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Bagheripour F, Jeddi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of L-citrulline are sex-dependent. Life Sci 2024; 339:122432. [PMID: 38237764 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of L-citrulline (Cit) have been reported in male rats. This study determined sex differences in response to Cit in Wistar rats. MAIN METHODS Type 2 diabetes (T2D) was induced using a high-fat diet followed by low-dose of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) injection. Male and female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 6/group): Control, control+Cit, T2D, and T2D + Cit. Cit (4 g/L in drinking water) was administered for 8 weeks. Obesity indices were recorded, serum fasting glucose and lipid profile were measured, and glucose and pyruvate tolerance tests were performed during the Cit intervention. White (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues were weighted, and the adiposity index was calculated at the end of the study. KEY FINDINGS Cit was more effective in decreasing fasting glucose (18 % vs. 11 %, P = 0.0100), triglyceride (20 % vs. 14 %, P = 0.0173), and total cholesterol (16 % vs. 11 %, P = 0.0200) as well as decreasing gluconeogenesis and improving glucose tolerance, in females compared to male rats with T2D. Following Cit administration, decreases in WAT weight (16 % vs. 14 % for gonadal, 21 % vs. 16 % for inguinal, and 18 % vs. 13 % for retroperitoneal weight, all P < 0.0001) and increases in BAT weight (58 % vs. 19 %, for interscapular and 10 % vs. 7 % for axillary, all P < 0.0001) were higher in females than male rats with T2D. The decrease in adiposity index was also higher (11 % vs. 9 %, P = 0.0007) in females. SIGNIFICANCE The anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of Cit in rats are sex-dependent, with Cit being more effective in female than male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bagheripour
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA.
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Bagheripour F, Jeddi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Metabolic effects of L-citrulline in type 2 diabetes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13937. [PMID: 36645144 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide. Decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is involved in the pathophysiology of T2D and its complications. L-citrulline (Cit), a precursor of NO production, has been suggested as a novel therapeutic agent for T2D. Available data from human and animal studies indicate that Cit supplementation in T2D increases circulating levels of Cit and L-arginine while decreasing circulating glucose and free fatty acids and improving dyslipidemia. The underlying mechanisms for these beneficial effects of Cit include increased insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells, increased glucose uptake by the skeletal muscle, as well as increased lipolysis and β-oxidation, and decreased glyceroneogenesis in the adipose tissue. Thus, Cit has antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, and antioxidant effects and has the potential to be used as a new therapeutic agent in the management of T2D. This review summarizes available literature from human and animal studies to explore the effects of Cit on metabolic parameters in T2D. It also discusses the possible mechanisms underlying Cit-induced improved metabolic parameters in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bagheripour
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Protein preference and elevated plasma FGF21 induced by dietary protein restriction is similar in both male and female mice. Physiol Behav 2022; 257:113994. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Prat-Luri B, Neal C, Passelli K, Ganga E, Amore J, Firmino-Cruz L, Petrova TV, Müller AJ, Tacchini-Cottier F. The C5a-C5aR1 complement axis is essential for neutrophil recruitment to draining lymph nodes via high endothelial venules in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110777. [PMID: 35508133 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are specialized innate immune cells known for their ability to fight pathogens. However, the mechanisms of neutrophil trafficking to lymph nodes are not fully clear. Using a murine model of dermal infection with Leishmania parasites, we observe a transient neutrophil influx in draining lymph nodes despite sustained recruitment to the infection site. Cell-tracking experiments, together with intravital two-photon microscopy, indicate that neutrophil recruitment to draining lymph nodes occurs minimally through lymphatics from the infected dermis, but mostly through blood vessels via high endothelial venules. Mechanistically, neutrophils do not respond to IL-1β or macrophage-derived molecules. Instead, they are guided by the C5a-C5aR1 axis, using L-selectin and integrins, to extravasate into the draining lymph node parenchyma. We also report that C5, the C5a precursor, is locally produced in the draining lymph node by lymphatic endothelial cells. Our data establish and detail organ-specific mechanisms of neutrophil trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Prat-Luri
- Department of Immunobiology, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Christopher Neal
- Department of Immunobiology, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Katiuska Passelli
- Department of Immunobiology, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Emma Ganga
- Department of Immunobiology, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Amore
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Luan Firmino-Cruz
- Department of Immunobiology, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andreas J Müller
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg and Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Immunobiology, WHO Collaborative Center for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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Adams KJ, Wilson JG, Millington DS, Moseley MA, Colton CA, Thompson JW, Gottschalk WK. Capillary Electrophoresis-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Measuring In Vivo Arginine Isotope Incorporation in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1448-1458. [PMID: 34028275 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune-based metabolic reprogramming of arginine utilization in the brain contributes to the neuronal pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To enable our long-term goals of differentiation of AD mouse model genotypes, ages, and sexes based on activity of this pathway, we describe here the novel dosing (using uniformly labeled (13C615N4) arginine) and analysis methods using capillary electrophoresis high-resolution accurate-mass mass spectrometry for isotope tracing of metabolic products of arginine. We developed a pseudoprimed infusion-dosing regimen, using repeated injections, to achieve a steady state of uniformly labeled arginine in 135-195 min post bolus dose. Incorporation of stable isotope labeled carbon and nitrogen from uniformly labeled arginine into a host of downstream metabolites was measured in vivo in mice using serially sampled dried blood spots from the tail. In addition to the dried blood spot time course samples, total isotope incorporation into arginine-related metabolites was measured in the whole brain and plasma after 285 min. Preliminary demonstration of the technique identified differences isotope incorporation in arginine metabolites between male and female mice in a mouse-model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (APOE4/huNOS2). The technique described herein will permit arginine pathway activity differentiation between mouse genotypes, ages, sexes, or drug treatments in order to elucidate the contribution of this pathway to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra J Adams
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Joan G Wilson
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - David S Millington
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - M Arthur Moseley
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Carol A Colton
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - J Will Thompson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - W Kirby Gottschalk
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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Mohammad MA, Didelija IC, Marini JC. Arginase II Plays a Central Role in the Sexual Dimorphism of Arginine Metabolism in C57BL/6 Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:3133-3140. [PMID: 33188387 PMCID: PMC7726119 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in plasma concentration of arginine and arginase activity of different tissues have been reported in mice. In addition, male but not female C57BL/6 mice have a dietary arginine requirement for growth. OBJECTIVE The goal of this research was to test the hypothesis that arginase II is a key factor in the sexual dimorphism of arginine metabolism. METHODS Young adult male and female wild type (WT), and heterozygous and arginase II knockout mice on a C57BL/6 background mice were infused with labeled citrulline, arginine, ornithine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine to determine the rates of appearance and interconversion of these amino acids. Tissue arginase activity was measured in the liver, heart, jejunum, kidney, pancreas, and spleen with an arginine radioisotope. The effect of genotype, sex, and their interaction was tested. RESULTS Female mice produced ∼36% more citrulline than their male littermates, which translated into a greater arginine endogenous synthesis, flux, and plasma concentration (42, 6, and 27%, respectively; P < 0.001). Female mice also had a greater phenylalanine flux (10%) indicating a greater rate of whole protein breakdown; however, they had a lower protein synthesis rate than males (18%; P < 0.001). The ablation of arginase II reduced the production of citrulline and the de novo synthesis of arginine in females and increased the rate of appearance of arginine and plasma arginine concentration in male mice (16 and 22%, respectively; P < 0.001). No effect of arginase II deletion, however, was observed for whole-body protein kinetics. Arginase II activity was present in the pancreas, kidney, jejunum, and spleen; WT females had a ∼2-fold greater renal arginase activity than their WT counterparts. CONCLUSIONS A clear sexual dimorphism exists in the endogenous synthesis of arginine and its disposal. Female mice have a greater arginine availability than their male littermates. The ablation of arginase II increases arginine availability in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Mohammad
- USDA/ARS (Agricultural Research Service) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA,Food Science and Nutrition Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Inka C Didelija
- USDA/ARS (Agricultural Research Service) Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Tessari P. Are there dietary requirements for dispensable amino acids and if so, how do we assess requirements? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2019; 22:329-336. [PMID: 31268864 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) represent a relevant portion of dietary protein(s), yet their requirement(s) has not been determined. Despite their nature as dispensable substrates, should either shortage of any NEAA precursor or impaired synthetic reactions occur, NEAA dietary intake may become insufficient. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent hypotheses and data on individual NEAA requirements and metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS A minimum total NEAA requirement can simply be estimated by subtraction of essential amino acid (EAA) total RDAs, from recommended 'safe' protein intake. By this calculation, NEAA intake would account for two to three times that of the EAAs, under nitrogen-balance conditions. Although the α-amino-nitrogen of the NEAAs is 'not essential', yet it must be furnished by a common pool contributed by both EAAs and NEAAs. Thus, an increased demand for NEAAs may deprive the α-amino-nitrogen body pool(s) possibly limiting the NEAA de novo synthesis itself. Conversely, shortage of NEAAs may require more EAAs to maintain the nitrogen pool. Conditions of increased requirements could those of unbalanced diets, EAA intake below RDA, pregnancy, or else. In addition, the 'obligatory nitrogen losses' may consume NEAAs too. A novel approach to estimate NEAA 'requirements' in humans is proposed. SUMMARY Methods to estimate NEAA requirements in humans should be the object of further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tessari
- Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Protein homeostasis is crucial for maintaining cell functions. Citrulline, an endogenous amino acid, is considered as an efficient source of arginine at systemic and cellular level. Accumulating evidence, obtained from citrulline supplementation studies, suggest anabolic properties especially in malnourished rodents and human. Although these studies might suggest a key role for citrulline in protein homeostasis, the supraphysiological concentrations of citrulline do not allow to conclude on a physiological role. This review aimed to assess the role of endogenous citrulline production on protein homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS According to recent studies, endogenous citrulline, through its regulating effect on nitric oxide production, seems to play a key role in regulating endothelial and immune functions. We can assume that citrulline-dependent endothelial vasodilation could improve organ perfusion and thus amino acid and insulin supply. Furthermore, citrulline regulates immune cells and thus could regulate inflammation and indirectly protein metabolism. SUMMARY Although we have currently no direct evidence of a regulating role of endogenous citrulline production on protein homeostasis, we can hypothesize that physiologically through its role in endothelial and immune function, citrulline could indirectly participate to protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Ginguay
- Nutrition Biology Laboratory, EA 4466 PRETRAM, Paris Descartes University, USPC
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris Centre University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pascal De Bandt
- Nutrition Biology Laboratory, EA 4466 PRETRAM, Paris Descartes University, USPC
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris Centre University Hospitals, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Amino Acids Influencing Intestinal Development and Health of the Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9060302. [PMID: 31159180 PMCID: PMC6617173 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The health of piglets is an important issue in pig production. Nutritional support for intestinal development is a significant component of piglet care, and amino acids are essential for intestinal growth and development. For suckling piglets, the sows’ milk and the maternal environment shape the structure and support the function of the intestinal tract. The composition of milk affects intestinal morphology and the digestive, absorption and barrier function. After weaning, the optimal nutritional strategies of their diet are necessary to guarantee the piglets’ intestinal development and growth performance. Amino acids are the most important ingredient in piglet diets. The aim of this review is to collect and analyze the relationship between amino acid nutrition and intestinal development of piglets, and elucidate the impacts on piglet health. Abstract The amino acids and other components of diet provide nourishment for piglet intestinal development and maturation. However, early-weaned piglets struggle with tremendous stress, impairing normal intestinal health and leading to intestinal dysfunction and even death. The high prevalence worldwide of post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome (PWDS) in piglets has led to much interest in understanding the important role of nutrients in the establishment and maintenance of a functional intestinal tract. In particular, the impacts of amino acids on these functions must be considered. Amino acid levels greatly influence intestinal development in weaning piglets. The lack of amino acids can cause marked structural and functional changes in the intestine. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the functions of amino acids is necessary to optimize amino acid requirements of the developing intestinal tract to maximize piglet health and growth performance. This review summarizes the role of specific amino acids (arginine, glutamate, threonine, sulphur-containing amino acids (SCAAs), and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)) that have been proven to be beneficial for the intestinal health of weaned piglets.
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