for the conversion of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to EPA and DHA, thus, the provision of ALA with Fe might be more effective in restoring brain EPA and DHA and improving cognition in double-deficient rats than ALA alone. Methods In this study we examined whether providing double-deficient rats with ALA and Fe, alone or in combination, can correct deficits in monoamine metabolism and cognition associated with double-deficiency. Using a 2 × 2 design, male rats with concurrent ID and n-3 FAD were fed an Fe + ALA, Fe + n-3 FAD, ID + ALA, or ID + n-3 FAD diet for 5 weeks (postnatal day 56–91). Biochemical measures, and spatial working and reference memory (using the Morris water maze) were compared to age-matched controls. Results In the hippocampus, we found a significant Fe × ALA interaction on DHA: Compared to the group receiving ALA alone, DHA was significantly higher in the Fe + ALA group. In the brain, we found significant antagonistic Fe × ALA interactions on serotonin concentrations. Provision of ALA alone impaired working memory compared with age-matched controls, while in the reference memory task ALA provided with Fe significantly improved performance. Conclusion These results indicate that providing either iron or ALA alone to double-deficient rats affects serotonin pathways and cognitive performance differently from combined provision. This may be partly explained by the enhancing effect of Fe on the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Baumgartner
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study is to highlight recent research findings that advance our understanding of the relation between iron status and neural functioning. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings have helped to answer questions pertaining to the interrelationship of iron and neural functioning in three primary areas: reversibility of changes occurring with early-life iron deficiency, association of severity of deficiency with negative outcomes and underlying mechanisms responsible for the cognitive and behavioural changes seen with iron deficiency. Results of recent studies indicate long-term negative consequences of early-life iron deficiency that may be irreversible and these negative consequences may be encountered by those with iron deficiency that has not yet reached the point of anaemia, indicating the likelihood that iron deficiency and not simply hypoxia from iron deficiency anaemia is causing the observed cognitive and behavioural alterations. Finally, recent studies have advanced our understanding of the underlying mechanisms by using animal models that isolate the deficiency to the hippocampus in addition to models that generate a whole-body iron deficiency. SUMMARY These advances should help to inform policy, particularly with respect to preventing and treating iron deficiency and, thereby, improve the health status of millions of individuals worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Murray-Kolb
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Baumgartner J, Smuts CM, Malan L, Kvalsvig J, van Stuijvenberg ME, Hurrell RF, Zimmermann MB. Effects of iron and n-3 fatty acid supplementation, alone and in combination, on cognition in school children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention in South Africa. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1327-38. [PMID: 23097272 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.041004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the combined effects of iron and n-3 (omega-3) fatty acid (FA) supplementation on cognitive performance. The provision of either DHA/EPA or iron alone in rats with combined iron and n-3 FA deficiency has been reported to exacerbate cognitive deficits associated with deficiency. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of iron and DHA/EPA supplementation, alone and in combination, in children with poor iron and n-3 FA status. DESIGN In a 2-by-2 factorial trial, children with iron deficiency (ID) (n = 321; aged 6-11 y) were allocated to receive 1) iron (50 mg) plus DHA/EPA (420/80 mg), 2) iron plus placebo, 3) placebo plus a mixture of DHA and EPA (DHA/EPA), or 4) placebo plus placebo as oral supplements (4/wk) for 8.5 mo. Cognition was assessed at baseline and endpoint by using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) and subscales of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. RESULTS Both iron and DHA/EPA significantly increased weight-for-age z scores. Iron increased the number of words recalled at HVLT recall 2 (intervention effect: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.18, 1.62), and in anemic children, iron increased scores in the Atlantis Delayed test (1.51; 95% CI: 0.03, 2.99) and HVLT recall 2 (2.02; 95% CI: 0.55, 3.49). DHA/EPA showed no benefit in any of the cognitive tests but decreased Atlantis test scores (-2.48; 95% CI: -3.99, -0.96) in children who were anemic at baseline and decreased Atlantis delayed scores (-0.9; 95% CI: -1.45, -0.36) in girls with ID, whereas boys tended to perform better. CONCLUSIONS In children with poor iron and n-3 FA status, iron supplementation improved verbal and nonverbal learning and memory, particularly in children with anemia. In contrast, DHA/EPA supplementation had no benefits on cognition and impaired working memory in anemic children and long-term memory and retrieval in girls with ID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Baumgartner
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Baumgartner J, Smuts CM, Malan L, Arnold M, Yee BK, Bianco LE, Boekschoten MV, Müller M, Langhans W, Hurrell RF, Zimmermann MB. In male rats with concurrent iron and (n-3) fatty acid deficiency, provision of either iron or (n-3) fatty acids alone alters monoamine metabolism and exacerbates the cognitive deficits associated with combined deficiency. J Nutr 2012; 142:1472-8. [PMID: 22739376 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.156299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent deficiencies of iron (Fe) (ID) and (n-3) fatty acids [(n-3)FAD)] in rats can alter brain monoamine pathways and impair learning and memory. We examined whether repletion with Fe and DHA/EPA, alone and in combination, corrects the deficits in brain monoamine activity (by measuring monoamines and related gene expression) and spatial working and reference memory [by Morris water maze (MWM) testing] associated with deficiency. Using a 2 × 2 design, male rats with concurrent ID and (n-3)FAD [ID+(n-3)FAD] were fed an Fe+DHA/EPA, Fe+(n-3)FAD, ID+DHA/EPA, or ID+(n-3)FAD diet for 5 wk [postnatal d 56-91]. Biochemical measures and MWM performance after repletion were compared to age-matched control rats. The provision of Fe in combination with DHA/EPA synergistically increased Fe concentrations in the olfactory bulb (OB) (Fe x DHA/EPA interaction). Similarly, provision of DHA/EPA in combination with Fe resulted in higher brain DHA concentrations than provision of DHA alone in the frontal cortex (FC) and OB (P < 0.05). Dopamine (DA) receptor D1 was upregulated in the hippocampus of Fe+DHA/EPA rats (fold-change = 1.25; P < 0.05) and there were significant Fe x DHA/EPA interactions on serotonin (5-HT) in the OB and on the DA metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the FC and striatum. Working memory performance was impaired in ID+DHA/EPA rats compared with controls (P < 0.05). In the reference memory task, Fe+DHA/EPA improved learning behavior, but Fe or DHA/EPA alone did not. These findings suggest that feeding either Fe or DHA/EPA alone to adult rats with both ID and (n-3)FAD affects the DA and 5-HT pathways differently than combined repletion and exacerbates the cognitive deficits associated with combined deficiency.
Collapse
|