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Chen X, Shi C, He M, Xiong S, Xia X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: molecular mechanism and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:352. [PMID: 37709773 PMCID: PMC10502142 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a quality-control organelle for protein homeostasis, or "proteostasis". The protein quality control systems involve ER-associated degradation, protein chaperons, and autophagy. ER stress is activated when proteostasis is broken with an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the ER. ER stress activates an adaptive unfolded protein response to restore proteostasis by initiating protein kinase R-like ER kinase, activating transcription factor 6, and inositol requiring enzyme 1. ER stress is multifaceted, and acts on aspects at the epigenetic level, including transcription and protein processing. Accumulated data indicates its key role in protein homeostasis and other diverse functions involved in various ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, achromatopsia, cataracts, ocular tumors, ocular surface diseases, and myopia. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying the aforementioned ocular diseases from an ER stress perspective. Drugs (chemicals, neurotrophic factors, and nanoparticles), gene therapy, and stem cell therapy are used to treat ocular diseases by alleviating ER stress. We delineate the advancement of therapy targeting ER stress to provide new treatment strategies for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyi Chen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaoran Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meihui He
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Xiong
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Peng R, Lin H, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Bao T, Li W, Deng J. Involvement of IGF1 in endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to cataract formation through regulating Nrf2/NF-κB signaling. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:220. [PMID: 37394478 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is reportedly involved in the development of ophthalmic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the role and potential mechanism of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in ER stress. A mouse cataract model was constructed by subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite, and sh-IGF1 was used to evaluate the effect of silencing IGF1 on cataract progression. Slit-lamp and histological examination of the lens were performed to examine lens damage. The regulatory effects of IGF1 on inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and ER stress were evaluated using ELISA, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and immunoblotting analysis. Tunicamycin was used to induce ER stress in the lens of epithelial cells. The NF-E2 related factor-2 (Nrf2) inhibitor ML385 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) agonist diprovocim were used to confirm whether IGF1 regulates inflammation and ER stress through Nrf2/NF-κB signaling. Silencing IGF1 alleviated lens damage and reduced lens turbidity in the cataract mice. Silencing IGF1 inhibited inflammatory response, oxidative stress and ER stress response. Meanwhile, IGF1 was highly expressed in sodium selenite-treated lens epithelial cells. The ER stress agonist tunicamycin suppressed cell viability as well as induced ER stress, oxidative stress and inflammation. Silencing IGF1 increased cell viability, EdU-positive rate and migration. Also, silencing of IGF1 reduced inflammation and ER stress via regulating Nrf2/NF-κB pathway. This study reveals silencing IGF1 attenuated cataract through regulating Nrf2/NF-κB signaling, which shares novel insights into the underlying mechanism of cataract and provides potential therapeutic target for cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou City, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongmei Lin
- Health Management Center, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou City, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haocheng Zhu
- School of Medicine, Jinan University, No. 601, West Whampoa Avenue, Guangzhou City, 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, No. 1098, Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen City, 518071, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tiancheng Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou City, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weili Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou City, 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Juan Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Guangzhou City, 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
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Jeong S, Shin EC, Lee JH, Ha JH. Particulate Matter Elevates Ocular Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4766. [PMID: 36981676 PMCID: PMC10049273 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Because of their exposure to air, eyes can come into contact with air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), which may cause severe ocular pathologies. Prolonged ocular PM exposure may increase inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the retina. Herein, we investigated whether PM exposure induces ocular inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related cellular responses in human retinal epithelium-19 (ARPE-19) cells. To understand how PM promotes ocular inflammation, we monitored the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor kappa beta (NFκB) axis and the expression of key inflammatory mRNAs. We also measured the upregulation of signature components for the ER-related unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways, as well as intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) levels, as readouts for ER stress induction following PM exposure. Ocular PM exposure significantly elevated the expression of multiple cytokine mRNAs and increased phosphorylation levels of NFκB-MAPK axis in a PM dose-dependent manner. Moreover, incubation with PM significantly increased [Ca2+]i levels and the expression of UPR-related proteins, which indicated ER stress resulting from cell hypoxia, and upregulation of hypoxic adaptation mechanisms such as the ER-associated UPR pathways. Our study demonstrated that ocular PM exposure increased inflammation in ARPE-19 cells, by activating the MAPK/NFκB axis and cytokine mRNA expression, while also inducing ER stress and stress adaptation responses. These findings may provide helpful insight into clinical and non-clinical research examining the role of PM exposure in ocular pathophysiology and delineating its underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Jeong
- Bioanalytical and Pharmacokinetic Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Department of GreenBio Science/Food Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwa Lee
- Bioanalytical and Pharmacokinetic Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea
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Jeong S, Bae S, Yu D, Yang HS, Yang MJ, Lee JH, Ha JH. Dietary Intervention with Quercetin Attenuates Diesel Exhaust Particle-Instilled Pulmonary Inflammation and Behavioral Abnormalities in Mice. J Med Food 2023; 26:93-103. [PMID: 36723487 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.k.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) is inevitable and closely linked with increased health hazards, causing pulmonary abnormalities by increasing inflammation, hypoxia, and so on. Moreover, long-term exposure to DEPs may trigger whole-body toxicity with behavioral alterations. Therefore, nutritional intervention with natural components may be desirable to prevent and/or ameliorate DEP-inducible pathophysiology in mammals. Quercetin has been demonstrated to reduce metabolic complications by possessing antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of quercetin on pulmonary inflammation and behavioral alteration in male C57BL/6 mice against DEP instillation. The experimental mice were separated into four treatment groups (n = 8 per group), which include: vehicle control, DEP instillation, dietary intervention with a low dose of quercetin (20 mg/kg) for 14 days with DEP instillation for 7 days, or dietary intervention with a high dose of quercetin (100 mg/kg) for 14 days with DEP instillation for 7 days. Compared with the DEP-instilled group, dietary intervention with quercetin significantly attenuated eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, pulmonary cytokine, and hypoxic mRNA expressions regardless of quercetin concentrations. DEP instillation triggered hyperactivities in the experimental mice, while quercetin pretreatment successfully normalized DEP-inducible abnormalities regardless of the dosage. Therefore, dietary intervention with quercetin may be an applicable means to prevent DEP-triggered pulmonary and behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Jeong
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,Bioanalytical and Pharmacokinetic Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sungryong Bae
- Department of Fire Protection and Disaster Management, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Daeung Yu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Senior Human-Ecology, Major in Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Seon Yang
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factors, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yang
- Jeonbuk Pathology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwa Lee
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,Bioanalytical and Pharmacokinetic Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea.,Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Yongin, Korea
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Peng W, Wu Y, Peng Z, Qi W, Liu T, Yang B, He D, Liu Y, Wang Y. Cyanidin-3-glucoside improves the barrier function of retinal pigment epithelium cells by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Physicochemical and Storage Characteristics of Pork Tteokgalbi Treated with Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Powder. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the physicochemical and storage characteristics of Tteokgalbi treated with various concentrations of Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) powder (BP). BP is constituted mainly of carbohydrates (77.9%), possesses free-radical scavenging activity due to the presence of polyphenol and flavonoids, and is slightly acidic (pH 5.99). Five Tteokgalbi samples were treated with 0 (CON), 0.5% (B1), 1.0% (B2), or 2.0% (B3) of BP or 0.05% of ascorbic acid (REF). Compared to CON, BP-treated Tteokgalbi demonstrated significantly higher carbohydrate content and water-holding capacity and decreased cooking loss (%). BP-treated Tteokgalbi had significantly altered Hunter color properties, with decreased L* and increased b* values. Additionally, BP treatment significantly changed the textural properties by increasing the hardness (B3) and chewiness (B2 and B3) and decreasing the springiness (B3) of Tteokgalbi. Owing to the increased total polyphenol and flavonoid content, BP addition significantly enhanced the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of Tteokgalbi during vacuum-packed cold storage (0–14 days) at 5 °C. BP-treated Tteokgalbi maintained a higher pH compared to CON, and BP-treatment significantly suppressed 2-thiobarbituric acid, volatile basic nitrogen, and total microbial count during the cold storage period (7 and 14 days). Therefore, BP is a natural, edible antioxidant that may be applied to Tteokgalbi.
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Targeted pharmacotherapy against neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in early diabetic retinopathy. Neuropharmacology 2021; 187:108498. [PMID: 33582150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most frequent complication of diabetes, is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in working-age adults and has traditionally been regarded as a microvascular disease. However, increasing evidence has revealed that synaptic neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and activation of glial cells may represent some of the earliest events in the pathogenesis of DR. Upon diabetes-induced metabolic stress, abnormal glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activation drives tau hyperphosphorylation and β-catenin downregulation, leading to mitochondrial impairment and synaptic neurodegeneration prior to RGC apoptosis. Moreover, glial cell activation triggers enhanced inflammation and oxidative stress, which may accelerate the deterioration of diabetic RGCs neurodegeneration. These findings have opened up opportunities for therapies, such as inhibition of GSK-3β, glial cell activation, glutamate excitotoxicity and the use of neuroprotective drugs targeting early neurodegenerative processes in the retina and halting the progression of DR before the manifestation of microvascular abnormalities. Such interventions could potentially remedy early neurodegeneration and help prevent vision loss in people suffering from DR.
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Alam K, Akhter Y. The Impacts of Unfolded Protein Response in the Retinal Cells During Diabetes: Possible Implications on Diabetic Retinopathy Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:615125. [PMID: 33613197 PMCID: PMC7886690 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.615125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vision-threatening, chronic, and challenging eye disease in the diabetic population. Despite recent advancements in the clinical management of diabetes, DR remains the major cause of blindness in working-age adults. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of DR development will aid in identifying therapeutic targets. Emerging pieces of evidence from recent research in the field of ER stress have demonstrated a close association between unfolded protein response (UPR)-associated cellular activities and DR development. In this minireview article, we shall provide an emerging understating of how UPR influences DR pathogenesis at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
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To investigate fit-to-purpose nanocarrier for non-invasive drug delivery to posterior segment of eye. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Hong SC, Ha JH, Lee JK, Jung SH, Kim JC. In Vivo Anti-Inflammation Potential of Aster koraiensis Extract for Dry Eye Syndrome by the Protection of Ocular Surface. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113245. [PMID: 33113960 PMCID: PMC7690718 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a corneal disease often characterized by an irritating, itching feeling in the eyes and light sensitivity. Inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of DES, although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Aster koraiensis has been used traditionally as an edible herb in Korea. It has been reported to have wound-healing and inhibitory effects against insulin resistance and inflammation. Here, we examined the inhibitory effects of inflammation and ER stress by A. koraiensis extract (AKE) in animal model and human retinal pigmented epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. Oral administration of AKE mitigated DE symptoms, including reduced corneal epithelial thickness, increased the gap between lacrimal gland tissues in experimental animals and decreased tear production. It also inhibited inflammatory responses in the corneal epithelium and lacrimal gland. Consequently, the activation of NF-κB was attenuated by the suppression of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Moreover, AKE treatment ameliorated TNF-α-inducible ocular inflammation and thapsigargin (Tg)-inducible ER stress in animal model and human retinal pigmented epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. These results prove that AKE prevents detrimental functional and histological remodeling on the ocular surface and in the lacrimal gland through inhibition of inflammation and ER stress, suggesting its potential as functional food material for improvement of DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chul Hong
- Natural Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea;
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jennifer K. Lee
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Sang Hoon Jung
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea;
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Natural Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-650-3515
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NF-κB signaling promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer initiation and progression. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107538. [PMID: 32201312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Adenocarcinoma of the prostate is primarily composed of Androgen Receptor-positive (AR+) luminal cells that require AR transcriptional activity for survival and proliferation. As a consequence, androgen deprivation and anti-androgens are used to treat PCa patients whose disease progresses following attempted surgical or radiation interventions. Unfortunately, patients with advanced PCa can develop incurable castration-resistant PCa (CRPCa) due to mutated, variant, or overexpressed AR. Conversely, low or no AR accumulation or activity can also underlie castration resistance. Whether CRPCa is due to aberrant AR activity or AR independence, NF-κB signaling is also implicated in the initiation and maintenance of CRPCa and, thus, the NF-κB pathway may be a promising alternative therapeutic target. In this review, we present evidence that NF-κB signaling promotes CRPCa initiation and progression, describe the dichotomic role of NF-κB in the regulation of AR expression and activity and outline studies that explore NF-κB inhibitors as PCa therapies.
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Alaimo A, Di Santo MC, Domínguez Rubio AP, Chaufan G, García Liñares G, Pérez OE. Toxic effects of A2E in human ARPE-19 cells were prevented by resveratrol: a potential nutritional bioactive for age-related macular degeneration treatment. Arch Toxicol 2019; 94:553-572. [PMID: 31792590 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02637-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a late-onset retinal disease and the leading cause of central vision loss in the elderly. Degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) is a crucial contributing factor responsible for the onset and progression of AMD. The toxic fluorophore N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine (A2E), a major lipofuscin component, accumulates in RPE cells with age. Phytochemicals with antioxidant properties may have a potential role in both the prevention and treatment of this age-related ocular disease. Particularly, there is an increased interest in the therapeutic effects of resveratrol (RSV), a naturally occurring polyphenol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene). However, the underlying mechanism of the RSV antioxidative effect in ocular diseases has not been well explored. We hypothesized that this bioactive compound may have beneficial effects for AMD. To this end, to investigate the potential profits of RSV against A2E-provoked oxidative damage, we used human RPE cell line (ARPE-19). RSV (25 µM) attenuates the cytotoxicity and the typical morphological characteristics of apoptosis observed in 25 µM A2E-laden cells. RSV pretreatment strengthened cell monolayer integrity through the preservation of the transepithelial electrical resistance and reduced the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran diffusion rate as well as cytoskeleton architecture. In addition, RSV exhorts protective effects against A2E-induced modifications in the intracellular redox balance. Finally, RSV also prevented A2E-induced mitochondrial network fragmentation. These findings reinforce the idea that RSV represents an attractive bioactive for therapeutic intervention against ocular diseases associated with oxidative stress such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Alaimo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Dinámica Celular y Nanoherramientas, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariana Carolina Di Santo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Dinámica Celular y Nanoherramientas, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Paula Domínguez Rubio
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Dinámica Celular y Nanoherramientas, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Chaufan
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Enzimología, Estrés Oxidativo y Metabolismo, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe García Liñares
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Biocatálisis, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar Edgardo Pérez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio Interdisciplinario de Dinámica Celular y Nanoherramientas, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Syzygium cumini Leaf Extract Reverts Hypertriglyceridemia via Downregulation of the Hepatic XBP-1s/PDI/MTP Axis in Monosodium L-Glutamate-Induced Obese Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9417498. [PMID: 31015892 PMCID: PMC6446099 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9417498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Syzygium cumini is used worldwide for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-associated outcomes. Previously, we described the antihypertriglyceridemic effect of the hydroethanolic extract of S. cumini leaf (HESc) in monosodium L-glutamate- (MSG-) induced obese rats. This study sought to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the antihypertriglyceridemic effect of HESc in MSG-obese rats. Newborn male Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with MSG (4.0 g/kg/day, obese group) or saline 1.25% (1.0 mL/kg/day, lean group), from 2nd through 10th postnatal day. At 8 weeks old, obese rats started to be orally treated with HESc (0.5 or 1.0 g/kg/day, n = 7) or saline 0.9% (1 mL/kg/day, n = 7). Lean rats received saline solution (1 mL/kg/day, n = 7). Upon 8-week treatment, animals were euthanized for blood and tissue collection. Another set of adult nonobese Wistar rats was used for the assessment of HESc acute effects on Triton WR1339-induced hypertriglyceridemia. HESc reduced weight gain, as well as adipose tissue fat pads, without altering food intake of obese rats. HESc restored fasting serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and free fatty acids, as well as insulin sensitivity, to levels similar to lean rats. Additionally, HESc halved the triglyceride content into very low-density lipoprotein particles, as well as healed liver steatosis, in obese rats. Hepatic protein expression of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP94 was decreased by HESc, which also downregulated the hepatic triglyceride secretion pathway by reducing the splicing of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1s), as well as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) translational levels. This action was further corroborated by the acute inhibitory effect of HESc on triglyceride accumulation on Triton WR1339-treated rats. Our data support the downregulation of the XBP-1s/PDI/MTP axis in the liver of MSG-obese rats as a novel feasible mechanism for the antihypertriglyceridemic effect promoted by the polyphenolic phytocomplex present in S. cumini leaf.
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Pandey VK, Mathur A, Kakkar P. Emerging role of Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) mediated proteotoxic apoptosis in diabetes. Life Sci 2018; 216:246-258. [PMID: 30471281 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a crucial single membrane organelle that acts as a quality control system for cellular proteins as it is intricately involved in their synthesis, folding and trafficking to the respective targets. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by enhanced blood glucose level that promotes insulin resistance and hampers cellular glucose metabolism. Hyperglycemia provokes mitochondrial ROS production and glycation of proteins which exert a tremendous load on ER for conventional refolding of misfolded/unfolded and nascent proteins that perturb ER homeostasis resulting in apoptotic cell death. Impairment in ER functions is suspected to be through specific ER membrane-bound proteins known as Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) sensor proteins. Conformational changes in these proteins induce oligomerization and cross-autophosphorylation which facilitate processes required for the restoration of ER homeostatic imbalance. Multiple studies have reported the involvement of UPR mediated autophagy and apoptotic pathways in the progression of metabolic disorders including diabetes, cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury and hypoxia-mediated cell death. In this review, the involvement of UPR pathways in the progression of diabetes associated complications have been addressed, which underscores molecular crosstalks during neuropathy, nephropathy, hepatic injury and retinopathy. A better understanding of these molecular interventions may reveal advanced therapeutic approaches for preventing diabetic comorbidities. The article also highlights the importance of phytochemicals that are emerging as novel ER stress inhibitors and are being explored for targeted interaction in preventing cell death responses during diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Pandey
- Herbal Research Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan 31, M.G Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alpana Mathur
- Herbal Research Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan 31, M.G Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Babu Banarasi Das University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam Kakkar
- Herbal Research Laboratory, Food, Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan 31, M.G Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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15
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Kang MK, Lee EJ, Kim YH, Kim DY, Oh H, Kim SI, Kang YH. Chrysin Ameliorates Malfunction of Retinoid Visual Cycle through Blocking Activation of AGE-RAGE-ER Stress in Glucose-Stimulated Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells and Diabetic Eyes. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081046. [PMID: 30096827 PMCID: PMC6116048 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes-associated visual cycle impairment has been implicated in diabetic retinopathy, and chronic hyperglycemia causes detrimental effects on visual function. Chrysin, a naturally occurring flavonoid found in various herbs, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. The goal of the current study was to identify the retinoprotective role of chrysin in maintaining robust retinoid visual cycle-related components. The in vitro study employed human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells exposed to 33 mM of glucose or advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the presence of 1–20 μM chrysin for three days. In the in vivo study, 10 mg/kg of chrysin was orally administrated to db/db mice. Treating chrysin reversed the glucose-induced production of vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in RPE cells. The outer nuclear layer thickness of chrysin-exposed retina was enhanced. The oral gavage of chrysin augmented the levels of the visual cycle enzymes of RPE65, lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT), retinol dehydrogenase 5 (RDH5), and rhodopsin diminished in db/db mouse retina. The diabetic tissue levels of the retinoid binding proteins and the receptor of the cellular retinol-binding protein, cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein-1, interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein and stimulated by retinoic acid 6 were restored to those of normal mouse retina. The presence of chrysin demoted AGE secretion and AGE receptor (RAGE) induction in glucose-exposed RPE cells and diabetic eyes. Chrysin inhibited the reduction of PEDF, RPE 65, LRAT, and RDH5 in 100 μg/mL of AGE-bovine serum albumin-exposed RPE cells. The treatment of RPE cells with chrysin reduced the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Chrysin inhibited the impairment of the retinoid visual cycle through blocking ER stress via the AGE-RAGE activation in glucose-stimulated RPE cells and diabetic eyes. This is the first study demonstrating the protective effects of chrysin on the diabetes-associated malfunctioned visual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyung Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - Eun-Jung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - Yun-Ho Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - Dong Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - Hyeongjoo Oh
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - Soo-Il Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| | - Young-Hee Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
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16
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Xu Z, Sun T, Li W, Sun X. Inhibiting effects of dietary polyphenols on chronic eye diseases. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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17
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Natarajan SB, Hwang JW, Kim YS, Kim EK, Park PJ. Ocular promoting activity of grape polyphenols-A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 50:83-90. [PMID: 28135653 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The eye is a sensitive organ with complex optical system involves in the perception of light. Although it has several protective mechanisms by itself, various physiological and metabolic disorders are detrimental to the proper functioning of the visual system. Grape juice has long been used worldwide for its potent medicinal values including ocular promotion. Bioactivities of grape products are highly attributed to the presence of health promoting phytochemicals in them. Some phytochemicals present in the grape juice have been involved in the maintenance of intra-ocular pressure, regulation of glucose metabolisms and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the system. Particularly, the grape derived phytochemicals involve in minimizing various eye defects such as macular degradation, uvea, cataract formation, red eye, diabetic retinopathy and so on. However, only limited number of studies has been conducted so far focusing the ocular promoting activity of grape polyphenols. In this review, we discuss the role of grape polyphenols in ocular promotion relating their anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-aging, anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jin-Woo Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea; Nokyong Research Centre, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yon-Suk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea; Nokyong Research Centre, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea; Nokyong Research Centre, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyo-Jam Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea; Nokyong Research Centre, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Zhou X, Wei Y, Qiu S, Xu Y, Zhang T, Zhang S. Propofol Decreases Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157590. [PMID: 27311010 PMCID: PMC4910991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the major cause of loss of sight globally. There is currently no effective treatment available. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are an important part of the outer blood-retina barrier and their death is a determinant of AMD. Propofol, a common clinically used intravenous anesthetic agent, has been shown to act as an efficacious neuroprotective agent with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties in vivo and in vitro. However, little is known about its effects on RPE cells. The purpose of our research was to investigate whether propofol could protect RPE cells from apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress–dependent pathways. To this end, prior to stimulation with thapsigargin (TG), ARPE-19 cells were pretreated with varying concentrations of propofol. A protective effect of propofol in TG-treated ARPE-9 was apparent, TUNEL and flow cytometric assays showed decreased apoptosis. We further demonstrated that propofol pretreatment attenuated or inhibited the effects caused by TG, such as upregulation of Bax, BiP, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), active caspase 12, and cleaved caspase 3, and downregulation of Bcl2. It also decreased the TG-induced levels of ER stress–related molecules such as p-PERK, p-eIF2α, and ATF4. Furthermore, it downregulated the expression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). This study elucidated novel propofol-induced cellular mechanisms for antiapoptotic activities in RPE cells undergoing ER stress and demonstrated the potential value of using propofol in the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yantao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suo Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Wang P, Sheng M, Li B, Jiang Y, Chen Y. High osmotic pressure increases reactive oxygen species generation in rabbit corneal epithelial cells by endoplasmic reticulum. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:860-870. [PMID: 27158374 PMCID: PMC4846931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tear high osmotic pressure (HOP) has been recognized as the core mechanism underlying ocular surface inflammation, injury and symptoms and is closely associated with many ocular surface diseases, especially dry eye. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multi-functional organelle responsible for protein synthesis, folding and transport, biological synthesis of lipids, vesicle transport and intracellular calcium storage. Accumulation of unfolded proteins and imbalance of calcium ion in the ER would induce ER stress and protective unfolded protein response (UPR). Many studies have demonstrated that ER stress can induce cell apoptosis. However, the association between tear HOP and ER stress has not been studied systematically. In the present study, rabbit corneal epithelial cells were treated with HOP and results showed that the production of reactive oxygen species increased markedly, which further activated the ER signaling pathway and ultimately induced cell apoptosis. These findings shed new lights on the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of dry eye and other ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200000, China
| | - Minjie Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200000, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200000, China
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200072, China
| | - Yihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji UniversityShanghai 200000, China
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20
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Patel AK, Davis A, Rodriguez ME, Agron S, Hackam AS. Protective effects of a grape-supplemented diet in a mouse model of retinal degeneration. Nutrition 2015; 32:384-90. [PMID: 26732835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retinal degenerations are a class of devastating blinding diseases that are characterized by photoreceptor dysfunction and death. In this study, we tested whether grape consumption, in the form of freeze-dried grape powder (FDGP), improves photoreceptor survival in a mouse model of retinal degeneration. METHODS Retinal degeneration was induced in mice by acute oxidative stress using subretinal injection of paraquat. The grape-supplemented diet was made by formulating base mouse chow with FDGP, corresponding to three daily human servings of grapes, and a control diet was formulated with equivalent sugar composition as FDGP (0.68% glucose-0.68% fructose mixture). Mice were placed on the diets at weaning for 5 wk before oxidative stress injury until analysis at 2 wk post-injection. Retinal function was measured using electroretinography, thickness of the photoreceptor layer was measured using optical coherence tomography, and rows of photoreceptor nuclei were counted on histologic sections. RESULTS In mice fed the control diet, oxidative stress significantly reduced photoreceptor layer thickness and photoreceptor numbers. In contrast, retinal thickness and photoreceptor numbers were not reduced by oxidative stress in mice on the grape-supplemented diet, indicating significantly higher photoreceptor survival after injury than mice on the control diet. Furthermore, mice on the grape diet showed preservation of retinal function after oxidative stress injury compared with mice on the control diet. CONCLUSIONS A diet supplemented with grapes rescued retinal structure and function in an oxidative stress-induced mouse model of retinal degeneration, which demonstrates the beneficial effect of grapes on photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Patel
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ashley Davis
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Samantha Agron
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Abigail S Hackam
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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21
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Ellagic acid modulates lipid accumulation in primary human adipocytes and human hepatoma Huh7 cells via discrete mechanisms. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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León-Carmona JR, Martínez A, Galano A. New Free Radicals to Measure Antiradical Capacity: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:10092-100. [DOI: 10.1021/jp505586k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rafael León-Carmona
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Ext. s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, P.O. Box 70-360, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Ana Martínez
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Ext. s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, P.O. Box 70-360, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Annia Galano
- Departamento
de Química. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, México
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